Dietary Saturated Fat Intake Research Articles

Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.

Epidemiological studies showed that dietary fat intake is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia risk, however, the association remain inconsistent. This metaanalysis aimed to systematically examine the association of dietary fat intake with AD and dementia risk. We have systematically searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library up to May 1st 2017. Prospective cohort studies were included if they reported on the association of dietary fat intake with AD and dementia risk. Multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) for the highest versus lowest category were pooled by using a random-effects model. A total of 8630 participants and 633 cases from four independent prospective cohort studies were included in the present meta-analysis. A higher dietary saturated fat intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of 39% and 105% for AD (RR: 1.39; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.94) and dementia (RR: 2.05; 95% CI: 1.06, 3.98), respectively. Dose-response analysis indicated a 4 g/day increment of saturated fat intake was related to 15% higher risk of AD (RR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.31). However, there was no significant association found between dietary intake of total, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fat and AD or dementia risk. This meta-analysis provides significant evidence of positive association between higher saturated fat intake and AD and dementia risk.

Deterioration of HbA1c-Lowering Effects in Dipeptidyl-Peptidase Inhibitor and Dietary Habits in Japanese Type 2 Diabetes—Comparison with That of Metformin

Aims: This study was designed to assess the possible relationship between deterioration of HbA1c-lowering effects with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) or metformin (MET) treatment and macronutrient intake among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Medical records of individuals visiting Kansai Electric Power Hospital during the period between September 20and June 2017 were retrospectively analyzed, based on predefined criteria, for initiation and continuation of DPP-4i or MET without any prescription change as well as HbA1c, bodyweight and macro-nutrient intake. Identified patients were stratified into two groups based on changes in HbA1c from 0.5 to 1 year (δHbA1c [1-0.5 year]) as previously described: Group A, patients whose HbA1c was maintained 1 year after initiation of DPP-4i or MET (δHbA1c [1-0.5 year] <0.4%), and group B, patients whose HbA1c was increased (δHbA1c [1-0.5 year] ≥0.4%). Results: Screening of 65,323 individuals’ medical records identified 63 DPP-4i patients (Groups A and B: n=53 and 10; age 65.2±1.6 and 58.2±4.2 years; BMI 24.6±1.6 and 25.3±1.2 kg/m2) and 35 MET patients (Groups A and B: n=27 and 8; age 52.6±11.7 and 53.9±2.4 years; BMI 30.7±7.4 and 30.2±2.7 kg/m2). In the DPP-4i patients, group B had significantly higher total energy intake and fat intake while the two groups had similar carbohydrate and protein intake. Group B also had significantly higher intake of saturated and monounsaturated fats but not polyunsaturated fats. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that δHbA1c (1-0.5 year) was independently correlated with saturated fat intake (B=0.032, SE=0.010, p< 0.01). In the MET patients, the two groups had similar intake of total energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat. Conclusion: The current findings show a novel association between deterioration of the HbA1c-lowering effects in DPP-4i-treated, but not in MET-treated patients, and dietary saturated fat intake. Disclosure S. Okamoto: None. H. Kuwata: None. D. Yabe: Speaker's Bureau; Self; MSD K.K., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Eli Lilly and Company, MSD K.K., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Arkray, Inc., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Novo Vordisk Pharma Ltd., Takeda Pharamaceutical Co., Ltd.. K. Murotani: None. Y. Seino: None. R. Usui: None. H. Tatsuoka: None. Y. Hamamoto: None. T. Kurose: Consultant; Self; Sanofi, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Other Relationship; Self; Abbott. Consultant; Self; Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Other Relationship; Self; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Novo Nordisk Inc., Novartis Pharma K.K. Y. Seino: Speaker's Bureau; Self; MSD K.K., Kao Corporation, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co. Ltd., Taisho Toyama Pharamceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nippon Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Terumo Medical Corporation, Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Arkray, Inc., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd..

Nutrition in cardiovascular prevention: should we change our approach after the PURE study?

PURE (Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology) is a large ongoing observational study, performed in a number of variously developed countries (mostly Asian urban or rural cohorts). In a recent publication, authors were unable to identify, in the PURE cohort, any unfavorable correlation between the dietary intake of total fat or saturated fats and the risk of cardiovascular events or all-cause death. These data are in substantial agreement with information obtained from European cohorts (e.g. the PREDIMED or EPIC studies), and with the results of two recent meta-analyses, but at odd with most of data collected in US cohorts, in which saturated fat intake still represents a significant risk factor for cardiovascular events. In order to try to understand the possible reason(s) of these discrepancies, this review takes into consideration the different sources of saturate fats in US (meats) and Europe (milk and dairy), and suggests that the direct effect of saturated fats on cardiovascular risk is most likely very small or negligible; future dietary recommendation will need to take into greater consideration foods rather than nutrients.

Randomised trial of coconut oil, olive oil or butter on blood lipids and other cardiovascular risk factors in healthy men and women

IntroductionHigh dietary saturated fat intake is associated with higher blood concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), an established risk factor for coronary heart disease. However, there is increasing interest in...

Intake of 3 Eggs per Day When Compared to a Choline Bitartrate Supplement, Downregulates Cholesterol Synthesis without Changing the LDL/HDL Ratio.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is associated with high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The impact of dietary cholesterol on plasma lipid concentrations still remains a concern. The effects of egg intake in comparison to choline bitartrate supplement was studied in a young, healthy population. Thirty participants were enrolled for a 13-week intervention. After a 2-week run-in period, subjects were randomized to consume either 3 eggs/day or a choline bitartrate supplement (~400 mg choline for both treatments) for 4-weeks each. After a 3-week washout period, they were allocated to the alternate treatment. Dietary records, plasma lipids, apolipoproteins (apo) concentrations, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell expression of regulatory genes for cholesterol homeostasis were assessed at the end of each intervention. Dietary intakes of saturated and monounsaturated fat were higher with the consumption of eggs compared to the choline period. In addition, higher plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (7.5%), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (5%) and LDL-C (8.1%) were observed with egg consumption (p < 0.01), while no change was seen in LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, a key marker of heart disease risk. Compared to choline supplementation, intake of eggs resulted in higher concentrations of plasma apoA-I (8%) and apoE (17%) with no changes in apoB. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase expression were lower with egg consumption by 18% and 31%, respectively (p < 0.05), suggesting a compensation to the increased dietary cholesterol load. Therefore, dietary cholesterol from eggs appears to regulate endogenous synthesis of cholesterol in such a way that the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio is maintained.

Effect of Dietary Counseling on a Comprehensive Metabolic Profile from Childhood to Adulthood

ObjectivesTo study the effects of repeated, infancy-onset dietary counseling on a detailed metabolic profile. Effects of dietary saturated fat replacement on circulating concentrations of metabolic biomarkers still remain unknown.Study designThe Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) study is a longitudinal, randomized atherosclerosis prevention trial in which repeated dietary counseling aimed at reducing the proportion of saturated fat intake. Nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics quantified circulating metabolites from serum samples assessed at age 9 (n = 554), 11 (n = 553), 13 (n = 508), 15 (n = 517), 17 (n = 457), and 19 (n = 417) years.ResultsThe intervention reduced dietary intake of saturated fat (mean difference in daily percentage of total energy intake: −2.1 [95% CI −1.9 to −2.3]) and increased intake of polyunsaturated fat (0.6 [0.5-0.7]). The dietary counseling intervention led to greater serum proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < .001), with greater proportions of both circulating omega-3 (P = .02) and omega-6 (P < .001) fatty acids. The proportion of saturated fatty acids in serum was lower for both boys and girls in the intervention group (P < .001), whereas the serum proportion of monounsaturated fat was lower for boys in the intervention group only (P < .001). The intervention also reduced circulating intermediate-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein lipid concentrations (P < .01). Dietary intervention effects on nonlipid biomarkers were minor except from greater concentrations of glutamine in the intervention group.ConclusionsRepeated dietary counseling from infancy to early adulthood yielded favorable effects on multiple circulating fatty acids and lipoprotein subclass lipids, particularly in boys. These molecular effects substantiate the beneficial role of saturated fat replacement on the metabolic risk profile.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00223600.

A High-fat Diet Promotes Depression-like Behavior in Mice by Suppressing Hypothalamic PKA Signaling

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether obesity is a causative factor for the development of depression and what is the molecular pathway(s) that link these two disorders. Using lipidomic and transcriptomic methods we identified a mechanism that links exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) in mice with alterations in hypothalamic function that lead to depression. Consumption of an HFD selectively induced accumulation of palmitic acid in the hypothalamus, suppressed the 3´, 5´-cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, and increased the concentration of free-fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1). Deficiency of phosphodiesterase 4A (PDE4A), an enzyme that degrades cAMP and modulates stimulatory regulative G-protein (Gs)-coupled G protein-coupled receptor signaling, protected animals either from genetic- or dietary induced depression phenotype. These findings suggest that dietary intake of saturated fats disrupts hypothalamic functions by suppressing cAMP/PKA signaling through activation of PDE4A. FFAR1 inhibition and/or an increase of cAMP signaling in the hypothalamus could offer potential therapeutic targets to counteract the effects of dietary or genetically induced obesity on depression.

Promoting Heart Health Among Rural African Americans.

Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death for people living in the United States. African Americans bear a disproportionate burden of cardiovascular disease. Interventions designed to target multiple risk factors may facilitate elimination of cardiovascular disease health disparities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a culturally relevant cardiovascular health promotion intervention that could potentially reduce cardiovascular disease risk among a group of rural African American adults by improving intentions, attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy to increase produce consumption, reduce dietary saturated fat intake, and increase exercise. A cluster randomized controlled trial design was used to evaluate the effect of the "With Every Heartbeat Is Life" cardiovascular health promotion program among rural African Americans. The African American congregants of 12 rural churches located in northern Florida were randomly assigned to either an intervention group that received a culturally relevant cardiovascular health promotion intervention or a control group. Data analysis using linear mixed model was performed to compare group differences from pretest to posttest. The cardiovascular health promotion intervention had a positive influence on the intentions, attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy of rural African Americans to increase produce consumption and reduce dietary saturated fat. The intervention also enhanced participants' attitudes and self-efficacy regarding exercise. The culturally relevant cardiovascular health promotion program presented to cluster groups of rural African American participants had positive influences on psychosocial variables associated with engaging in cardiovascular health recommendations. Nurse-led interventions in community settings can potentially reduce cardiovascular disease risk.

Acute dietary saturated fat intake can suppress the inflammatory response in human circulating foamy monocytes

Acute dietary saturated fat intake can suppress the inflammatory response in human circulating foamy monocytes

The Impact of Western Diet and Nutrients on the Microbiota and Immune Response at Mucosal Interfaces.

Recent findings point toward diet having a major impact on human health. Diets can either affect the gut microbiota resulting in alterations in the host’s physiological responses or by directly targeting the host response. The microbial community in the mammalian gut is a complex and dynamic system crucial for the development and maturation of both systemic and mucosal immune responses. Therefore, the complex interaction between available nutrients, the microbiota, and the immune system are central regulators in maintaining homeostasis and fighting against invading pathogens at mucosal sites. Westernized diet, defined as high dietary intake of saturated fats and sucrose and low intake of fiber, represent a growing health risk contributing to the increased occurrence of metabolic diseases, e.g., diabetes and obesity in countries adapting a westernized lifestyle. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and asthma are chronic mucosal inflammatory conditions of unknown etiology with increasing prevalence worldwide. These conditions have a multifactorial etiology including genetic factors, environmental factors, and dysregulated immune responses. Their increased prevalence cannot solely be attributed to genetic considerations implying that other factors such as diet can be a major contributor. Recent reports indicate that the gut microbiota and modifications thereof, due to a consumption of a diet high in saturated fats and low in fibers, can trigger factors regulating the development and/or progression of both conditions. While asthma is a disease of the airways, increasing evidence indicates a link between the gut and airways in disease development. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the impact of westernized diet and associated nutrients on immune cell responses and the microbiota and how these can influence the pathology of IBD and asthma.

Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading global cause of death, accounting for 17.3 million deaths per year. Preventive treatment that reduces CVD by even a small percentage can substantially reduce, nationally and globally, the number of people who develop CVD and the costs of caring for them. This American Heart Association presidential advisory on dietary fats and CVD reviews and discusses the scientific evidence, including the most recent studies, on the effects of dietary saturated fat intake and its replacement by other types of fats and carbohydrates on CVD. In summary, randomized controlled trials that lowered intake of dietary saturated fat and replaced it with polyunsaturated vegetable oil reduced CVD by ≈30%, similar to the reduction achieved by statin treatment. Prospective observational studies in many populations showed that lower intake of saturated fat coupled with higher intake of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat is associated with lower rates of CVD and of other major causes of death and all-cause mortality. In contrast, replacement of saturated fat with mostly refined carbohydrates and sugars is not associated with lower rates of CVD and did not reduce CVD in clinical trials. Replacement of saturated with unsaturated fats lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, a cause of atherosclerosis, linking biological evidence with incidence of CVD in populations and in clinical trials. Taking into consideration the totality of the scientific evidence, satisfying rigorous criteria for causality, we conclude strongly that lowering intake of saturated fat and replacing it with unsaturated fats, especially polyunsaturated fats, will lower the incidence of CVD. This recommended shift from saturated to unsaturated fats should occur simultaneously in an overall healthful dietary pattern such as DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) or the Mediterranean diet as emphasized by the 2013 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology lifestyle guidelines and the 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans.

Effects of Saturated Fatty Acids from Butter and Cheese on High‐density Lipoprotein (HDL)‐Mediated Cholesterol Efflux Capacity

OBJECTIVEThe association between dietary saturated fat (SFA) intake and cardiovascular disease risk remains controversial. Emerging data suggest that SFA from different sources may show different association with cardiovascular and cardiometabolic risk. The objective of this study was to examine how SFA from cheese (CHEESE) influences HDL‐mediated cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), a key anti‐atherogenic property of HDL, compared with a low fat/high carbohydrate diet (CHO), a diet rich in SFA from butter (BUTTER) and diets either high in monounsaturated (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).METHODSA total of 46 men and women with abdominal obesity and with relatively low HDL cholesterol (HDL‐C) completed this randomized crossover controlled trial consisting of 5 predetermined isoenergetic diets of 4 weeks each (Table 1): 1) CHEESE, 2) BUTTER, 3) MUFA, 4) PUFA, 5) CHO. All foods were provided to participants during each experimental diet. CEC was assessed with radiolabelled J774 macrophages using apolipoprotein B depleted serum samples taken from participants at the end of each dietary phase. HDL lipid composition (gas chromatography) and HDL particle size distribution (polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis) were also assessed.RESULTSAll higher fat diets increased HDL‐C concentrations compared to CHO (all p&lt;0.001). BUTTER and CHEESE increased low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) concentrations more than CHO, MUFA and PUFA diets, particularly among individuals with high baseline LDL‐C (all p&lt;0.001). LDL‐C concentrations tended to be greater after BUTTER than after CHEESE (p=0.07). BUTTER, PUFA and CHEESE significantly increased large HDL2b levels compared to CHO (all p≤0.01). BUTTER also increased HDL2b levels more than MUFA (p=0.04). There was no difference in HDL‐mediated CEC between CHEESE and CHO (p=NS). BUTTER significantly increased HDL‐mediated CEC compared to CHEESE and CHO (both p&lt;0.05). MUFA also increased CEC compared to CHEESE and CHO (both p&lt;0.05). PUFA had no significant effect on HDL CEC compared to the others diets (p=NS). The increase in LDL‐C after BUTTER (vs. CHO) was significantly correlated with concurrent increase in CEC in men (r=0.44, p=0.04), but not in women (r=0.27, p=0.20).CONCLUSIONSThese results provide evidence of a matrix effect modulating the effects of dairy SFA on HDL characteristics and function, with greater changes seen with SFA from butter than with SFA from cheese in men and women with abdominal obesity and with relatively low HDL‐C levels. The increase in HDL‐mediated CEC seen with SFA from butter parallels the increase in LDL‐C among men, but not among women. Additional studies assessing other HDL functions will provide further insights on how the food source may modify the effects of SFA on cardiometabolic risk.Support or Funding InformationDairy Research Cluster Initiative (Dairy Farmers of Canada, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, the Canadian Dairy Network and the Canadian Dairy Commission) and the National Dairy Council. Macronutrients (% energy), calcium, sodium and fibers content of experimental diets CHEESE BUTTER MUFA PUFA CHO Lipids (%) 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 25.0 SFA (%) 12.6 12.4 5.8 5.8 5.8 MUFA (%) 12.5 12.3 19.6 12.6 12.6 PUFA (%) 4.8 4.8 4.8 11.5 4.8 Carbohydrates (%) 51.9 52.0 51.9 51.9 58.9 Proteins (%) 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 Calcium (mg/2500 kcal) 1261 811 812 812 842 Sodium (mg/2500 kcal) 2482 2480 2479 2479 2485 Fibers (g/2500 kcal) 31 31 31 31 31

Acute dietary fat intake initiates alterations in energy metabolism and insulin resistance.

Dietary intake of saturated fat is a likely contributor to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance, but the mechanisms that initiate these abnormalities in humans remain unclear. We examined the effects of a single oral saturated fat load on insulin sensitivity, hepatic glucose metabolism, and lipid metabolism in humans. Similarly, initiating mechanisms were examined after an equivalent challenge in mice. Fourteen lean, healthy individuals randomly received either palm oil (PO) or vehicle (VCL). Hepatic metabolism was analyzed using in vivo 13C/31P/1H and ex vivo 2H magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps with isotope dilution. Mice underwent identical clamp procedures and hepatic transcriptome analyses. PO administration decreased whole-body, hepatic, and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity by 25%, 15%, and 34%, respectively. Hepatic triglyceride and ATP content rose by 35% and 16%, respectively. Hepatic gluconeogenesis increased by 70%, and net glycogenolysis declined by 20%. Mouse transcriptomics revealed that PO differentially regulates predicted upstream regulators and pathways, including LPS, members of the TLR and PPAR families, NF-κB, and TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK). Saturated fat ingestion rapidly increases hepatic lipid storage, energy metabolism, and insulin resistance. This is accompanied by regulation of hepatic gene expression and signaling that may contribute to development of NAFLD.REGISTRATION. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01736202. Germany: Ministry of Innovation, Science, and Research North Rhine-Westfalia, German Federal Ministry of Health, Federal Ministry of Education and Research, German Center for Diabetes Research, German Research Foundation, and German Diabetes Association. Portugal: Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, FEDER - European Regional Development Fund, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, and Rede Nacional de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear.

Association of Nutrients with Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease.

Prospective cohort studies, cross-sectional surveys, autopsy studies and intervention clinical trials that investigated the association between nutrients and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been reviewed. To estimate the relationship between specific nutrient intake and the risk of AD, Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, and the Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation were searched for this purpose. Most published observational studies found an inverse relationship between vitamins, n-3 fatty acids and AD. The majority of intervention studies support the beneficial effect of combined vitamins and n-3 fatty acids providing them in the early stages of the disease. Only vitamin E and Zn supplementation failed to show any significant difference on the study population. On the other hand, high dietary intake of saturated fat and brain metal accumulation were positively associated with the incidence of AD.

Circulating Triglycerides and the Association of Triglycerides with Dietary Intake Are Altered by Alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid Glycoprotein Polymorphisms

Background: Circulating fetuin-A (FetA) inhibits insulin receptor signaling and activates the toll-like receptor 4 proinflammatory cascade; thus, it may contribute to metabolic syndrome. Polymorphisms in alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein (AHSG), the gene which codes FetA, may influence metabolic syndrome progression in higher-risk ethnic groups. We aimed to identify whether individual variation in AHSG influences biomarkers of metabolic disease and obesity in young Mexican adults. Methods: The participants were Mexican college applicants (18-25 years, n = 641). Dietary intake, anthropometric data, and blood for the analysis of biomarkers and genetics were collected. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in AHSG (rs2518136 and rs4917) were genotyped. Results: Neither AHSG SNP was associated with body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference. rs4917 C allele carriers had lower triglycerides (TG) than T allele homozygotes (98.85 ± 2.3 vs. 112.2 ± 5.2 mg/dL, p = 0.0113). BMI was strongly associated with TG (p < 0.0001) regardless of genotype. The relationship between circulating TG and dietary intake of carbohydrates and saturated fat was significant in rs4917 CT allele heterozygotes only (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: rs4917 T allele carriers had higher TG. This relationship was exaggerated in individuals with overweight and obesity. Dietary intake was significantly associated with TG in only those with heterozygosity at rs4917, suggesting that these individuals may be more susceptible to dietary interventions.

Lipid Distribution Differentials among Smokers, Non-Smokers and within Various Types of Smokers

Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for those aged >=20 years fasting for at least 8 hours for the years 1999-2012 were used to evaluate adjusted and unadjusted differences in the levels of lowdensity- lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL), high-densitylipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) among self-reported current smokers and nonsmokers as well as smokers smoking cigarettes, pipes, cigars etc. Adjustments were made for the effects of gender; race/ethnicity; dietary intake of alcohol, caffeine, fatty acids, saturated and total fat; fasting time; body mass index; and frequency and intensity of smoking during the last five days. Adjusted levels of LDL, TC, and TG did not vary among smokers and nonsmokers but contrary to what could be expected, smokers were observed to have high HDL levels than nonsmokers (52.2 vs. 50.1 mg/dL, p=0.02). However, in the unadjusted analysis, smokers were found to have lower levels of HDL (48.2 vs. 52.1 mg/dL, p<0.01) and higher levels of TG (123.2 vs. 113.5 mg/dL, p<0.01) than nonsmokers but the differences for LDL (112.9 vs. 112.5 mg/dL, p=0.68) and TC (193.4 vs. 194.3 mg/dL, p=0.39) remained statistically insignificant. Adjusted levels of HDL, TC, and LDL levels did not differ among exclusive cigarette and cigar users and exclusive tobacco chewers and snuffers. Exclusive cigarette and cigar users had higher adjusted levels of TG than exclusive tobacco snuffers (125.7 and 133.8 vs. 101.5 mg/dL, p<0.01).

Genotyping-by-Sequencing-Based Investigation of the Genetic Architecture Responsible for a ∼Sevenfold Increase in Soybean Seed Stearic Acid.

Soybean oil is highly unsaturated but oxidatively unstable, rendering it nonideal for food applications. Until recently, the majority of soybean oil underwent partial chemical hydrogenation, which produces trans fats as an unavoidable consequence. Dietary intake of trans fats and most saturated fats are conclusively linked to negative impacts on cholesterol levels and cardiovascular health. Two major soybean oil breeding targets are: (1) to reduce or eliminate the need for chemical hydrogenation, and (2) to replace the functional properties of partially hydrogenated soybean oil. One potential solution is the elevation of seed stearic acid, a saturated fat which has no negative impacts on cardiovascular health, from 3 to 4% in typical cultivars to > 20% of the seed oil. We performed QTL analysis of a population developed by crossing two mutant lines, one with a missense mutation affecting a stearoyl-acyl-carrier protein desaturase gene resulting in ∼11% seed stearic acid crossed to another mutant, A6, which has 24–28% seed stearic acid. Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS)-based QTL mapping identified 21 minor and major effect QTL for six seed oil related traits and plant height. The inheritance of a large genomic deletion affecting chromosome 14 is the basis for largest effect QTL, resulting in ∼18% seed stearic acid. This deletion contains SACPD-C and another gene(s); loss of both genes boosts seed stearic acid levels to ≥ 18%. Unfortunately, this genomic deletion has been shown in previous studies to be inextricably correlated with reduced seed yield. Our results will help inform and guide ongoing breeding efforts to improve soybean oil oxidative stability.

The relationship between circulating neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and early alteration of metabolic parameters is associated with dietary saturated fat intake in non-diabetic Korean women.

Circulating neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is associated with obesity-related metabolic disorders. This study investigated the relationship between serum NGAL and early alteration of metabolic parameters in non-diabetic Korean women, particularly with respect to saturated fat (SFA) intake. Anthropometric parameters, fasting glycemic status, and levels of lipids, oxidative stress/inflammatory markers, and NGAL were measured in 82 non-diabetic Korean women [Super-healthy group (n=57) with 0 metabolic syndrome risk factor (MetS RF) and MetS-risk group (n=25) with MetS RF≥1]. Age, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, HbA1C, triglyceride, LDL and total-cholesterol, and NGAL levels were higher, and HDL-cholesterol was lower in the MetS-risk group than in the Super-healthy group. Age-adjusted serum NGAL levels were higher in the MetS-risk group than in the Super-healthy group. NGAL increased proportionally with increase in MetS RFs (p=0.038) and correlated positively with BMI, triglycerides, LDL- and total-cholesterol, interleukin-6, white blood cell count, and neutrophil%, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol and superoxide dismutase activity. Serum NGAL levels positively correlated with SFA intake before and after adjustment (age and BMI). Serum NGAL levels were higher in high-SFA consumers [≥7g/day, ≥7% of total calorie intake (TCI)] than in low-SFA consumers (<7g/day, <7% of TCI). Serum NGAL levels were highest in the MetS-risk group consuming higher SFA and lowest in the Super-healthy group consuming lower SFA. However, serum NGAL did not significantly differ between the low-SFA consuming MetS-risk and Super-healthy groups. The relationship between circulating NGAL and early alteration of metabolic parameters is associated with dietary SFA intake in non-diabetic Korean women.

Abstract LB-382: A prospective study of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and adiponectin and pancreatic cancer in postmenopausal women

Abstract Obesity is a recognized pancreatic cancer risk factor. Obesity-associated chronic inflammation and insulin resistance as well as western diet are associated with increased circulating levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) levels. When AGEs bind to their receptor (RAGE) on adipocytes, an inflammatory cascade is triggered and dysregulation of adipokines can occur. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) mitigates this negative effect by acting as a decoy receptor for AGEs. In a nested case-control study in the prospective Women's Health Initiative study, we assessed the association between baseline levels of sRAGE and adiponectin and pancreatic cancer risk in post-menopausal women. Medical, lifestyle, diet data, anthropometric measurements and fasting blood were collected at baseline (1993-98). Serum sRAGE and adiponectin levels were immunoassay measured. With an average follow-up 14 years (thru 8/2013), we identified 494 incident cases with pancreatic cancer. Two controls were matched to each case by age, ethnicity, trial assignment and blood draw time (± 6 mos.). Multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between sRAGE and adiponectin levels (quartile, Q) and pancreatic cancer after adjusting for waist-hip-ratio, diabetes, and dietary intake of alcohol, protein, saturated fat and carbohydrates. A total of 7.6% cases and 6.3% controls were current smokers. sRAGE was correlated with adiponectin among controls(r = 0.17, P &amp;lt;0.001). Higher sRAGE levels were associated with reduced risk of pancreatic cancer (aOR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.56-0.90, P = 0.004 with sRAGE assessed as a continuous variable; aOR (Q4 vs Q1) = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.54-1.06, with P = 0.02 for trend across quartiles). Adiponectin was not associated with pancreatic cancer risk when assessed as a continuous variable (aOR = 1.008, 95% CI: 0.98-1.02); however, women with highest adiponectin levels had reduced risk of pancreatic cancer (aOR Q4 vs Q1 = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.51-1.04, P = 0.06 for trend). Women with higher levels of both sRAGE and adiponectin (above their respective medians) had greatest risk reduction (aOR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.42-0.82) compared with women with lower levels of both biomarkers(P for interaction = 0.15). Consistent with our prior work in Finnish male smokers, we found an inverse association between pre-diagnostic sRAGE and risk of incident pancreatic cancer. We also identified a potential effect modification of adiponectin by sRAGE in postmenopausal women. The role of the RAGE pathway in obesity-related pancreatic cancer needs further investigation. Citation Format: Donna L. White, Ron Hoogeveen, Kathryn Royse, Liang Chen, Lesley Tinker, Tom Rohan, Eric Whitsel, Hashem B. El-Serag, Li Jiao. A prospective study of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and adiponectin and pancreatic cancer in postmenopausal women. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-382.

Asupan lemak jenuh dan serat pada remaja obesitas kaitannya dengan sindrom metabolik

Background: There is an emerging global increase of metabolic syndrome prevalence due to increasing of obesity. Obesity and metabolic syndrome beginning in childhood progressing into adulthood. Dietary saturated fat and fiber intake play a role in etiology in obesity.Objective: This study was to examine the associations between dietary saturated fat intake, fiber intake and components of metabolic syndrome among obese adolescents.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted to 57 obese students aged 13-15 years old of SMP Nasima and SMP Kesatrian 2 Semarang, based on body mass index for ages. Subjects of this study were collected consecutively. Data were collected through waist circumference and blood pressure measurements, fasting biochemical serum analysis and dietary intake assessment. Rank Spearman and Pearson correlation test was used to examine the associations between of dietary saturated fat and fiber intake to components of metabolic syndrome.Results: There were 46 subjects (80,7 %) had metabolic syndrome and 11 subjects (19,3 %) had the pre-metabolic syndrome. There was no association between dietary saturated fat intake and waist circumference, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose levels and blood pressure. Fiber intake was negatively associated with blood triglyceride levels (r = -0.340; p = 0.01).Conclusion: There was no association between dietary saturated fat intake and components of metabolic syndrome. There was an association between dietary fiber intake with blood triglyceride levels. Dietary fiber intake has an important role in lipid metabolism.