Ingestion Of Meal Research Articles

The dietary regulation of LEAP2 depends on meal composition in mice.

Ghrelin represents a key hormone regulating energy balance. Upon activation of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), ghrelin increases blood glucose levels, food intake, and promotes weight gain. The liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) acts as an endogenous antagonist of the GHSR. While the regulation of LEAP2 and its effect on the GHSR likely occur in an opposite pattern to that of ghrelin, the dietary regulation of LEAP2 remains to be described. We, therefore, examined the regulation of LEAP2 by different acute meal challenges (glucose, mixed meal, olive, lard, and fish oil) and diets (chow vs. high-fat) in C57BL/6 male mice. In addition, the effect of specific fatty acids (oleic, docosahexaenoic, and linoleic acid) on LEAP2 was assessed in murine intestinal organoids. While only mixed meal increased liver Leap2 expression, all meal challenges except fish oil increased jejunal Leap2 expression compared to water. Leap2 expression correlated with levels of hepatic glycogen and jejunal lipids. Lipid versus water dosing increased LEAP2 levels in the systemic circulation and portal vein where fish oil was associated with the smallest increase. In line with this, oleic acid, but not docosahexaenoic acid increased Leap2 expression in intestinal organoids. Feeding mice with high-fat versus chow diet not only increased plasma LEAP2 levels, but also the increment in plasma LEAP2 upon dosing with olive oil versus water. Taken together, these results show that LEAP2 is regulated by meal ingestion in both the small intestine and the liver according to the meal/diet of interest and local energy stores.

Relationships among Postprandial Plasma Active GLP-1 and GIP Excursions, Skeletal Muscle Mass, and Body Fat Mass in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Either Miglitol, Sitagliptin, or Their Combination: A Secondary Analysis of the MASTER Study.

We previously conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial "the MASTER study" and demonstrated that alpha-glucosidase inhibitor miglitol and a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin modified postprandial plasma excursions of active glucagon-like peptide-1 (aGLP-1) and active gastric inhibitory polypeptide (aGIP), and miglitol treatment decreased body fat mass in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, the details regarding the relationships among postprandial plasma aGLP-1 and aGIP excursions, skeletal muscle mass, and body fat mass are unclear. We conducted a secondary analysis of the relationships among skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), total body fat mass index (TBFMI), and the incremental area under the curves (iAUC) of plasma aGLP-1 and aGIP excursions following mixed meal ingestion at baseline and after 24-week add-on treatment with either miglitol alone, sitagliptin alone, or their combination in T2D patients. SMI was not changed after the 24-week treatment with miglitol and/or sitagliptin. TBFMI was reduced and the rates of aGIP-iAUC change were lowered in the two groups treated with miglitol, although their correlations did not reach statistical significance. We observed a positive correlation between the rates of aGIP-iAUC and TBFMI changes and a negative correlation between the rates of TBFMI and SMI changes in T2D patients treated with sitagliptin alone whose rates of aGIP-iAUC change were elevated. Collectively, although T2D patients treated with miglitol and/or sitagliptin did not show altered SMI after 24-week treatment, the current study suggests that there are possible interrelationships among postprandial plasma aGIP excursion modified by sitagliptin, skeletal muscle mass, and body fat mass.

Impact of Diet on Nutrient Intake, Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Meals of Urban Indian Diabetic Population

Background: India is heading toward becoming the global diabetic capital directly interconnected to poor lifestyle and obesity. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to find an association between glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with macronutrients and fiber in the diet of the urban Indian population. Materials and Methods: The dietary intake using food frequency questionnaire and 24–h dietary recall of 240 recruited subjects (male and female), between 25 and 60 years were taken in the study. GI and GL of all meals were calculated using values from National and the International Table of GI and GL. Results: Average mean and standard deviation of GI and GL of major meals were on the higher side. A significant correlation between GI of lunch and dinner with total available carbohydrate (CHO) and total starch intake. A positive significant correlation was observed between GI to energy intake at dinner, total available CHO, and total starch. GL of breakfast was negatively correlated to iron, zinc, insoluble, and soluble fiber intake in females. GL for lunch was positively correlated to the intake of total available CHO, total starch, insoluble, and soluble fiber. Conclusion: The present study showed high GI and GL of processed foods and refined CHO indicating that dietary habits with high GI and GL foods are an indicator to risk of diabetes and pre-diabetes among both genders.

Presenteeism and academic performance: a cross-sectional study among undergraduate university students

PurposePresenteeism is the productivity loss due to working with ill health. This paper aims to develop a presenteeism scale for students (PSS) and reveals its association with the academic achievement of undergraduate (Bachelor) students.Design/methodology/approachThis is a cross-sectional study based on a reputed public university in Bangladesh. The study collected data from 164 undergraduate students by relying upon the systematic random sampling technique.FindingsNearly 70 percent of the study population have reported some health problems, with male students reporting frustration (59.6 percent) and female students reporting migraine (61.2 percent) as the most prevalent issues. Predictors such as gender, living status, television and social media use, absenteeism, physical activity, BMI (body mass index), hygienic meal intake, exhaustion score and PSS score have significantly influenced presenteeism and reduced academic performance. As many students face multiple health issues, it is recommended that the issue of presenteeism on university campuses be addressed.Originality/valueThis study breaks from the conventional approach of studying presenteeism in business settings and expands knowledge in the education domain. Additionally, it examines the interconnection of primary health conditions, work impairment score, presenteeism and academic performance.

Differential effects of milk proteins on amino acid digestibility, post-prandial nitrogen utilization and intestinal peptide profiles in rats

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze the protein digestibility and postprandial metabolism in rats of milk protein matrices obtained by different industrial processes. Material and methodsThe study was conducted on Wistar rats that consumed a meal containing different 15N-labeled milk proteins. Four milk matrices were tested: native micellar caseins (C1), caseins low in calcium (C2 low Ca2+), a matrix containing a ratio 63:37 of caseins and whey proteins (CW2) and whey proteins alone (W). Blood and urine were collected during the postprandial period and rats were euthanized 6 h after meal intake to collect digestive contents and organs. ResultsOrocaecal digestibility values of amino acids ranged between 96.0 ± 0.2% and 96.6 ± 0.4% for C1-, C2 low Ca2+- and W-matrices, while this value was significantly lower for CW2 matrix (92.4 ± 0.5%). More dietary nitrogen was sequestered in the splanchnic area (intestinal mucosa and liver) as well as in plasma proteins after ingestion of W matrix, especially compared to the C1- and C2 low Ca2+-matrices. Peptidomic analysis showed that more milk protein-derived peptides were identified in the caecum of rats after the ingestion of the matrices containing caseins compared to W matrix. ConclusionWe found that demineralization of micellar caseins did not modify its digestibility and postprandial metabolism. The low digestibility of the modified casein-to-whey ratio matrix may be ascribed to a lower accessibility of the protein to digestive enzymes due to changes in the protein structure, while the higher nitrogen splanchnic retention after ingestion of whey was probably due to the fast assimilation of its protein content. Finally, our results showed that industrial processes that modify the structure and/or composition of milk proteins influence protein digestion and utilization.

Characterization of Aspirated Duodenal Fluids from Parkinson's Disease Patients.

Parkinson's disease, one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, may not only affect the motor system, but also the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Delayed gastric emptying, impaired motility and altered intestinal bacteria are well-established consequences of the disease, which can have a pronounced effect on the absorption of orally administered drugs. In contrast, no studies have been performed into the composition of intestinal fluids. It is not unlikely that Parkinson's disease also affects the composition of intestinal fluids, a critical factor in the in vitro and in silico simulation of drug dissolution, solubilization and absorption. In the current study, duodenal fluids were aspirated from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and age-matched healthy controls (healthy controls, HC) consecutively in fasted and fed conditions. The fluids were then characterized for pH, buffer capacity, osmolality, total protein, phospholipids, bile salts, cholesterol and lipids. In a fasted state, the intestinal fluid composition was highly similar in PD patients and healthy controls. In general, the same was true for fed-state fluids, apart from a slightly slower and less pronounced initial change in factors directly affected by the meal (i.e., buffer capacity, osmolality, total protein and lipids) in PD patients. The absence of a fast initial increase for these factors immediately after meal intake, as was observed in healthy controls, might result from slower gastric emptying in PD patients. Irrespective of the prandial state, a higher relative amount of secondary bile salts was observed in PD patients, potentially indicating altered intestinal bacterial metabolism. Overall, the data from this study indicate that only minor disease-specific adjustments in small intestinal fluid composition should be considered when simulating intestinal drug absorption in PD patients.

Waning anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain total antibody in CoronaVac-vaccinated individuals in Indonesia.

Background: The decrease of immunity acquired from COVID-19 vaccines is a potential cause of breakthrough infection. Understanding the dynamics of immune responses of vaccine-induced antibodies post-vaccination is important. This study aimed to measure the level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) total antibody in individuals at different time points upon the receipt of the second dose of CoronaVac vaccine, as well as evaluate the plausible associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among CoronaVac-vaccinated residents in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD total antibody was measured using Elecsys immunoassay. A set of standardized and validated questionnaires were used to assess the demographics and other associated factors. Results: Our results showed waning anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD total antibody titres over time post-vaccination. Compared to samples of the first month post-vaccination, the antibody titres were significantly lower than those of five-months (mean 184.6 vs. 101.8 U/mL, p = 0.009) and six-months post-vaccination (mean 184.6 vs. 95.59 U/mL, p = 0.001). This suggests that the length of time post-vaccination was negatively correlated with titre of antibody. A protective level of antibody titres (threshold of 15 U/mL) was observed from all the samples vaccinated within one to three months; however, only 73.7% and 78.9% of the sera from five- and six-months possessed the protective titres, respectively. The titre of antibody was found significantly higher in sera of individuals having a regular healthy meal intake compared to those who did not (mean 136.7 vs. 110.4 U/mL, p = 0.044), including in subgroup analysis that included those five to six months post-vaccination only (mean 79.0 vs. 134.5 U/mL, p = 0.009). Conclusions: This study provides insights on the efficacy of CoronaVac vaccine in protecting individuals against SARS-CoV-2 infection over time, which may contribute to future vaccination policy management to improve and prolong protective strategy.

Evolutionary algorithm for the optimization of meal intake and insulin administration in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The optimal management of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is complex and involves an appropriate combination of diet, exercise, and different pharmacological treatments. Artificial intelligence-based tools have been shown to be very useful for the diagnosis and treatment of diverse pathologies, including diabetes. In the present study, we present a proof of concept of the potential of an evolutionary algorithm to optimize the meal size, timing and insulin dose for the control of glycemia. We found that an appropriate distribution of food intake throughout the day permits a reduction in the insulin dose required to maintain glycemia within the range recommended by the American Diabetes Association for patients with T2DM of a range of severities. Furthermore, the effects of restrictions to both the timing and amount of food ingested were assessed, and we found that an increase in the amount of insulin was required to control glycemia as dietary intake became more restricted. In the near future, the use of these computational tools should permit patients with T2DM to optimize their personal meal schedule and insulin dose, according to the severity of their diabetes.

Dimensions of sleep quality are related to objectively measured eating behaviors among children at high familial risk for obesity.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether dimensions of sleep quality were associated with homeostatic and hedonic eating behaviors among children with healthy weight (BMI-for-age < 90%) but varying maternal weight status. A total of 77 children (mean [SD], age: 7.4 [0.6] years; BMI z score: -0.10 [0.7]) with healthy weight and high (n= 32) or low (n= 45) familial obesity risk based on maternal weight status were served an ad libitum meal (homeostatic eating) followed by palatable snacks to assess eating in the absence of hunger (EAH; hedonic eating). Habitual sleep quality was quantified from seven nights of wrist actigraphy. Partial correlations, adjusted for child energy needs, pre-meal hunger, food liking, and socioeconomic status, evaluated associations of sleep with meal intake and EAH. Additionally, sleep-by-obesity risk interactions were assessed. Greater sleep fragmentation was associated with higher homeostatic meal energy intake, but only among children at high familial obesity risk (p value for interaction=0.001; β high risk=48.6, p= 0.001). Sleep fragmentation was not associated with total EAH but was related to higher and lower intake of carbohydrates (r= 0.33, p= 0.003) and fat (r= -0.33, p= 0.003), respectively. Adverse associations of poor sleep with energy intake may be amplified among children already predisposed to obesity. Furthermore, that fragmented sleep relates to preferential intake of carbohydrates over fat during EAH may suggest alterations in taste preferences with poor sleep.

The Effects of Different Temperaments on Vascular Parameters: A Pilot CrossOver Randomized Controlled Trial.

According to the Persian Medicine (PM) point of view, the function of the cardiovascular system and the risk of cardiovascular events would be different between subjects having warm and cold temperaments. Moreover, different foods in terms of temperament may lead to different acute and chronic effects on the body. We investigated the postprandial effects of PM-based warm and cold test meals on arterial stiffness indices in healthy men with warm and cold temperaments. Twenty-one eligible warm or cold temperament subjects with a similar range of age, weight, and heights were enrolled in this pilot cross-over randomized controlled trial study during February- October 2020. Two test meals (cold and warm PM-based temperament foods) were designed as different interventions. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse wave analysis (PWA) was obtained at the baseline state (following 12 hours fasting), 0.5, 2, and 4 hours after the test meal consumption during each test day. Warm temperament participants had higher values of lean body mass, total body water, and protein content (P = 0.03, 0.02, and 0.02, respectively). Cold temperament individuals had higher aortic heart rate (HR) following 12 hours of fasting (P <0.001). On the other hand, the augmentation pressure (AP) of warm temperament individuals was higher than the colds (P= <0.001). According to the results of the present study, although warm temperament individuals could have higher arterial stiffness at the fasting state, arterial stiffness indices had a greater reduction following warm-temperament meal intake compared to cold-temperament meal. International Clinical Trials Registry Platform IRCT20200417047105N1 (Where the full trial protocol can be accessed).

Postprandial Inflammatory and Metabolic Responses Induced by Authentic Mytilinis Cheese: A Preliminary, Crossover, Nutritional Intervention in Healthy Adults.

Several Mediterranean traditional cheeses may present a beneficial effect on postprandial metabolic and inflammatory modulation due to the presence of bioactive components. The objective of the present preliminary nutritional intervention was the investigation of the postprandial metabolic responses after the intake of traditional Authentic Mytilinis cheese in olive oil with herbs, compared to the corresponding responses after consumption of Italian Parmesan cheese, in healthy participants. A pilot crossover, randomized, single-blinded, intervention clinical trial was conducted in 10 healthy men and women subjects, aged 18-30 years, after random allocation into the control and the intervention groups. The participants received a high-fat carbohydrate meal containing either Authentic Mytilinis cheese (the authentic nonrefrigerated recipe) or Italian Parmesan PDO cheese. After a washout week, the participants consumed the same meals conversely. Differences in the postprandial responses of glucose, triglycerides, uric acid and serum total, HDL and LDL cholesterol levels, as well as of the plasma total antioxidant capacity according to the FRAP method, were determined between groups for fasting, 30 min, 1.5 h, and 3 h after meal intake. The results suggested that meals did not significantly affect postprandial metabolic and inflammatory responses. However, Authentic L Mytilinis cheese resulted in a lower increase of LDL cholesterol (p > 0.05) and induced a significant decrease of serum triglycerides (p < 0.05) in the last 1.5 h after a meal, compared to Italian Parmesan cheese. Further investigation with large prospective studies is necessary to validate the current findings.

Health changes during Covid-19: a nationwide study with dental students.

To assess the changes in stress levels, social behavior, dietary and parafunctional habits, oral hygiene, among other conditions perceived by dental students in Brazil during the Covid-19 pandemic and evaluated the correlations between stress level and other variables. An online questionnaire was developed and validated. Undergraduates enrolled in private and public dental schools were recruited by convenience sampling. Data were collected on the perceived changes regarding stress levels, financial and social characteristics, dietary habits, oral hygiene, health conditions, and parafunctional habits. Quantitative variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. Wilcoxon test evaluated comparisons between perceived changes, and correlations between changes in stress levels and other variables were analyzed by Spearman correlation (α = 0.05). A total of 638 dental students, mean age of 22.95 ± 4.10 years, participated in the study. During the pandemic, the reported stress levels increased while household income decreased (p < 0.05). Late dinners and mindless eating increased in frequency, whereas oral hygiene decreased (p < 0.05). Most of the health conditions and parafunctional habits assessed changed (p < 0.05). Perceived stress levels showed poor negative correlations with household income (rS = -0.14), poor positive correlations with the pressure to contribute financially in the household (rS = 0.19), and poor positive correlations with food choice frequency (rS = 0.15) (p < 0.05). Dental students reported perceived changes in stress levels, dietary habits, oral hygiene, health conditions, parafunctional habits, and social behavior. Moreover, the results showed poor correlations, as students with higher stress levels tended to have the lowest household income, feel pressured to contribute financially in the household, and present a high meal intake frequency.

Food determinants and motivation factors impact on consumer behavior in Lebanon

Abstract The current study looks at a variety of factors that affect eating patterns. This is about internal and external aspects that lead to a thorough assessment of consumer behavior, with an emphasis on driving forces and obstacles that significantly affect each consumer’s food preferences. The information is based on questionnaire research of traditional and fiber food consumption as well as specific consumer purchasing behaviors. The results of the questionnaire survey were analyzed using qualitative aspects analysis and other statistical methods (ANOVA, t-test). The study’s goal is to provide comprehensive strategies that encourage and support the intake of nutritious meals, especially in light of how different food motivations and knowledge factors influence Lebanese consumer behavior. Based on the findings, individual eating motivation and its impact on consumers’ behavior in Lebanon when making food purchase decisions were found. Sources of potential influences include information, the social environment, and environmental variables. Processes like social learning influence the interplay between these components as well as food choices and eating habits. As a result, future programs to encourage healthy eating habits might profit by putting more of an emphasis on learning principles and food preferences when programs are implemented.

Chronometabolism: The Timing of the Consumption of Meals Has a Greater Influence Than Glycemic Index (GI) on the Postprandial Metabolome.

Eating late in the day is associated with circadian desynchrony, resulting in dysregulated metabolism and increased cardiometabolic disease risk. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Using targeted metabolomics of postprandial plasma samples from a secondary analysis of a randomised 2 × 2 crossover study in 36 healthy older Chinese adults, we have compared postprandial metabolic responses between high (HI) glycemic index (GI) or low-GI (LO) meals, consumed either at breakfast (BR) or at dinner (DI). 29 out of 234 plasma metabolites exhibited significant differences (p < 0.05) in postprandial AUC between BR and DI sessions, whereas only five metabolites were significantly different between HI and LO sessions. There were no significant interactions between intake timing and meal GI. Lower glutamine: glutamate ratio, lower lysine and higher trimethyllysine (TML) levels were found during DI compared with BR, along with greater postprandial reductions (δAUC) in creatine and ornithine levels during DI, indicating a worse metabolic state during the evening DI period. Greater reductions (δAUC) in postprandial creatine and ornithine were also observed during HI compared with LO (both p < 0.05). These metabolomic changes may indicate potential molecular signatures and/or pathways linking metabolic responses with cardiometabolic disease risk between different meal intake timings and/or meals with variable GI.

Intragastric Carbon Dioxide Release Prolongs the Gastric Residence Time of Postprandially Administered Caffeine.

Sparkling water is said to increase gastric motility by the release of carbon dioxide, thereby potentially affecting the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs. The hypothesis of the present work was that the induction of gastric motility by intragastric release of carbon dioxide from effervescent granules could promote the mixing of drugs into the chyme under postprandial conditions, resulting in a prolonged drug absorption. For this purpose, an effervescent and a non-effervescent granule formulation of caffeine as a marker for gastric emptying were developed. In a three-way crossover study with twelve healthy volunteers, the salivary caffeine pharmacokinetics, after administration of the effervescent granules with still water and the administration of the non-effervescent granules with still and sparkling water, were investigated after intake of a standard meal. While the administration of the effervescent granules with 240 mL of still water led to a significantly prolonged gastric residence of the substance compared to the administration of the non-effervescent granules with 240 mL still water, the application of the non-effervescent granules with 240 mL sparkling water did not prolong gastric residence via mixing into caloric chyme. Overall, the mixing of caffeine into the chyme following the administration of the effervescent granules did not seem to be a motility mediated process.

Postprandial fatty acid metabolism with coconut oil in young females: a randomized, single-blind, crossover trial

BackgroundApproximately 84% of the fatty acids contained in coconut oil (CO) are saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and approximately 47% of the SFA are lauric acid with 12 carbon atoms. Lauric acid carbon chain length is intermediate between medium and long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). We examined how CO acts on lipid-related substances in the blood to determine whether its properties were similar to medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) or LCFAs. MethodsThis is a randomized controlled, single-blind, crossover study. Fifteen females were enrolled, using 3 test meals containing 30 g each of 3 different oils: CO (CO-meal), medium-chain triacylglycerol oil (MCT-meal), and long-chain triacylglycerol oil (LCT-meal). Blood samples were collected at fasted baseline and every 2 h for 8 h after the intake of each test meal. ResultsRepeated measures ANOVA of the ketone bodies and triglyceride (TG) showed an interaction between time and the test meal (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). In subsequent Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test of the ketone bodies, statistically significant differences were observed between the CO-meal and the LCT-meal (P < 0.05) 83.8 (95% CI, 14.7, 153.0) and between the MCT-meal and the LCT-meal (P < 0.05) 79.2 (95% CI, 10.0, 148.4). The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and maximum increase in very low–density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol (IDL-C) were the lowest for CO-meal intake. ConclusionsThe characteristics of lauric acid contained in CO, including the kinetics of β-oxidation and effects on blood TG, were very similar to those of MCFA. Moreover, regarding the iAUC and peak increment, VLDL-C and IDL-C were the lowest with the CO-meal. These results suggest that the intake of CO after fasting does not increase the TG, VLDL-C, and IDL-C, and may help prevent dyslipidemia.This trial was registered at UMIN (URL of registration: https://www.umin.ac.jp) as UMIN000019959.

Fed intestinal solubility limits and distributions applied to the Developability classification system

For solid oral dosage forms drug solubility in intestinal fluid is an important parameter influencing product performance and bioavailability. Solubility along with permeability are the two parameters applied in the Biopharmaceutics and Developability Classification Systems (DCS) to assess a drug’s potential for oral administration. Intestinal solubility varies with the intestinal contents and the differences between the fasted and fed states are recognised to influence solubility and bioavailability. In this study a novel fed state simulated media system comprising of nine media has been utilised to measure the solubility of seven drugs (ibuprofen, mefenamic acid, furosemide, dipyridamole, griseofulvin, paracetamol and acyclovir) previously studied in the fasted state DCS. The results demonstrate that the fed nine media system provides a range of solubility values for each drug and solubility behaviour is consistent with published design of experiment studies conducted in either the fed or fasted state. Three drugs (griseofulvin, paracetamol and acyclovir) exhibit very narrow solubility distributions, a result that matches published behaviour in the fasted state, indicating that this property is not influenced by the concentration of simulated media components. The nine solubility values for each drug can be utilised to calculate a dose/solubility volume ratio to visualise the drug’s position on the DCS grid. Due to the derivation of the nine media compositions the range and catergorisation could be considered as bioequivalent and can be combined with the data from the original fed intestinal fluid analysis to provide a population based solubility distribution. This provides further information on the drugs solubility behaviour and could be applied to quality by design formulation approaches. Comparison of the fed results in this study with similar published fasted results highlight that some differences detected match in vivo behaviour in food effect studies. This indicates that a combination of the fed and fasted systems may be a useful in vitro biopharmaceutical performance tool. However, it should be noted that the fed media recipes in this study are based on a liquid meal (Ensure Plus) and this may not be representative of alternative fed states achieved through ingestion of a solid meal. Nevertheless, this novel approach provides greater in vitro detail with respect to possible in vivo biopharmaceutical performance, an improved ability to apply risk-based approaches and the potential to investigate solubility based food effects. The system is therefore worthy of further investigation but studies will be required to expand the number of drugs measured and link the in vitro measurements to in vivo results.

Impact of COVID-19 on lifestyles related etiquette among nursing staff in India: a cross sectional descriptive e-survey.

To analyze the impact of COVID-19 pandemics on lifestyle-related etiquettes like eating, physical activity, and sleep behavioramong nursing staff in India. A crosssectional descriptive E-survey was conducted among 942 nursing staff. The validated electronic survey questionnaire was used to assess the changes in lifestyle-related etiquette before and during COVID-19 Pandemic. Pandemic.Results.A total of 942 responses (mean age29.01±5.7years) were collected, 53% of the respondents were men. A slight decline in healthy meal consumption pattern (p<0.0001)and a restriction of unhealthy food items were observed (p<0.0001), and also reduction in physical activity coupled with decreased participation in leisure-related activities was seen (p<0.0001). The stress and anxiety slightly increase during COVID-19 pandemics (p<0.0001).Additionally, social support extended by family and friends to maintain healthy lifestyle-related behaviors also significantly decreased during COVID-19 PANDEMIC pandemics compared to before (p<0.0001). Although the COVID-19 Pandemic slightly reduced the intake of healthy meals and deterred participants from consuming unhealthy food, this this may have led to individual weight loss. In general, there was a negative impact on, lifestyle like diet, sleep and mental health was observed. A detailed understanding of these factors can help to develop interventions to mitigate the harmful lifestyle-related etiquette that has manifested during COVID-19 Pandemic.

15N-Labeled Immunoglobulins from Bovine Colostrum Are Partially Resistant to Digestion in Human Intestine

To evaluate true ileal digestibility of bovine immunoglobulins, seven healthy human adults ingested a 15N-labeled preparation of an immunoglobulin concentrate. After fasting overnight, subjects drank 400 mL of immunoglobulin concentrate (77 mmol), and ileal effluents were collected for 8 h at 20-min intervals using a naso-intestinal intubation technique. In addition to osmolality and pH, and concentrations of exogenous and endogenous nitrogen and ions (Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+) in the effluents were measured. Bovine immunoglobulin concentrations (IgG, IgM, IgA) were estimated by a radial immunodiffusion technique. The mean flow rate of the liquid phase was 22.3 ± 6.1 mL/20 min and did not vary significantly during the collection period. No change was observed for osmolality, pH or Na+, K+ and Cl- concentrations. Two hours after meal ingestion, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05). The recoveries of nitrogen of ingested IgG and IgM still immunologically active were 19 ± 3% and 19 ± 4%, respectively. No IgA was detected in the ileum. Mean digestibility of the exogenous nitrogen fraction was 79 ± 3%. In comparison to literature data, which show that other milk proteins have ileal digestibilities of >90%, our results demonstrate a lower ileal digestibility of bovine immunoglobulins in humans.

Effects of Culinary Spices on Liking and Consumption of Protein Rich Foods in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Insufficient protein intake is a common challenge among older adults, leading to loss of muscle mass, decreased function and reduced quality of life. A protein intake of 0.4 g/kg body weight/meal is recommended to help prevent muscle loss. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the protein intake of 0.4 g/kg body weight/meal could be achieved with typical foods and whether culinary spices could enhance protein intake. A lunch meal test was conducted in 100 community-dwelling volunteers; 50 were served a meat entrée and 50 were served a vegetarian entrée with or without added culinary spices. Food consumption, liking and perceived flavor intensity were assessed using a randomized, two-period, within subjects crossover design. Within the meat or vegetarian treatments, there were no differences in entrée or meal intakes between spiced and non-spiced meals. Participants fed meat consumed 0.41 g protein/kg body weight/meal, while the vegetarian intake was 0.25 g protein/kg body weight/meal. The addition of spice to the vegetarian entrée significantly increased liking and flavor intensity of both the entrée and the entire meal, while spice addition only increased flavor for the meat offering. Culinary spices may be a useful tool to improve the liking and flavor of high-quality protein sources among older adults, especially when used with plant-based foods, although improving liking and flavor alone are insufficient to increase protein intake.