Abstract
Recent findings point toward diet having a major impact on human health. Diets can either affect the gut microbiota resulting in alterations in the host’s physiological responses or by directly targeting the host response. The microbial community in the mammalian gut is a complex and dynamic system crucial for the development and maturation of both systemic and mucosal immune responses. Therefore, the complex interaction between available nutrients, the microbiota, and the immune system are central regulators in maintaining homeostasis and fighting against invading pathogens at mucosal sites. Westernized diet, defined as high dietary intake of saturated fats and sucrose and low intake of fiber, represent a growing health risk contributing to the increased occurrence of metabolic diseases, e.g., diabetes and obesity in countries adapting a westernized lifestyle. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and asthma are chronic mucosal inflammatory conditions of unknown etiology with increasing prevalence worldwide. These conditions have a multifactorial etiology including genetic factors, environmental factors, and dysregulated immune responses. Their increased prevalence cannot solely be attributed to genetic considerations implying that other factors such as diet can be a major contributor. Recent reports indicate that the gut microbiota and modifications thereof, due to a consumption of a diet high in saturated fats and low in fibers, can trigger factors regulating the development and/or progression of both conditions. While asthma is a disease of the airways, increasing evidence indicates a link between the gut and airways in disease development. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the impact of westernized diet and associated nutrients on immune cell responses and the microbiota and how these can influence the pathology of IBD and asthma.
Highlights
Reviewed by: Mourad Aribi, University of Tlemcen, Algeria Christopher Alan Jolly, University of Texas at Austin, United States
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that controls the expression of a large number of regulatory genes in lipid metabolism, insulin sensitization, inflammation, and cell proliferation [106, 107] and can inhibit the activation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) pathways leading to reduction of pro-inflammatory mediators
The increasing incidence of Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and asthma implies a fundamental role for environmental factors
Summary
The prevalence of chronic inflammatory diseases affecting mucosal sites such as the intestine and the airways is increasing worldwide [1, 2]. Diet and Nutrients, Microbiota, Immunity in IBD/Asthma multifactorial cause, in which environmental factors such as diet and the commensal microbiota are gaining increased attention. An elegant study by Arrieta and colleagues found that the relative abundance of the bacterial genera Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiria, Veillonella, and Rothia and Clostridium neonatale are decreased in the gut of children at risk of asthma development [83, 84] These microbes were significantly different between the groups at 3 months of age and the difference decreased as children reached 1 year of age highlighting a colonization window of opportunity and of an appropriate immune education
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