Insurance Framework Research Articles

Qualitative and Quantitative Loss of Habitat at Different Spatial Scales Affects Functional Moth Diversity

Land use change has led to large-scale insect decline, threatening ecosystem resilience through reduced functional diversity. Even in nature reserves, losses in insect diversity have been detected. Hereby, changes in local habitat quality and landscape-scale habitat quantity can play a role driving functional diversity toward erosion. Our aim was to analyze how local and landscape-scale factors simultaneously affect functional insect diversity. Therefore, we sampled moths in two Italian coastal forest reserves at 60 sites. Our focus was on functional richness, redundancy and niche occupation, being important for ecosystem resilience, following the insurance framework. Ecological information about 387 species and 14 traits was used to analyze functional diversity. Twenty-five functional groups were recognized and used to estimate niche occupation and redundancy. Fourteen local and 12 landscape-scale factors were measured and condensed by using Principal Components Analysis. The resulting PC-axes served as predictors in linear mixed effects models. Functional richness, redundancy and niche occupation of moths were lower at sites with low habitat quality and quantity, indicating reduced ecosystem resilience. Especially landscape diversity and habitat structure, viz. a humidity-nutrient gradient, but also plant diversity, were promoting functional richness. Landscape fragmentation, indicating increased impermeability for insects, reduced local functional richness, redundancy and niche occupation. Local habitat quality and landscape-wide habitat quantity are both important for maintaining functional insect diversity inside reserves. Therefore, small and isolated nature reserves might fail in preserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions through adverse effects acting from the surrounding landscape structure and configuration.

The comparative analysis of mandatory and voluntary medical insurance in national and international practice

Nowadays, the formation and development of medical insurance system of citizens attracts attention of experts in the medical field and the insurance market. The possibilities of using foreign practice in the formation and organization of medical insurance, including improving of models of financing health care system in foreign countries and implementation of mechanisms of resource support of health care industry tested in world practice, deserve interest of researchers in order to enhance financial institutions of national system of mandatory and voluntary medical insurance. In Russia and foreign countries, the mandatory medical insurance policy allows citizens insured in mandatory medical insurance system, to undergo examination and receive treatment in medical organizations in amount established at the state level. In Russia, popularity of the voluntary medical insurance policy depends on medical care quality in the mandatory medical insurance system and volume of services guaranteed within the framework of mandatory medical insurance.

Ключевые изменения в полномочиях участников системы обязательного медицинского страхования в 2021 году

This publication is devoted to the analysis of the amendments to the Federal Law “On Compulsory Health Insurance in the Russian Federation” of 29.11.2010 No. 326-FZ, which entered into force on 01.01.2021, as well as other related regulatory legal acts. The purpose of the work is to analyze the reasons that led to the need to improve the regulatory framework for mandatory health insurance; the content of the main changes in federal legislation and other regulatory legal acts regulating the field of mandatory health insurance, as well as to assess the consequences of these changes.

A munkahelyi egészségsérelmek kompenzációjának felelősségbiztosítási modellje Magyarországon és az Európai Unióban

"One of the most important issues in the design of national work injury compensation systems is how the two main possible routes of liability relate: on the one hand, the non-tort compensation (social security) model and, on the other, the tort compensation (employers’ liability under civil or labour law) model. In the Hungarian system of accident compensation in labour law, the employee is primarily entitled to certain benefits within the framework of social insurance and may claim damages in excess of this in damages lawsuits. Employers’ liability schemes can be supplemented by voluntary liability insurance solutions. Liability insurance contracts protect both parties: employers are protected against unplanned payments, possibly large amounts of compensation, and the outcome of potentially unpredictable compensation lawsuits, while it means guaranteed coverage for the employee in case of damage. The introduction of compulsory liability insurance for employers is an issue that arises from time to time. In some countries, employers are required to take out liability insurance, such as the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Austria. In insurance-based models, the route of compensation plays a marginal role. In Hungary, the penetration of liability insurance is low; however, there is currently no legislative intention to make liability insurance more extensive or mandatory for employers. In general, however, there is no universal model for accident compensation in labour law. There is no such benchmark at the European Union level either, and it can be said that there is no explicit intention to fully harmonize Member State regulations. In this study, I examine the consequences of the mandatory or wider application of liability insurance, the regulatory concepts that exist, and the role that the European Union plays in regulating the issue."

Comparison of the effectiveness of Trioxident and Сanal Mineral Trioxide agregate for capping perforations in the pulp cavity

BACKGROUND: The modern trend of dentistry is the principle of minimal invasiveness. Preservation of the vitality of the tooth is an actual principle of operation. In the treatment of deep caries or pulpitis by a biological method, the pulp chamber is often opened. Even with bleeding, there is a chance to leave the tooth vital. After hemostasis, antibacterial treatment of the carious cavity and padding were performed. Domestic manufacturers offer two analogues for these purposes "Trioxident" and "Kanal MTA.
 AIM: The purpose of the study is to compare the effectiveness of domestic materials "Trioxident" and "Kanal MTA" when used as a therapeutic and insulating coating of pulp.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: 27 clinical cases were analyzed in patients aged 2335 with a diagnosis of "deep dentine caries" K02.2 (according to ICD-10) of molars and premolars of the upper and lower jaws. All clinical cases combined patients' complaints of intermittent aching pains, the depth of carious cavities and the opened tooth cavity at one point. The patients were divided into two groups, in each of which the following stages of diagnosis and treatment were carried out. Diagnostics was carried out before the start of work and during examination after 7 days, 6, 12, 18 months. The stages of caries treatment were the same, only the materials for closing the perforations differed: in group 1 "Trioxidant", in group 2 "Kanal MTA".
 RESULTS: It is noted that the use of materials "Trioxident" and "Kanal MTA" is an effective choice for closing perforations of the pulp chamber in the treatment of deep caries and chronic pulpitis. Pain was absent in 30.8% and 42.1% of patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. After 6, 12, 18 months, patients did not complain about the treated teeth, the cold test was positive for a short time in 26 cases, the average current at electroodontodiagnostic (minimum value 4, maximum value 8) was 5.6 A, 25 restorations had an Alpha rating according to Ryge criteria, in one case in group 1, the tooth crown darkened pointwise from the vestibular surface.
 CONCLUSION: The materials "Trioxident" and "Kanal MTA" are recommended for use in the biological method of pulpitis treatment. They have therapeutic potential to cover the pulp and are competitive in relation to the foreign equivalent of "MTA Prorut", which gives them an economic advantage in providing dental care within the framework of compulsory medical insurance.

Reset Required: The Euro Area Crisis Management and Deposit Insurance Framework

The crisis management and deposit insurance (CMDI) framework in the euro area requires a reset. Currently the framework is far more likely to manufacture a crisis rather than enable the authorities to manage one. Specifically, the current framework is far more likely to trigger the doom loop between weak banks and weak governments than to terminate or untie it. Nor will the current framework necessarily protect deposits. There is no guarantee that a euro in covered deposits will remain a euro, if the bank in which the deposit is held fails, and/or the Member State in which the failing bank is headquartered defaults. The CMDI framework aims to enhance financial stability, limit recourse to taxpayer money, promote competition and protect depositors. These policy objectives remain valid. What needs to change is the method that authorities use to achieve those objectives. First, the approach needs to integrate micro- and macro- aspects of crisis management. In particular, the approach needs to take account of the prospective roles of the European Stability Mechanism, both as a provider of credit to Member States as well as a guarantor of the Single Resolution Fund. Second, the approach needs encompass the central bank as a provider of liquidity to banks individually and to the market as a whole. Finally, the approach needs to recognize that by the time any reform proposed as a result of this review would become effective, the SRB and the significant institutions in the euro area will have completed the transition and become fully resolvable via bail-in. This affords the euro area the opportunity to reset expectations about resolution. The euro area should take this opportunity to make the crisis management and deposit insurance framework more European and more uniform. Specifically, there should be a single presumptive path for dealing with failed banks: the use of bail-in to facilitate the orderly liquidation under a solvent- wind down strategy. This will protect deposits and set the stage for the transformation of the Single Resolution Fund (SRF) into the Single Deposit Guarantee Scheme (SDGS) with a backstop from the European Stability Mechanism (ESM). In addition, measures should be taken to avoid forbearance, including the transfer of responsibility for emergency liquidity assistance (ELA) from national central banks to the ECB to create a single lender of last resort. Finally, national deposit guarantee schemes should become investors of last resort in the gone-concern capital of the failing bank. This will ensure that the orderly liquidation approach extends to all banks, including those without access to capital markets. Together, these measures would complete Banking Union, promote market discipline, avoid imposing additional burdens on taxpayers, help untie the doom loop between weak banks and weak governments, strengthen the euro and enhance financial stability.

Profit of medical organization from conducting medical activity: axiom or a reason for discussion?

This article examines such mandatory element and special purpose of entrepreneurial activity as gaining profit applicable to medical activity. The author analyzes medical activity in terms of gaining profit based on the legislatively consolidated sources of funding in the sphere of health promotion, which are united into three groups: funds from budgets of all levels, funds from mandatory medical insurance and funds from organizations and citizens, funds received from private and legal entities, including voluntary donations, and other sources that are not prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation. The article employs the general and private scientific methods, such as formal legal, analytical, systemic, statistical, and economic analysis. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the following conclusions: that profit from conducting medical activity can be acquired within the framework of rendering paid medical services; the prices (tariffs) for medical services provided within the framework of compulsory health insurance and budget funding do not imply profit. The author advances an opinion that the model of funding in the sphere of protection of public health is substantiated by the social orientation of the activity of the state towards maintenance and promotion of health of its citizens.

A Bonus-Malus Framework for Cyber Risk Insurance and Optimal Cybersecurity Provisioning

The cyber risk insurance market is at a nascent stage of its development, even as the magnitude of cyber losses is significant and the rate of cyber risk events is increasing. Existing cyber risk insurance products as well as academic studies have been focusing on classifying cyber risk events and developing models of these events, but little attention has been paid to proposing insurance risk transfer strategies that incentivize mitigation of cyber loss through adjusting the premium of the risk transfer product. To address this important gap, we develop a Bonus-Malus model for cyber risk insurance. Specifically, we propose a mathematical model of cyber risk insurance and cybersecurity provisioning supported with an efficient numerical algorithm based on dynamic programming. Through a numerical experiment, we demonstrate how a properly designed cyber risk insurance contract with a Bonus-Malus system can resolve the issue of moral hazard and benefit the insurer.

Legal Studies and Muslim Scholars Opinion on the Indonesia's National Health Insurances | فتوى مجلس العلماء الإندونيسي عن التأمين الاجتماعي (BPJS) في إندونيسيا

The article would like to discuss on fatwa (Islamic legal opinion) of Social Insurance (BPJS) issued by The Council of Indonesian Ulama (MUI) in 2015. By using the contents of fatwa as the main data source to be analyzed, this article would like to dig in depth and elaborate more what are the reasons as well as legal reasoning that drove MUI in issuing such fatwa? What aspects of BPJS practices those are not in accordance with Islamic sharia law? This fatwa, however, is in line with previous fatwa which has been issued by MUI in year 2001 on Guideline for Islamic Insurance. This article finds that in MUI’s view, the operational system of BPJS still shackled within the framework of conventional insurance so that should be converted into sharia insurance framework to avoid speculative, uncertainty and usury which are the most forbidden things within Islamic sharia.

From Massive Trajectory Data to Traffic Modeling for Better Behavior Prediction in a Usage-Based Insurance Context

Usage-Based Insurance (UBI) is an insurance framework that has made its appearance in the last few years. It allows direct measurement of the traveling of policyholders, hence the growing interest of the industry to better understand driving behaviors. UBI generates large data volumes, from which events can be extracted, like harsh brakes or accelerations. Still, these events are measured without contextual information, which limits their explanatory power. Traffic is one of these types of contextual information that may have great potential, but access to such data remains an issue. Solutions exist, like traffic data from external providers, but for insurance companies that conduct business over large areas, this could result in very large costs. This paper demonstrates that data from insurance companies acquired via UBI can be used to model traffic. A method based on link travel time is proposed and tested on four Canadian cities. Then, routes created with the model are compared with those created using Google Maps. The results show that for 38 routes with an average length of around 5 km, the difference between the travel time of the routes of the proposed model and Google Maps is as small as one second on average.

LPG LEAKAGE ALARM SYSTEM USING VARIOUS CIRCUITS

The principle target of this section is to advise about the gas spillage and to control the gas spillage in a legitimate way. With the expanded expense of fuel, the majority of them favor employing gas vehicles rather than petroleum/diesel vehicles. Utilizing gas in vehicles is exceptionally a dangerous issue, which will cause significant mishaps because of the spillage of LPG Gas. To modify this issue, LPG gas spillage is ensured by utilizing an insurance framework. We planned and grew such sort of framework to forestall the number of mishaps in gas vehicles.

Социально-экономические аспекты нейрогенных дисфункций в урологии

to evaluate the medico-economic significance of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) in the Russian Federation, to calculate the economic burden of NLUTD in patients with targeted entities and to prepare suggestions for improving the methods of payment for the provision of medical care to patients with NLUTD in inpatient practice.an analysis of the literature and an expert assessment of the prevalence of NLUTD in the Russian Federation were performed. Due to the various etiology of NLUTD, the following entities were considered: craniocerebral trauma, acute stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury (hereinafter referred to as targeted entities), characterized by the highest rate of NLUTD and high social significance (damage to the working-age population): traumatic brain injury, acute stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury. The calculations of the economic burden of NLUTD and its main complications (stage 5 of chronic kidney disease (CKD), urinary tract infection) in the Russian Federation (using mainly the normative method) were carried out, based on national statistics, regulatory legal acts and expert assessments of healthcare specialists. Proposals have been prepared for improving the reimbursement (tariffs of the KSG) for payment of NLUTD in the inpatient practice.according to the study, the number of patients with NLUTD due to the group of targeted entities is estimated at 910 000. The economic burden (excluding indirect and unaccounted costs) of the NLUTD is 33.3 billion rubles per year. The burden associated with secondary complications (stage 5 CKD, urogenital infection) due to ineffective diagnosis and treatment of NLUTD is 51.6 billion rubles. The total costs on the NLUTD is estimated at 84.9 billion rubles. Direct costs, calculated by the normative method based on the analysis of standards of medical care per patient are 36,546 rubles per year. Provision of medical care to patients with NLUTD in accordance with federal guarantees within the framework of the compulsory medical insurance is provided in accordance with the tariffs of KSG st30.005 (profile "urology"). The KSG tariff for 2019 (taking into account the established standards of financial costs for one case of hospitalization in the inpatient department and the established cost-intensity coefficients (CZ) established by the CG is 21,495.07 rubles, which is 58% of the minimum need, excluding the cost of treatment of complications, according to the normative method of calculation. The real estimate of the tariff for the payment of treatment of NLUTD in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is 35-38% of the minimum need, excluding the cost of treatment of complications, according to the normative method of calculation. The real estimate of the costs for the treatment of NLUTD in regions is 35-38% of the minimum need, excluding the cost of treatment of complications, according to the normative method of calculation. To provide effective specialized urological care in the framework of compulsory medical insurance at the rates of the CSG for neuro-urological care (st30.005), expert calculations of the actual cost of NLUTD therapy were made. The proposed average cost of the CSG and the values of the cost intensity factors: CSG (min) st30.005.1 - 39,936 rubles, CZ - 1.65; CSG (max) st30.005.2 - 68,531 rubles, CZ - 2.75. The weighted average savings while expanding the availability of complex neuro-urological care for patients with NLUTD in accordance with the proposed payment rates is 9.4 billion rubles per year.Evaluation of the prevalence and burden of NLUTD showed the high medical and economic significance of NLUTD in the Russian Federation. The results of the study indicate a significant discrepancy between the requirements and the real costs within federal guarantees for the organization of medical care for patients with NLUTD. To provide effective specialized urological care in the compulsory medical insurance at the rates of CSG for neuro-urological care, it is necessary to increase funding, through the correction at the federal level of the cost-intensity coefficient from 1.65 to 2.75 for the CSG st30.005, which will ensure the increase in the cost for a case of treatment in inpatient department in form 39 936 to 68 531 rubles. The weighted average savings while expanding the availability of complex neuro-urological care for patients with NLUTD in accordance with the proposed payment rates is 9.4 billion rubles per year.

Does the type of health insurance enrollment affect provider choice, utilization and health care expenditures?

BackgroundTwo of the objectives of Universal Health Coverage are equity in access to health services and protection from financial risks. This paper seeks to examine whether the type of health insurance enrollment affects the utilization of health services, choice of provider and financial protection of households in Togo.MethodsData were obtained from a cross-sectional, representative household survey involving 1180 insured households that had reported either illness in the household in the 4 weeks preceding the survey or hospitalization in the 12 months preceding the survey. A nested logit model was used to account for the utilization of health services and provider choice, and methods of assessing catastrophic health care expenditures were used to analyze the level of household financial protection.ResultsPolicyholders of private health insurance use private health care facilities more than policyholders of public health insurance. The main reasons for not using health centers among households with public insurance were out-of-pocket payments (49.19%), waiting time (36.80%), and distance to the nearest health center (36.76%). Furthermore, on average, households with public insurance spent a higher proportion of their total monthly nonfood expenditures on health care than those with private insurance. We find that the type of insurance, share of expenditures allocated to food, distance to the nearest health center, and waiting time significantly impact the choice of provider. Regardless of the type of health insurance, elderly individuals avoid using private health centers and referral hospitals due to the high cost.ConclusionWe found that a multiple health insurance system results in a multilevel health system that is not equitable for everyone. The capacity of the health insurance system to provide equitable health care services and protect its members from catastrophic health care expenditures should be at the core of health care reform. This study recommends raising awareness of the criteria for the reimbursement of medical procedures within the framework of public insurance and promoting specific health insurance mechanisms for elderly individuals. Careful attention should be paid to ensuring universal education and literacy as a means of improving access to and the use of health care.

Загальнообов'язкове державне соціальне страхування як форма соціального захисту осіб із сімейними обов'язками

У статті розглянуто загальнообов'язкове державне соціальне страхування як одну із форм соціального захисту таких суб'єктів соціального забезпечення, як особи із сімейними обов'язками, на підставі чого зроблено відповідні висновки. Зроблено висновок, що загальнообов'язкове державне соціальне страхування як форма соціального захисту осіб із сімейними обов'язками є основною матеріальною гарантією реалізації їхнього права на соціальний захист у разі тимчасової втрати ними працездатності. Це система прав, обов'язків і гарантій, яка передбачає надання соціального захисту осіб із сімейними обов'язками, що включає матеріальне забезпечення у зв'язку з вагітністю та пологами, а також у разі хвороби дитини, догляду за дитиною віком до 3 років або дитиною-інвалідом віком до 18 років у разі хвороби матері або іншої особи, котра доглядає за цією дитиною, втратою годувальника та соціальні послуги за рахунок грошових фондів, що формуються шляхом сплати страхових внесків власником або уповноваженим ним органом, громадянами, а також бюджетних та інших джерел, передбачених законом. Його головна суть і призначення зводяться до отримання застрахованою особою в разі настання страхового випадку від страховика матеріального забезпечення і соціальних послуг за рахунок страхувальника.
 Зазначено, що важливою ознакою матеріального забезпечення та соціальних послуг у рамках загальнообов'язкового державного соціального страхування у сфері соціального захисту осіб із сімейними обов'язками є джерела їх фінансування, основними з яких відповідно до чинного законодавства є внески роботодавців і застрахованих осіб. Єдиним критерієм, від якого залежить розмір допомоги по тимчасовій непрацездатності, законодавство визнає страховий стаж особи, причому вказаний розмір не залежить від тривалості непрацездатності. Визнаючи, що кожна людина має відповідні права на соціальний захист і охорону здоров'я, забезпечення їх належної реалізації є пріоритетним напрямом діяльності суспільства й держави.

Humangenetische Beratung in Deutschland: Entwicklung der Inanspruchnahme

ZusammenfassungHintergrundMit dem Gendiagnostikgesetz (GenDG) hat der deutsche Gesetzgeber tief greifende Vorschriften für die humangenetische Leistungserbringung einschließlich der genetischen Beratung erlassen. In dieser Arbeit werden Daten zur Inanspruchnahme der humangenetischen Beratung in den Jahren vor und nach dem Inkrafttreten des GenDG vorgelegt. Diese Daten sollen einer informierten Abschätzung möglicher Auswirkungen des Gesetzes dienen.Material und MethodenDie in den Jahren 2005 bis 2017 im Rahmen der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung erbrachten und nach Einheitlichem Bewertungsmaßstab (EBM) über die kassenärztlichen Vereinigungen (KVen) abrechenbaren humangenetischen Beratungsleistungen wurden über eine Datenbankabfrage beim Zentralinstitut der Kassenärztlichen Bundesvereinigung (ZI-KBV) sowie bei einzelnen KVen Deutschlands erfasst. Für die Diskussion der beobachtbaren Entwicklung der Inanspruchnahme genetischer Beratung und der möglichen zukünftigen Entwicklung werden zusätzlich Daten zum Überweisungsverhalten, den Wartezeiten und Beratungsanlässen aus der GenBIn(Studie „Genetische Beratung in Deutschland“)-Datenbank herangezogen.Ergebnisse und DiskussionDie Inanspruchnahme der genetischen Beratung wächst seit 2009 mit einer durchschnittlichen Rate von ca. 6 % pro Jahr. Die gestiegene Nachfrage wird begleitet von veränderten relativen Anteilen der Zuweiser und steigenden Selbstüberweisungen und hat zu längeren Wartezeiten geführt. Unsere Daten legen die Vermutung nahe, dass der beobachtbare ständige Anstieg genetischer Beratungsleistungen multifaktoriell bedingt ist und nicht allein auf das GenDG zurückzuführen ist. Da die Zahl der hier wesentlichen Leistungserbringer, der vertragsärztlichen Fachärzte für Humangenetik, nahezu konstant bleibt, ist absehbar, dass bei weiter steigender Inanspruchnahme Kapazitätsgrenzen erreicht werden.

A Look Back at EU VAT Developments in 2019 Regarding Insurance and Financial Services: Part 2

In the first part of this two-part article (published in the previous issue of the journal), the author provided some background and a detailed review of the 2019 case law of the ECJ in the area of insurance and financial services. He highlighted the main elements of clarifications provided by the ECJ in this field in the past year. In this second part of the article, the author focuses on the pending cases and on recent policy developments that might have an impact on the most expected reform of the EU VAT framework for insurance and financial services.

THE ISLAMIC LAW REVIEW ON MANAGEMENT OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY ORGANIZING AGENCY (BPJS)

The Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS) is a legal entity formed in the aspect of a health insurance program. BPJS is part of the JKN (National Health Insurance) which has the aim of ensuring the health of the entire citizen . To measure whether the BPJS for heath has been able to realize its goals, it is necessary to discuss this matter through this journal. With the journal method, the descriptive type method, and the data collection technique used is library research. Then the data is analyzed by descriptive analysis method and associated with the facts. Data shows that the BPJS is a mutual assistance guarantee program, participation is mandatory for all  citizens and is not selective, as well as the existence of a contribution system. Facilities provided include First Level Health Facilities (FKTP), Advanced Level Referral Health Facilities (FKRTL), supporting health facilities, all of which are provided to address health problems since the level of minor illness. However, in the development of the implementation of the BPJS program, several problems emerged, which eventually affected the level of public health. The results of the Bahtsul Masail of PBNU in the Bahtsul Masail commission session at the Bahrul Ulum Nahdatul Ulama Islamic Boarding School, decided that the Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS) was halal and could be used for all groups in the framework of health insurance in Indonesia. The Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS) is a legal entity formed in the aspect of a health insurance program. BPJS is part of the JKN (National Health Insurance) which has the aim of ensuring the health of the entire citizen . To measure whether the BPJS for heath has been able to realize its goals, it is necessary to discuss this matter through this journal. With the journal method, the descriptive type method, and the data collection technique used is library research. Then the data is analyzed by descriptive analysis method and associated with the facts. Data shows that the BPJS is a mutual assistance guarantee program, participation is mandatory for all citizens and is not selective, as well as the existence of a contribution system. Facilities provided include FirstLevel Health Facilities (FKTP), Advanced Level Referral Health Facilities (FKRTL), supporting health facilities, all of which are provided to address health problems since the level of minor illness. However, in the development of the implementation of the BPJS program, several problems emerged, which eventually affected the level of public health. The results of the Bahtsul Masail of PBNU in the Bahtsul Masail commission session at the Bahrul Ulum Nahdatul Ulama Islamic Boarding School, decided that the Social Security Organizing Agency (BPJS) was halal and could be used for all groups in the framework of health insurance in Indonesia.

CONTRIBUTION OF PHARMACIST FOR TRANSFORMING GLOBAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM: ROLES AND OPPURTUNITIES

Fifty years ago, the essential job of drug specialists has only been to apportion solutions. Giving clinical drug store administrations at the medical clinics' wards spoke to the development of the calling. Be that as it may, the social insurance framework, around the world, is persistently creating. Today, the drug specialist's unmistakable new jobs have emphatically added to human services and society around the world. Drug specialists are presently accepting more prominent accountability for patients' wellbeing status and advancing the results of medication use. They give human services counsel and oversee interminable ailments. Different orders of social insurance where particular drug specialists are utilized to incorporate oncology offices, irresistible sickness control, general wellbeing, medicate data, toxicology and toxic substance control, atomic medication, and sustenance support. In any case, a fitting determination, instruction, preparing and workforce arranging to speak to an essential for the cutting edge drug store jobs. Specific instruction programs are required. New drug specialists should be appropriately qualified. By and by, rehearsing drug specialists need to adjust the essential information and required aptitudes, therefore, they can build up their training and jobs to address evolving issues.

Application of mobile computing in big data technologies

Mobile are progressively turning into a basic piece of individuals' day by day life, encouraging to play out an assortment of valuable assignments. Portable distributed computing coordinates versatile and distributed computing to grow their abilities and benefits and beats their impediments, for example, constrained memory, CPU power and battery life. Enormous information examination advancements empower extricating an incentive from information having four Vs: volume, assortment, speed and veracity. This paper talks about organized medicinal services and the job of versatile distributed computing and enormous information investigation in its enablement. The inspiration and advancement of arranged medicinal services applications and frameworks is introduced alongside the appropriation of distributed computing in social insurance. A Cloudlet–based Mobile Cloud Computing framework to be utilized for social insurance large information applications is depicted. The procedures, instruments, and uses of enormous information examination are checked on. Ends are drawn concerning the plan of organized social insurance frameworks utilizing large information and versatile distributed computing advances. A point of view toward organized human services is given.

Problems of legislation and law enforcement in the field of children’s health care

Introduction. The protection of children’s health is considered to be the most important among the state priorities. The aim of the study was to study the problems of legislation and legal enforcement in the field of children’s health protection to develop proposals for further improvement of its management. Materials and methods. Analysis of information in abstract databases of scientific publications and assessment of existing legislative framework related to children’s health protection in the Russian Federation. Results. The following issues were identified: lack of mechanisms for implementing the principle of priority of children’s health protection; violation of children’s rights when providing them with medical and preventive care within the framework of mandatory medical insurance and when providing paid medical services; insufficient quality of preventive medical examinations and preventive work in outpatient clinics and educational institutions. Existing standards of time for a patient to visit a pediatrician have been shown to have a negative impact on the quality of medical (including preventive) care for children. The need to create a regulatory framework for the legitimate introduction of the “early assistance” technologies and to establish a system of medical and social support for children in difficult situations had been justified. Issues of school medicine and regulation of juvenile labor require a legislative solution. Conclusion. The enhancement of existing legislation in the field of children’s health should consist not only in new legal mechanisms development and new laws adoption but also in improving the effectiveness of existing legal norms, i.e. improving law enforcement practices.