Instrumental Rationality Research Articles

Emotional Simulation of Artificial Intelligence and Its Ethical Reflection

Based on the proposal and development of artificial emotion theory, and driven by practical needs, artificial intelligence emotion simulation technology attempts to impart emotion to artificial intelligence by simulating the induction and expression functions of emotion. The emotion simulation technology of artificial intelligence is of great significance. It is not only conducive to the further development of artificial intelligence itself, but also conducive to the formation of a good human-computer interaction relationship, and it is also conducive to continuously deepening human beings' understanding of themselves. Science and technology are a double-edged sword. It is necessary to conduct an ethical reflection on artificial intelligence emotional simulation, and continuously deepen the understanding of artificial intelligence emotional simulation technology. After reflection, it is found that there are some ethical risks in the process of artificial intelligence emotional simulation, including the strengthening of instrumental rationality by computational thinking, the lack of emotional subject and the loss of value, and the deceptive intention contained in emotional simulation.

Technological Domination

This essay argues that Catholic bioethicists and moral theologians need an expanded theology of technological or technical domination. It describes five variants of the concept: (1) domination of persons over others, (2) prideful assertion of mastery over nature, (3) ambition to usurp the will of God, (4) over-emphasis on technical solutions to human problems, and (5) an ideology of utility, efficiency, and effectiveness. It is argued, however, that a sixth variant is needed in regard to twenty-first century technologies. Dietrich von Hildebrand’s observations of “the useful” can be employed to show how the instrumental rationality of technologies often gains a false motivational force. This preference for utility is encouraged by the complex, opaque, and autonomous structures of contemporary technologies.

The ‘Spirit’ of Schooling: The relevance of the sense of a calling on the school experiences of secondary-school Roma/Ciganos students

In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (PE), Max Weber examines the ecological domination of instrumental rationality to the detriment of value-oriented action. The concept of the calling (Beruf in German) becomes a key one for interpreting the process of value rationalization. One can find Weberian value-rationality among the Portuguese Roma/Ciganos, who seek alternative livelihood strategies via schooling, although they are still characterized by a high rate of early school dropouts, with a very low number of students attending secondary education. The EDUCIG (School performance among Ciganos/Roma: action research and co-design) project was launched in 2019 to grasp the multiple factors involved in this social problem. The project interview-based analysis entailed the participation of 31 Roma/Ciganos students from the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto. Results suggest that despite the social, cultural and economic constraints affecting their school pathways, the academic success of young Roma/Ciganos is facilitated by the influence of religion, specifically the Pentecostal Evangelical Church and its respective values. Moreover, we can recognize the emergence of a new ‘spirit’ in these young Roma/Ciganos, a ‘spirit’ that does not aim at instant gratification but represents an investment in the future and, simultaneously, a desire for integration.

INSTRUMENTAL RATIONALITY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE WITH REFERENCE TO FEMALE SUBJUGATION IN MANTO'S SHORT STORIES: A HABERMASIAN LENS

In this research work, Saadat Hasan Manto's short stories are textually analyzed using a Habermasian lens. Manto's ideas on female subordination, societal supremacy, and freedom are stressed in this paper. The main goal of this qualitative study is to demonstrate the applicability of Manto's discovery in the modern day within the context of Habermas' critical social theory. This study illustrates unequivocally how social institutions' instrumental rationality colonizes and rationalizes the lifeworld. According to Habermas, societal structures like political and economic systems are encroaching on our daily lives. He is worried about the lines separating the lifeworld and the system. Additionally, Habermas' realistic objective for critical theory is for human liberty to be unhindered by any superfluous shackles. The short stories of Saadat Hasan Manto are drawn from Mottled Dawn: Fifty Sketches and Stories of Partition translated by Khalid Hasan and Manto's Selected Short Stories translated by Aatish Taseer. According to the study's findings, Manto and Habermas both reject social structures that oppress people and exert unjust dominance or colonization. The goal of maximizing human emancipation is shared by both. According to the results of the textual analysis, Manto's characters like Saughandi, Nesti, Raadha, and Mozail do not accept submission and advocate for independence from ideological, political, and social restraints. Keywords: Life world and System, instrumental rationality, social structures, domination, emancipation

Liquid Modernity and the Holocaust

In Modernity and the Holocaust, Zygmunt Bauman argued that the Holocaust had been by no means a negation of the civilising process, but was, on the contrary, its consequence. He claimed that the constitutive features of solid modernity, such as bureaucratic culture, the rise of instrumental rationality and the domination of blueprint utopia, were reflected in the genesis and course of the Holocaust. Bauman’s main aim in writing the book was to make fundamental changes in the problematization of modernity in the social sciences, and to highlight the need to develop norms, values and attitudes that were in opposition to modernity. An overview of these facts provides a starting point for my analysis of Bauman’s later analyses of the Holocaust. By focusing on two issues that he emphasised in the context of the genesis of the Holocaust, namely the mechanism of adiaphorization and the process of the social construction of “otherness”, I show how these phenomena materialize in liquid modernity. I identify their connections with a range of features of the liquid modern condition, including the development of individualism and consumer culture, the sense of insecurity and the “nostalgic turn”. I emphasise that, according to Bauman, both moral indifference and xenophobia are increasingly significant phenomena in contemporary society, which may entail pernicious – and currently barely foreseeable – consequences. I argue that the way Bauman wrote about both solid and liquid modernity was characterised by a dystopian poetics, which was a foundation for his utopian thought.

Los fundamentos teóricos de la intervención socioclínica en las organizaciones

Clinical sociology offers an approach that breaks with the paradigms stemming from the engineering and management sciences. The clinical approach is critical in the face of normative, quantitative, prescriptive approaches dominated by instrumental rationality and the commodification of human relations. She is interested in the singular, in subjectivity, in experience, in the sensitive, with an ethical concern. Its objective is to associate the actors concerned with the understanding of the problems, to involve them as subjects in the elaboration of the answers that they bring individually and collectively to the contradictions which cross them. She does not seek to model reality but to immerse herself in lived experience, as close as possible to concrete situations, the reality of work, the subjective apprehension of the problems encountered. It is part of a complex social system. Change is not prescribed, it is built in a process that involves, actively or passively, all the people concerned.

Practical Nihilism

Nihilism about practical reasoning is the thesis that there is no such thing as practical rationality—as rationally figuring out what to do. While other philosophers have defended a theoretically oriented version of the thesis, usually called “error theory”, a case is made for a fully practical version of it: that we are so bad at figuring out what to do that we do not really know what doing it right would so much as look like. In particular, much of our control of instrumental (or means-end) rationality is illusory, and we are almost entirely incompetent at managing the defeating conditions of our practical inferences—that is, of knowing when not to draw an apparently acceptable conclusion. If that is right, then instead of trying to reason more successfully, we should be trying to make failure pay.

Genetic Knowledge: a Gift or a Curse?

The origins of genetic research in the molecular era are discussed along with the prospects for development of the system of the values underlying their legal regulation. Heredity and variability are included into a historically defined worldview as socially significant values respectively occupying alternate leading positions in archaic and modern societies. The article substantiates a connection between ideas about heredity and variability and the social structure, institutions and social practices of the two main types of the pre-molecular era societies. The article also discusses the significance of pre-scientific ideas concerning blood as a special substance ensuring biological, social and legal inheritance in the system of social action of the archaic society. Analysis is given to the conceptual foundations of the strategy of overcoming the ‘right of blood’ in modern societies, where the value of heredity is replaced by the value of variability to serve as a value-system basis for development and progress. Examples of coexisting worldviews and values inherent in both archaic and modern forms that still interact in present-day societies are presented and generalized. The example of the parascientific blood-type theory prevalent in today’s Japan is used to illustrate the ability of collective consciousness to integrate scientific ideas into deep underlying layers of pre-scientific thinking. The postmodern mixture of worldviews and values gives rise to ambiguity and uncertainty with regard to values in the era of discovery of the genetic mechanism of inheritance, creating additional difficulties for rule-makers (legislators) in course of forming a system for the legal regulation of genetic research. Finding a balance between prohibitions and permissions in the corpus of laws and by-laws regulating genetic knowledge development is all the more important given that the demarcation between representing and intervening in the research carried out by molecular biologists is losing its certainty (definiteness) even faster than in the physics of the microworld, let alone other subject areas of the modern science. Bioethics, which is currently providing a philosophical basis for the legal regulation of genetic research, requires theoretical elaboration and conceptualization. As one of the substantiation options, the article proposes the concept of supplementing instrumental rationality with social communication put forward by Jürgen Habermas within the framework of his theory of communicative action

RASIONALITAS MASYARAKAT MENYERAHKAN TANAH DALAM PEMBANGUNAN INFRASTRUKTUR JALAN DI DESA TUNGGUL KECAMATAN PACIRAN KABUPATEN LAMONGAN

The village government of Tunggul does physical development which absolutely requires land. The handover of land in the construction of road infrastructure in the village of Tunggul has been carried out since 2007 until now. However, the process of handing over land cannot be separated from problems. The handover of land involved most of the ownership rights to the land from the residents concerned, while the need for land was increasing. This study aims to identify the objective social and economic conditions of the people who gave up the land, identify the process of handing over the land, and to analyze the rationality of the people who gave up the land. This study uses a qualitative approach with Max Weber's rationality perspective. The results of this study indicate that the socio-economic objective conditions of landowners who hand over land vary starting from education, social status, occupation, income and expenses, needs, and wealth. The process of handing over the land goes through several stages, namely planning, preparation, implementation, and evaluation. The actions of landowners are divided into acts of instrumental rationality and value-oriented rationality actions. The act of instrumental rationality namely the land owner wants a new village road infrastructure and the land owner has the desire to sell his land (profit value). The action of rationality is value-oriented namely the land owner considers religious values ​​as a form of worship and the land owner does good deeds.

Review: On the Horizon of World Literature: Forms of Modernity in Romantic England and Republican China, by Emily Sun

Review: <i>On the Horizon of World Literature: Forms of Modernity in Romantic England and Republican China</i>, by Emily Sun

Twilight of Rationality

Twilight of Rationality

Tindakan Sosial dalam Cerpen “Fii Biladi al-Ajaib” Karya Kamil Kailani Berdasarkan Perspektif Max Weber

Social action that occurs in a person is a form of response to various motives of problems and problems that occur in society. Social action has a close relationship with social life, one of which is behavior and attitudes. The purpose of this study is to describe the analysis of social action in the short story "Fii Biladi al-Ajaib" by Kamil Kailani. This research method uses content analysis of the data in this study in the form of sentences containing social actions in the short story "Fii Biladi al-Ajaib". Data collection techniques used reading techniques and note-taking techniques. Data analysis techniques in this study are in the form of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results of this study indicate the theory of social action based on Max Weber in the short story "Fii Biladi al-Ajaib", including the discovery of (1) value rationality actions, in the form of making others happy, holding fast to a belief, and respecting the invitation of others, (2) effective action in the form of emotions, (3) acts of instrumental rationality in the form of preserving feelings and saving the future.

A lineage explanation of human normative guidance: the coadaptive model of instrumental rationality and shared intentionality

This paper aims to contribute to the existing literature on normative cognition by providing a lineage explanation of human social norm psychology. This approach builds upon theories of goal-directed behavioral control in the reinforcement learning and control literature, arguing that this form of control defines an important class of intentional normative mental states that are instrumental in nature. I defend the view that great ape capacities for instrumental reasoning and our capacity (or family of capacities) for shared intentionality coadapted to each other and argue that the evolution of this capacity has allowed the representation of social norms and the emergence of our capacity for normative guidance.

TÜRKİYE’DE DEVLET VE SURİYELİ MÜLTECİLER: ÇELİŞKİLİ POLİTİKALAR VE ARAÇSAL RASYONELLİK

Amaç: Bu makalenin amacı Türkiye’nin Suriyelilere yönelik iç ve dış politika alanlarında ortaya çıkan çelişkili politikaları, devletin “araçsal rasyonellik” (instrumental rationalism) bakış açısından kaynaklanan politika tutarsızlığı teorik çerçevesi ile açıklamaktır. Yöntem: Araştırmanın yöntemi, politika belgelerinin ve internet haber sitelerinin sistematik ve kapsamlı bir nitel analizine dayanmaktadır. Makale süreç izleme (process tracing) metodu ile, “araçsal rasyonellik” teorik çerçevesinin Türkiye devletinin Suriyelilere yönelik politikalarını açıklamaktaki geçerliliğini test etmektedir. Bulgular: Bulgular son on senede Türkiye’de devletin Suriyelilere yönelik uyum üçüncü ülkeye yeniden yerleştirme ve geri gönderme politikalarını zaman içinde değişen - hatta çelişen - söylemlerle birbirlerini alternatifi olarak dile getirdiği yönündedir. Başlangıçtaki Suriye’deki krizin kısa süreceği ve gelen sığınmacıların ülkelerine geri döneceği beklentisi ile edinilen “misafir” bakış açısı; daha uzun süre kalacakları anlaşılınca, önce “geçici koruma” statüsü verilerek (2014), sonra da çok sınırlı da olsa “çalışma izni” ve “vatandaşlığına geçiş” sağlanarak (2016) nerdeyse onlar için bir entegrasyon sürecinin öngörülmesine evirilmiştir. 2017 yılından sonra ise devlet söyleminde, Suriyeliler için hızla “geri gönderme” eğiliminin yükselişine tanıklık edilmiştir. 2019 yılında bir yandan bu “geri gönderme” söylemlerinin somut politikalara doğru evirildiği, diğer yandan ise “11. Kalkınma Planı”(2019-23) ve “Uyum Strateji Belgesi ve Ulusal Eylem Planı” (2018-23) gibi temel politika belgelerinde Suriyelilerin entegrasyonu için somut planlamalar yapıldığı görülmüştür. Bu örneklerden de deneyimlendiği gibi Türkiye’de devlet sığınmacıların geleceğini çoğul bir dizi politika seçeneği ile uluslararası iltica rejiminde normatif kabul gören üç politika seçeneğine paralel olarak düzenleme eğiliminde olmuştur. Bu politika ve söylemlerdeki iç ve dış politik konjonktüre cevaben ortaya çıkan ani değişiklikler, göç politikalarındaki birbiri ile çelişen uyumsuzluğun, Türkiye’de devletin göç politikalarını araçsal bir rasyonalite ile şekillendirmesinden kaynaklandığını göstermektedir. Ana bulgu bu rasyonalitenin Türkiye’de devletin Suriyeli mülteciler üzerine olan politikalarında bir tutarlılık problemine yol açtığı yönündedir.Özgünlük: Makalenin özgün değeri, Türkiye’de devletin Suriyelilere yönelik ulaşılabilir kıldığı politika seçeneklerine yönelik eleştirel bir bakış açısı sunmasıdır. Türkiye’de devletin Suriyeli mültecilere yönelik, uyum ya da geri gönderme gibi mevcut tüm politika seçeneklerini ulaşılabilir kılma çabası, politika yapıcılar tarafından olumlu bir durum olarak ortaya konulmaktadır. Bu politika tutarsızlığının olası siyasi, toplumsal ve bireysel sonuçları bu makalede irdelenmiştir.

The Ethical Dilemma of Social Violence Under the View Valve of Habermas' Communication Theory and Its Correction Path: A Case Study of "Tangshan Beating Incident"

Late capitalism alienated the ethics of social communication, and the reconstruction of the "normative basis" of social communication, according to Habermas, lies in the return of noumenon to the "life world", and the occurrence of "communication behavior" in accordance with linguistic rationality, mutual respect, and dilution of instrumental rationality. The "Tangshan beating incident" as the typical social violence broke through the bottom line of the social ethics system based on the sensibility of rule by virtue and the rationality of rule by law, so that the people's "sense of security" in social communication was seriously threatened, specifically manifested as the individual "life world" was invaded by egotism. Daily "intercourse behavior" is colonized by sexual language violence; The moral climate of society is controlled by "passive moral indifference". In the case of "Tangshan Beating Incident", social communication ethics were so out of order. How can we reconstruct the normal social communication ethics and safeguard the social security of citizens? On the one hand, we should adhere to the "ethical discipline" of the principle of discourse, and On the other hand, we should strengthen the shaping of "moral and legal community" based on negotiation mechanism and the reconstruction of community morality by communicative rationality.

Materialism of Numbers in J. M. Coetzee’s The Schooldays of Jesus

ABSTRACT The article explores the materialist dialectic of numbers in J.M. Coetzee’s The Schooldays of Jesus (2016). Coetzee’s philosophy of numbers maintains a dialectical structure by contesting a mundane mathematical realism wherein objects represent numbers with an alternative metaphysics of numbers in which they are only numbers and not objects. These numbers reside in the stars and the dancing body is treated as a corporeal site to enact this cosmic materiality. I explore political resonances of this mathematical philosophy and show how the numerical dialectic offers a critique of the instrumental rationality of the state. It opens up a subversive mythology of numbers that resists statist reduction of migrant identity to a rigid numerical schema. Coetzee’s novel questions the politics of census by foregrounding the migrant society in the allegorical Estrella. As Simón and Ines hide David from the census, he himself incarnates a crack in the statist number game. To underline the political critique of what Coetzee calls “ant numbers,” I deploy Alain Badiou’s mathematical ontology and show how it breaks into the politico-numerical law to suggest a radical possibility of de-coupling number from calculation.

Actor’s Social Actions and Their Dynamics in The Social System: A Case Study of Traditional Charcoal-Making Business in The Livelihood of The Akit Community

The Akit community generally uses mangrove wood as raw material for charcoal. The purpose of this study was to analyze (a) the development of the charcoal-making business, (b) the type of social action in the Akit community's charcoal-making business, and (c) the dynamics of the charcoal-making business. This research was conducted using an ethnographic approach. The results: from the 1980s to 1994, production was initially regulated solely to meet local needs. In the era of 1995 to 2005, it experienced a high market demand for mangrove charcoal along with a flourishing business network with Malaysian toke. After 2005 the charcoal business dimmed again due to government regulations. The actors involved in the charcoal business are workers, owners of very small panglongs, and owners of small panglongs (tokes). The social action run the panglong business as an effort to meet their family needs, and thus they worked based on instrumental rationality. These charcoal-making entrepreneurs operated their businesses based on instrumental and traditional actions. The social action of the toke actor is instrumental rationality and value-oriented rationality. The dynamics of the charcoal business in the Akit community have experienced ups and downs.

Public sector digitalisation and stealth intrusions upon individual freedoms and democratic accountability

ABSTRACT Everyday administrative practices are relatively understudied in research on illiberalism and authoritarianism. This article addresses this gap to account for the neoliberalist and technopopulistic motivations that support illiberal and authoritarian practices in a weak rule of law context. Using narrative analysis, it interprets the role of beliefs and desires of politico-administrative actors in facilitating such actions in the context of India’s public sector digitalisation. This article elaborates how the instrumental rationalities embedded into the design of digitalised policies and their practices at various levels of analysis can erode voluntariness and privacy as well as undercut democratic accountability. This article makes a case for recentering the democratic ethos in designing and implementing digitalised policy regimes to ensure everyday administrative practices are aligned with the need to avoid the infringement of individual freedoms and democratic accountability.

From Instrumental Rationality to Value Rationality: The Transformation Road of Chinese TV Programs

Entering the new era, national identity and cultural self-confidence have penetrated into the daily life of the people. Simple shallow entertainment has been unable to meet the spiritual needs of the audience. Homogeneous content has caused aesthetic fatigue, and the creation of high-quality content has once again returned to the public. vision. From the perspective of the dialectical thinking of instrumental rationality and value rationality, in the past, the content homogeneity of TV programs has gradually changed to original and diversified content, putting social benefits first, and more prominent cultural self-confidence.

When utilitarianism dominates justice as fairness: an economic defence of utilitarianism from the original position

AbstractThe original position together with the veil of ignorance have served as one of the main methodological devices to justify principles of distributive justice. Most approaches to this topic have primarily focused on the single person decision-theoretic aspect of the original position. This paper, in contrast, will directly model the basic structure and the economic agents therein to project the economic consequences and social outcomes generated either by utilitarianism or Rawls’s two principles of justice. It will be shown that when the differences in people’s productive abilities are sufficiently great, utilitarianism dominates Rawls’s two principles of justice by providing a higher level of overall well-being to every member of society. Whenever this is the case, the parties can rely on the Principle of Dominance (which is a direct implication of instrumental rationality) to choose utilitarianism over Rawls’s two principles of justice. Furthermore, when this is so, utilitarianism is free from one of its most fundamental criticisms that it ‘does not take seriously the distinction between persons’ (Rawls 1971 [1999]: 24).