Intact Group Research Articles

ENHANCING ENTREPRENEURSHIP OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH CHEMISTRY EDUCATION: IMPLICATION FOR NIGERIA YOUTH EMPOWERMENT IN THE 21st CENTURY

The study investigated enhancing entrepreneurship opportunities through chemistry education: Implication for Nigeria youth empowerment in 21st century. Three research questions with their corresponding null hypotheses guided the study. A quasi-experimental, non-randomized control group design was adopted in three intact groups. population of this study was 954 SS 3 chemistry students in Odeda Local Government Area. A sample of 142 chemistry students was drawn using a purposive and simple random sampling techniques from three (3) out of 18 public schools in the LGA. Three intact classes were randomly assigned experimental groups (two classes) and control group (one class). Both experimental and control groups were subjected to pre-and post-testing. A 20-item tagged “Chemistry Practical Skills Acquisition on Soap and Detergent Production” (CPSASDP) structured on a 4-point rating scale developed by the researchers was the instrument used for data collection. It was validated by three experts in chemistry education and measurement and evaluation. The reliability estimate was computed using Cronbach’s Alpha with coefficient index of 0.75. The three groups were taught the same concepts, but with different instructional arrangement. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to for answering research questions and Z-test for answering the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed that both entrepreneurial skills engagements enhance skills acquisition if appropriately handled. In addition, the hypotheses were accepted because they only differed in their mean score differences. Based on the results, it was recommended among others that students should apply the skills acquired in Chemistry practical to enhance their entrepreneurship development.

Comparative Evaluation of Different Endodontic Access Cavity Designs with Different Burs-An in vitro Experimental Insight into the Aspect of Fracture Resistance.

In vitro fracture resistance of extracted mandibular molars treated with various access cavity designs, including traditional endodontic cavity (TradAC), conservative/contracted endodontic cavity (ConsAC), ninja endodontic cavity (UltraAC), truss endodontic cavity (TrussAC), caries-driven access cavity (CariesAC), and intact teeth, is the focus of this study. Six groups of 20 mandibular molars, totaling 120, were used in the investigation. While the other five groups underwent various access cavity preparations, chemomechanical preparation, and obturation procedures before being repaired with composite resin, Group 1 was left unaltered (the control). A 6 mm round head tip was used to apply the fracture force, which was measured in newtons, at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until fracture developed. According to the current study, the intact control group had the maximum fracture resistance. The access cavity groups' mean values were maximum in CariesAC followed by ConsAC, TrussAC, UltraAC, and TraditonalAC respectively. While among the four minimally invasive designs, CariesAC showed a higher fracture resistance despite the results being statistically insignificant, TradAC had a significantly lower resistance than other conservative access cavity designs.

Effects of Cohesion Analysis-Based Instructions (CABI) on English as Foreign Language (TEFL) Students’ Reading Comprehension and Self-Efficacy

This study examined effects of CABI on grade 11 EFL students’ reading comprehension and self-efficacy using reading self-efficacy as mediating variable at Azezo Secondary School, Gondar City Administration. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with quantitative approach. Thus, intact groups were selected using simple random sampling technique, and one out of these groups was assigned as an experimental group (n=52) while the other as a control group (=52) by lot; both of them were selected using lot method. Then, the experimental group was taught using CABI, whereas the control one was taught using conventional way of teaching reading. In order to collect the data, reading comprehension test and reading self-efficacy questionnaire were used as data collecting instruments. The data were analyzed using chi square, independent samples t-test and SEM. The results of the study indicated that there was a direct significant difference (B = 1.781, CR = 5.844 (>±1.96), p < .05) between the control and experimental group students’ reading comprehension posttest scores in favor of the experimental group participants. Besides, the result showed that there is significant effect (β = .533, CR = 4.630 (>±1.96), p < .05) of CABI on experimental group students’ reading self-efficacy beliefs posttest score in comparison to the control one. In the same vein, the result (β = .825, CR = 3.855(>±1.96), p < .05) unveil that CABI had positive effect on experimental group participants’ reading comprehension posttest score through reading self-efficacy compared to the control group students. Hence, the instruction has a positive effect on reading comprehension both directly and indirectly (through reading self-efficacy). This implies that reading self-efficacy partially mediates the causal relationship between CABI and reading comprehension.

Influence of perfluoroorganic emulsion on morphometric parameters of the liver in a systemic inflammatory response (experimental study)

The objective was to study the effect of drug «Oxyphtem»1 on liver morphometric parameters in a systemic inflammatory response.Materials and methods. The experimental study was carried out on male Wistar rats (n = 26). The rats of the experimental group were injected with drug «Oxyphtem» intravenously once. Daily observation was carried out during14 days. Rats were taken out of the experiment on the 15th day under light ether anesthesia. Liver samples were fixed in 10 % neutral formalin in phosphate buffer for 24 hours. Histological preparations were studied using the Measure Pixels image analysis computer program based on a Leica 2000 light microscope.Results. In the intact group of rats, no violations of the liver parenchyma were detected: hepatocytes had clear boundaries, the lamellar structure was preserved and sinusoidal capillaries were not dilated. With the development of the systemic inflammatory response in the liver of rats of the control group, expansion and blood filling of the central veins and sinusoids, violation of the structure of the liver plates, and perinuclear edema of hepatocytes were noted. In the experimental group of rats with the use of drug «Oxyphtem», the preservation of the structure of the liver plates was observed, binuclear hepatocytes were found, and the sinusoids were not expanded. We hypothesize that hepatocyte proliferation and the increase in binuclear hepatic cells were indicative of the regenerative response to systemic inflammatory damage and metabolic demand.Conclusion. The use of drug «Oxyphtem» under conditions of the experimental systemic inflammatory response increases reparative regeneration and adaptation of the liver.

Impact of a DMGA Scaffolding-Based Module on Improving the EFL Speaking Skills among Vietnamese ESP Learners

This paper aims to investigate whether the scaffolding model named “Diagnosing, Modelling and Sharing, Guiding, and Applying” enhances the EFL speaking skills among ESP learners at public university in Vietnam. It also attempts to explore these ESP learners’ perceptions towards this scaffolding-based module. The study employed The study employed a mixed method research approach with an explanatory sequential research design. The participants were a total of 50 first-year undergraduate students of the ESP Department at a public university in Vietnam, who were equally divided into two intact groups, namely the intervention group and the control group. The scaffolding model was implemented in the teaching module during the 16-week intervention. The results of the Wilcoxon test of the pretest and post-test of the intervention group revealed a significant difference in the EFL speaking performance among the Vietnamese ESP learners with a p value of 0.00, and an increase in the mean score of the pre-test from 5.5 to 6.7 in the post-test, and with a large effect size (r =.42). On the other hand, no significant result was reported from the control group (p=0.20, the pretest mean score= 5.80, and the post-test mean score=5.89). It is hoped that this study could provide a scaffolding framework that is compatible with the emerging needs of teaching innovation. This research also suggests a long-term strategy for innovating English teaching and learning, which is a core goal of Vietnam National Foreign Language Project 2030.

Cross-linking polybutadiene rubber via a thiol-ene reaction with polycysteine as a degradable cross-linker

Covalently cross-linked rubber materials are widely used in elastic applications due to their excellent mechanical properties. However, the irreversibility of covalent cross-linking suffers from poor material recyclability. As a degradable polypeptide-based cross-linker for polybutadiene, poly(l-cysteine) (polyCys) was synthesized via papain-catalyzed chemoenzymatic polymerization. The resulting polyCys had intact thiol groups that cross-linked polybutadiene via the thiol-ene reaction. The cross-linking reaction of polybutadiene was performed in the presence of polyCys and a radical initiator and resulted in insoluble polybutadiene gel formation. Based on Raman spectroscopy analysis, the cross-linking reaction was confirmed by the consumption of thiol groups of polyCys. From the dynamic viscoelastic analyses of the cross-linked polybutadienes, the viscoelasticity drastically changed from that of raw polybutadiene, with the disappearance of the slow relaxation mode at low frequencies. The complete network formation was confirmed by E′ and E′′ showing the power law over the whole frequency range, as determined by the time-course experiments of the dynamic viscoelastic properties. The cross-linked polybutadiene was degradable by acid hydrolysis, resulting in the regeneration of soluble polybutadiene. Polypeptide cross-linked polybutadiene materials are promising candidates for the application of polybutadiene-based rubber materials with the requirements of both material integrity and reusability.

Plasma levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, TNFα under the conditions of tobacco intoxication and after treatment with aminophthalhydrazide

In response to damaging factors, a cascade of cytokines is released, triggering the processes of inflammation and fibrogenesis. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, TNFα) in blood plasma under conditions of tobacco intoxication and with intramuscular administration of aminophthalhydrazide. The experiment was performed with 40 outbred white male rats. Intact group (n = 10) were in a priming chamber in absence of tobacco smoke. Experimental groups (1, 2, and 3) – n = 30, 10 animals in each group. The first and second groups of animals were exposed to tobacco smoke for one and two months. The third experimental group underwent intramuscular injections with sodium aminodihydrophthalazindione for 3, 7, 14 days. The content of IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, TNFα in blood plasma was determined by enzyme immunoassay technique. In 1st group, the TNFα level in blood plasma increased to 452.14±176.18 pg/mL (in intact animals, 15.23±3.13 pg/mL); in the 2nd group, this index decreased to 9.8; in group 3, these values showed a sharp increase (to 167.44±5.93 pg/mL). The level of IL-6 showed maximal values after 4 months of tobacco intoxication (group 3). The following IL-10 changes were observed: in the 1st group, its amounts increased by 1.2-fold; in the 2nd group a sharp decrease in the indindex was noted (13.7 times); in the 3rd group a decreased content of the cytokine was found (28.8 times) as compared with intact animals. After administration of aminodihydrophthalazinedione for 3 and 7 days, the content of TNFα showed sharp increas (14.8 times and 7.6 times, respectively); after 14 days of treatment, the level of TNFα decreased by 1.3 times compared to intact animals. We noted fluctuations in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-18). The level of IL- 10 in blood plasma had a statistically significant increase (5.3-fold at 3 days after drug administration); 8.2-fold 7 days after administration of the drug, and 23-fold after 14 days of treatment, as compared with the 3rd group. The plasma concentrations of TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18 showed sufficient changes under the conditions of tobacco intoxication. The immune response is characterized by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in blood plasma. Upon corrective therapy with sodium aminodihydrophthalazindione, an increase in the antiinflammatory IL-10 cytokine occurs, along with systemic decrease in the TNFα, IL-6, and IL-18 contents.

LEVERAGING INSTAGRAM TO ENHANCE THE EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS” VOCABULARY MASTERY IN JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Abstract
 This research aims to find out how effective the impact of Instagram is in improving students' vocabulary understanding. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using Instagram social media in increasing the vocabulary mastery of class VIII students of SMP Negeri 4 Kubutambahan. This type of research is a quasi-experiment involving 64 students selected through an intact group sampling technique. Data collection used quantitative methods with a post-test-only control group design. By using the pre-test as a test of the requirements that the students' abilities between the two classes are the same. And for the post-test is used as a hypothesis test. The results showed that there were significant differences between students' vocabulary mastery before and after the intervention. results of independent t-test analysis on experimental and control group post-test scores obtained t (df = 62) = 0.3.148, p > 0.003. This means that the research hypothesis is accepted. In other words, the use of social media Instagram for learning can improve the vocabulary mastery of class VIII students of SMPN 4 Kubutambahan.

The larger patellar tilt angle and lower intercondylar notch angle might increase posterior cruciate ligament injury risk: a retrospective comparative study

BackgroundPosterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries are common ligament injuries of the knee, and previous studies often focused on the associations between the morphology of the knee and PCL injuries. Studies on the correlation between PCL injuries and patellofemoral alignment are limited.MethodsThis retrospective study included 92 patients with PCL injured and 92 patients with PCL intact. Measurement parameters were compared between the two groups, including patellar tilt angle, congruence angle, patellar height, hip-knee-ankle angle, lateral trochlear inclination, femoral condyle ratio, bicondylar width, intercondylar notch width and index, notch angle, trochlear facet asymmetry, and trochlear sulcus depth and angle. Independent risk factors associated with PCL injuries were identified by logistic regression analyses.ResultsIn the PCL injured group, the patellar tilt angle was significantly larger (13.19 ± 5.90° vs. 10.02 ± 4.95°, P = 0.04); the intercondylar notch angle was significantly lower (60.97 ± 7.83° vs. 67.01 ± 6.00°, P = 0.004); the medial and lateral femoral condyle ratio were significantly larger (0.63 ± 0.64 vs. 0.60 ± 0.56, P = 0.031; 0.65 ± 0.60 vs. 0.58 ± 0.53, P = 0.005) than in the PCL intact group. There were 11 patients with patellar dislocation in the PCL injured group, accounting for 12%. In these patients, the patellar height was higher (1.39 ± 0.17 vs. 1.09 ± 0.25, P = 0.009); the trochlear sulcus angle was larger (157.70 ± 8.7° vs. 141.80 ± 8.78°, P < 0.001); and the trochlear sulcus depth was shallower (3.10 ± 1.20mm vs. 5.11 ± 1.48mm, P = 0.003) than those in the patients without patellar dislocation. Multivariate analyses showed that patellar tilt angle (each increase 1 degree, OR = 1.14) and intercondylar notch angle (each increase 1 degree, OR = 0.90) were independent risk factors for PCL injuries.ConclusionThe patients with PCL injuries had larger patellar tilt angles, lower intercondylar notch angles, and longer posterior femoral condyles than patients with PCL intact. The larger patellar tilt angle and lower intercondylar notch angle might be risk factors for PCL injuries.

Analytical Strategy as Critical and Brainstorming Thinking for Fostering Students' Drawing Ability in Sciences

The best learning outcomes for pupils in the classroom are determined by the teacher's pedagogical and content competence. In order to improve students' drawing abilities in the sciences, this study explores the effectiveness of analytical tactics such as critical and brainstorming thinking. In their intact groups, 87 senior secondary 2 science students took part in the study. The study used a semi-experimental approach. Science Drawing Kills Achievement Test (SDKAT), a practical essay test that measured drawing abilities, was used to gather data. It was verified using construct and face validity methods. The instrument's strong points were demonstrated by the split-half dependability of 0.86. Research questions are answered by the mean (X) and standard deviation (SD); analysis of covariance (ANOVA) was used to assess the hypotheses. The findings demonstrated that the analytic approach promoted students' drawing abilities; there was no discernible difference in drawing abilities between male and female students, and gender had no bearing on how the analytic method promoted students' drawing abilities. However, teachers are urged to guide and direct students in the use of the analytical method so that it is implemented successfully, and students are encouraged to respond by expressing their own perspectives and ideas in order to jointly identify and solve problems.

DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN THE VASCULAR BED AND ORGANOMETRICAL INDICATORS OF WHITE RATS TESTICLES DURING EXPERIMENTAL SKIN THERMAL INJURY AND UNDER THE CORRECTION WITH A XENODERMAL SUBSTRATE

DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN THE VASCULAR BED AND ORGANOMETRICAL INDICATORS OF WHITE RATS TESTICLES DURING EXPERIMENTAL SKIN THERMAL INJURY AND UNDER THE CORRECTION WITH A XENODERMAL SUBSTRATE

The Antidepressant Activity of a Taurine-Containing Derivative of 4-Phenylpyrrolidone-2 in a Model of Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

This study investigates the therapeutic potential of a new compound, potassium 2-[2-(2-oxo-4-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl) acetamido]ethanesulfonate (Compound I), in depression. Willner’s chronic unpredictable mild stress model of male Wistar rats was used as a depression model. The rats were randomized into four groups, including an intact group, a Compound I group, a Fluoxetine group, and a control group with saline. Behavioral tests, such as the Porsolt forced swim test, hole-board test, elevated plus maze test, and light–dark box, were used to assess the animals’ conditions. Our results demonstrated that Compound I effectively reduced the immobilization time of rats in the forced swim test, increased orientation and exploratory behavior, and decreased the latency period of going into the dark compartment compared to the control group. Hippocampal and striatal serotonin concentrations were increased in the Compound I group, and the compound also reduced the level of corticosterone in the blood plasma of rats compared to the intact animals. These results suggest that Compound I has reliable antidepressant activity, comparable to that of the reference antidepressant Fluoxetine.

Spleen lymphoid tissue in white mice with an albumin model of experimental amyloidogenesis

Objective. Study the reaction of the white pulp of the spleen of laboratory mice in an experiment on parenteral administration of human pharmacy albumin. Materials and methods. Nine 30-day-old mice were divided into three groups of three mice each (intact and two experimental). Experimental mice were intraperitoneally injected with a human albumin pharmacy drug at a dose of 0.9 ml every other day for 30 days. The animals of the intact and first experimental groups were removed from the experiment by decapitation on the 30th day from the beginning of the experiment, the second experimental group – 1 month after the last injection (60 days from the beginning of the experiment). Results. Albumin increased the wet mass of the spleen from 0.74±0.01 g (control) to 1.40±0.02 and 1.20±0.04 g in groups 1 and 2, respectively; induced amyloidosis, determined by the relative area of the congophilic substance in 4 microns of paraffin sections of the spleen – 13.32±1.31 and 23.47±0.84% in groups 1 and 2, respectively; reduced the average area of lymphoid nodules from 1.34±0.10•105 mkm2 (control) to 1.18±0.08•105 and 0.91±0.04•105 mkm2 in groups 1 and 2, respectively; increased the relative area of white pulp – from 22.65±2.30% (control) to 34.99±2.34 and 31.87±1.68% in groups 1 and 2, respectively, and reduced the relative area of the red pulp – from 77.35±4.20% (control) to 65.01±2.34 and 68.13±1.68% in groups 1 and 2, respectively, which led to a significant decrease in the index (red pulp) / (white pulp) from 6.67±1.39 (control) to 2.79±0.42 and 2.65±0.29 in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In all cases, the differences are statistically significant. Conclusions. Parenteral administration of human albumin to mice at a dose of 0.9 ml of a pharmacy drug causes amyloid damage to the spleen. Discontinuation of the introduction of amyloidogen protein does not prevent the development of the amyloid process that has begun.

Obtaining Capons from Hybrid Autosexed Chickens and Assessment of Their Meat Colour

We realised an experimental model for observing the effects of caponisation from autosexed chicken hybrids between red Rhode Island males with barred Plymouth Rock females, thereby the one-day old chicks obtained through artificial incubation presented distinctive morphological characteristics between their gender. Male autosexed chicken hybrids were grown in a traditional (extensive) husbandry system, thus is was observed a good development pattern through manifesting the heterosis phenomenon. At the age of fourteen weeks, before sexual maturity the cockerels have undergone caponisation. The unilateral gonadectomy method was performed using a human tonsillectomy instrument and, in some individuals, gonadectomy was perfomed by squeezing the testes with the fingers, to test if there is any difference between intervention and recovery time. The individuals had a 100% surviving rate. After gonadectomy the caponised and theintact group were raised in the same environment and feeding conditions and monitored for morphological and weight differences. At the age of thirty weeksthe cockerels from the two groups, nine chickens each, were slaughtered in order to assess the quantitative and qualitative differences of the carcass. Weight determination revealed a higher mean weight before slaughtering in the caponised cockereles than of the intact group (i.e. 3.3 kg vs. 3.0 kg) and after in carcass (i.e. 2.5 kg vs. 2.2 kg). Visual examination of the carcasses revealed that the skin is of a more intense yellow in the capons and upon section the drumstick muscles had a lighter colour than the drumstick muscles from the intact cockerels (i.e. light red vs. dark red). There is also a difference regarding consistency of the meat in the control group is much harder than of the capons.

THE EFFECTIVENESS COUNSELING MODEL FAMILY PLANNING USING LONG-TERM CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS (LARC) IN UNMET NEED

The Family Planning program is one of the focus indicators contained in the SDGs. Indonesia is a country that is facing a high number of unmet needs and low (LARC) coverage, so this problem is outlined in the 2020-2024 Strategic Plan. In fact, the city of Palopo is an area that has a high unmet need (12.05%) while the national target is around 8.6% and (LARC) users are also still relatively low (5.09%). Seeing these conditions, this attention will be focused on family planning services for unmet needs , by providing family planning counseling with several models . Research objective : to analyze the effectiveness of the family planning counseling model on (LARC) users in unmet needs in the city of Palopo. The research method uses pre-experimentation with an intact group comparison approach . The intervention group was given family planning counseling using the Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraception MEC and audio-visual models, while the control group was the group given family planning counseling using the Decision Making Tools (ABPK) model. This research was carried out in the work area of the Sendana Health Center, Palopo City. The research sample is unmet need. The withdrawal technique uses simple random sampling. The number of respondents in this study was 34 respondents, who were divided into two groups, namely the intervention group and the control group, with 17 people in each group. The research instrument used observation sheets and ABPK, MEC and audio-visual tools. Data analysis using tests chi-square. Research results; There is an effectiveness of the family planning counseling model on the use of (LARC) in unmet needs in Palopo City ( ρ = 0.024 &lt; α value = 0.05), so that there is a need to improve quality family planning services.&#x0D;

Walk Locomotion Kinematic Changes in a Model of Penetrating Hippocampal Injury in Male/Female Mice and Rats.

Traumatic brain injury has been the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in human beings. One of the most susceptible structures to this damage is the hippocampus due to cellular and synaptic loss and impaired hippocampal connectivity to the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord. Thus, hippocampal damage in rodents using a stereotaxic device could be an adequate method to study a precise lesion from CA1 to the dentate gyrus structures. We studied male and female rats and mice, analyzing hindlimb locomotion kinematics changes to compare the locomotion kinematics using the same methodology in rodents. We measure (1) the vertical hindlimb metatarsus, ankle, and knee joint vertical displacements (VD) and (2) the factor of dissimilarity (DF). The VD in intact rats in metatarsus, ankle, and knee joints differs from that in intact mice in similar joints. In rats, the vertical displacement through the step cycle changed in the left and right metatarsus, ankle, and knee joints compared to the intact group versus the lesioned group. More subtle changes were also observed in mice. DF demonstrates contrasting results when studying locomotion kinematics of mice or rats and sex-dependent differences. Thus, a precise lesion in a rodent's hippocampal structure discloses some hindlimb locomotion changes related to species and sex. Thus, we only have a qualitative comparison between murine species. In order to make a comparison with other species, we should standardize the model.

Effect of Injury to the Lateral Meniscotibial Ligament and Meniscofibular Ligament on Meniscal Extrusion: Biomechanical Evaluation of the Capsulodesis and Centralization Techniques in a Porcine Knee Model.

Previous biomechanical studies of the meniscotibial ligament have determined that it contributes to meniscal stability. An injury to it can cause the meniscus to extrude, and reconstruction of that ligament significantly reduces extrusion. To assess the biomechanical effects of sectioning the lateral meniscotibial ligament (LMTL) and the meniscofibular ligament (MFL) with respect to the radial mobility of the lateral meniscus and to evaluate the biomechanical effects of the capsulodesis and centralization techniques. Controlled laboratory study. The lateral meniscus of 22 porcine knees was evaluated. They were mounted on a testing apparatus to apply muscle and ground-reaction forces. The meniscus was evaluated at 30° and 60° of knee flexion using 2 markers placed on the posterior cruciate ligament and the lateral meniscus after applying an axial compression of 200 N to the knee joint. Measurements were recorded under 5 conditions: intact lateral meniscus, injury of the LMTL, subsequent injury of the MFL, the use of the open capsulodesis technique, and the reconstruction of the LMTL and the MFL with the centralization technique. The distance between the 2 markers was significantly greater in the extrusion group (combined lesion of the LMTL and MFL) than in the intact or reconstruction groups (capsulodesis and centralization techniques; P < .001 in all cases). In the cases of load application, no significant differences were observed between the control group (intact meniscus) and the groups on which the reconstruction techniques were performed. There were also no differences when comparing the results obtained between both reconstruction techniques. In all settings, the distance between the 2 markers increased with the increase in the knee flexion angle. In a porcine model, the LMTL and the MFL participated as restrictors of the radial mobility of the lateral meniscus during loading. Their injury caused a significant increase in lateral meniscal extrusion, and the centralization and the capsulodesis procedures were able to reduce extrusion. This study demonstrates the capacity of the LMTL and the MFL to restrict the radial mobility of the lateral meniscus during loading and how it is affected when they are injured.

4 Preoperative International Classification of Cognitive Disorder in Epilepsy (IC-CoDE) Phenotype is Associated with Postoperative Memory Decline Following Temporal Lobectomy

Objective:The International Classification of Cognitive Disorder in Epilepsy (IC-CoDE) is a new consensus-based taxonomy that classifies patients into one of four cognitive phenotypes (i.e., cognitively intact, single-domain impairment, bi-domain impairment, generalized impairment). The IC-CoDE has been effectively applied to patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but little is known about the relationship between pre-operative cognitive phenotype and post-operative cognitive outcome following epilepsy surgery. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the IC-CoDE classifications are related to memory decline following surgery for TLE.Participants and Methods:347 patients (ages 16-66; 57% female) with pharmacoresistant TLE completed comprehensive pre- and post-surgical neuropsychological assessments. Patients were classified into IC-CoDE phenotypes based on pre-surgical pattern of cognitive impairment using a threshold of &gt;1.5 standard deviations (SD) below the normative mean. Change scores were calculated from delay trial scores of the following memory tests: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and Logical Memory (LM) and Verbal Paired Associates (VPA) subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale - Third Edition (WMS-III). Cutoffs were applied using epilepsy-specific reliable change indices and patients were classified within the ‘decline’ group if they experienced significant decline on any of the three memory measures.Results:The distribution of IC-CoDE phenotypes in our sample were as follows: 57% intact, 29% single-domain, 10% bi-domain, and 5% generalized impairment. 108 patients (31%) demonstrated post-surgical memory decline. Patients who underwent dominant temporal lobectomy were more likely to show post-surgical memory decline compared to non-dominant temporal lobectomy. However, there was no significant difference in phenotype distribution between patients who underwent left versus right-sided resections; thus, analyses were conducted on the entire sample to increase power. Chi-square analyses revealed unique patterns of post-surgical memory decline across phenotypes, X2 = 8.79, p = .032. There was a significantly higher proportion of patients with memory decline in the single-domain phenotype (39%) and this was followed by the bi-domain phenotype (33%) and the intact phenotype (29%). In contrast, patients with generalized impairment were unlikely to show memory decline (.06%). Within the single domain impaired phenotype, there were no differences between the specific domains impaired and memory decline. Logistic regression model was also significant; after controlling for surgery side, the IC-CoDE phenotypes significantly predicted the likelihood of a patient experiencing post-surgical memory decline; X2 = 8.18, p = .043.Conclusions:In addition to the IC-CoDE providing a useful cognitive classification scheme in epilepsy, the IC-CoDE phenotypes appear helpful in identifying those at risk for post-operative memory decline. Previous literature has suggested that those with better pre-surgical cognition are generally at highest risk for cognitive decline. Our results generally follow this trend, but interestingly, patients with single domain impairment were at the highest risk of memory decline, even above those in the cognitively intact group. Future studies are important to confirm this pattern in other samples and examine additional contributing factors and underlying mechanisms that may influence risk of memory decline across these cognitive phenotypes.

The Effectiveness of Powtoon Animation Media on Student Learning Outcomes in Human Respiratory System Subject

Powtoon is an online application that can be used as a learning medium. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using powtoon animation media on student learning outcomes in the human respiratory system in class VIII SMP Negeri 3 Pontianak. The method used in this research is Quasi Experimental with Pre-test Post-test Control Group Design. The samples used were 2 classes, namely the experimental class with 31 students and the control class with 32 students, which were taken using the intact group technique. The instrument used was a multiple choice test totaling 20 questions. Learning outcome data was analyzed using the independent sample t-test. The average post-test result for the experimental class was 76.56, which was higher than the control class, which was 69.53. The effect size calculation obtained is 0.70 which is included in the medium category and contributes 25.80% in learning, so it can be concluded that powtoon animation media influences student learning outcomes.

Biomechanical Assessment of Bicortical Suspension Device Fixation for Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Instability: Single Versus Double Device

Background: Bicortical suspension device (BCSD) fixation treats proximal tibiofibular joint (PTFJ) instability in both the anterolateral and posteromedial directions. However, biomechanical data are lacking as to whether this technique restores the native stability and strength of the joint. Purpose: To test (1) if BCSD fixation restores the native stability and strength and (2) if using 2 devices is needed. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Sixteen pairs of fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens were obtained. Six pairs were assigned to the control group and 10 matched pairs assigned for transection to model PTFJ and subsequent BCSD fixation (one specimen with 1-device repair and the other with 2-device repair). Joint stability and strength were assessed by translating the fibular head relative to the fixed tibia either anterolaterally or posteromedially. Control specimens received 20 cycles of 0- to 2.5-mm joint displacement tests (subfailure) and then proceeded to load to failure (5 mm). For the experimental group, cyclic tests were repeated after ligament resection and after fixation. Forces and stiffness at 2.5- and 5-mm displacement were recorded for comparisons of joint strength and stability at subfailure and failure loads, respectively. Results: After repair of anterolateral instability, both the single- and double-device fixations successfully restored near-native states, with no significant differences as compared with the intact group for forces at subfailure load (P = .410) or failure load (P = .397). Regarding posteromedial instability, single-device repair did not restore forces to the near-native state at subfailure load (intact: 92.9 N vs single: 37.4 N; P = .001) or failure load (intact: 170.7 N vs single: 70.4 N; P = .024). However, the double-device repair successfully restored near-native posteromedial forces at both subfailure load (P = .066) and failure load (P = .723). Conclusion: For treatment of the most common form of PTFJ instability (anterolateral), this cadaveric study suggests that 1 BCSD is sufficient to restore stability and strength. The current biomechanical results also suggest that 2 devices are needed for restoring PTFJ posteromedial stability and strength. Using 2 devices addresses both types of instability and provides more PTFJ posteromedial stability. Clinical Relevance: The results suggest that 1 device should be used for treating anterolateral instability and 2 devices used for posteromedial instability based on the biomechanical study.