Instrument-making Enterprises Research Articles

Anniversary of the Branch of the Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University in Kaluga

In 2023, the branch of the Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University in Kaluga (Kaluga branch of PGUPS) turns 145 years old. An essay on the 145-year history of the educational institution, modern achievements are presented. Over the years of its activity, the technical school has trained more than 20 thousand specialists for the country’s railway transport, machine-building and instrument-making enterprises, and the armed forces. The branch has its own museum, which stores documents about the history of the educational institution, its leaders, employees, students, outstanding graduates and teachers. Museum exhibits and literature together constitute a memorable book. At present, the tradition of succession of generations is being preserved and developed in the branch.

Branch of the Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University in Kaluga is 145 years old

In 2023, the branch of the Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State Transport University in Kaluga (Kaluga branch of PGUPS) turns 145 years old. An essay on the 145-year history of the educational institution, modern achievements are presented.The Kaluga Railway Technical School (now the Kaluga branch of PGUPS) is one of the oldest specialized secondary educational institutions in Russia.It is very difficult to overestimate the importance of this institution and the specialists it trains. Over the years of its activity, the technical school has trained more than 20 thousand specialists for the country’s railway transport (including for the Republic of Cuba), machine-building and instrument-making enterprises, and the armed forces.The pride of the college is its graduates. Many graduates have government and industry awards, academic degrees and titles, work as teachers in universities and technical schools of railway transport, in road technical schools. For high performance in the training of young specialists, the technical school was repeatedly awarded with diplomas and letters of thanks.The branch has its own museum, which stores documents about the history of the educational institution, its leaders, employees, students, outstanding graduates and teachers. Museum exhibits and literature together constitute a memorable book.At present, the tradition of succession of generations is being preserved and developed in the branch.

Benchmarking approach in quality management of domestic instrument-making enterprises

The aimof the article is to develop practical and methodological recommendations for improving the quality management processes at domestic instrument-making enterprises and increasing their competitiveness based on the use of benchmarking processes. The research methodology includes: system-structural and comparative studies with a conditionally reference model (to understand the logic of benchmarking studies of different types in related and unrelated industries, with an explanation of theirs goals and advantages for quality management); monographic method (to search for relationship between existing competitive strategies for instrument-making enterprises (innovators and non-leaders) and their choice of the most adequate benchmarking techniques);system-analytical method (for the analysis of specific benchmarking tools used by real domestic instrument-making enterprises); design-scenario method (to study the future strategic moves of surveyed enterprises and potential impact on their quality management results). Scientific novelty: the options for using the benchmarking process for quality management at instrument-making enterprises are disclosed, which make it possible to turn this process from project-oriented to continuous. Practical value: methods of competitive analysis and quality management based on the advantages identified through benchmarking are considered on the example of two domestic instrument-making enterprises: PJSC Sambir Instrument-Making Plant «Omega» and State Enterprise Kharkiv Instrument-Making Plant (KhPZ) named after Taras Shevchenko. Conclusions. Ukrainian instrument-making enterprises are gradually moving along the path of changing generations of benchmarking: from reengineering (retrospective product analysis) to competitiveness benchmarking, and then to gaining advantages as a quality leader on the example of enterprises from unrelated segments (and not necessarily competitors). There are still two unresolved stages ahead: strategic benchmarking (with a systematic assessment and selection of strategic

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВАРИАНТОВ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ЦЕПЕЙ ПОСТАВОК ЗИП ДЛЯ ПОДДЕРЖАНИЯ ИСПРАВНОСТИ ОБЪЕКТОВ АВИОНИКИ

The presented study deals with the organization of supply chains for spare serviceable avionics equipment from the perspective of decision makers, heads of instrument-making enterprises. An extremely important issue is the determination of key parameters of avionics spares objects. On the basis of the conducted research, the element base of the serviceable avionics equipment facilities and conditions of operation, recovery of serviceability are considered. Due to the complexity of approaches to avionics objects, the article provides a fixation of key parameters, defines the distinctive features of exactly the avionics spare serviceable avionics equipment, which will determine new requirements and conditions of building the future supply chain. As a result of the conducted research, the article presents a classification of methods for calculating serviceable avionics equipment, based also on the theory of recovery processes. On the basis of the performed system approach to the objects of avionics inventory and spare parts management, examples of supply chain organization variants are given. The presented research is of practical significance both when designing a new chain of supply of spares, and when modernizing the existing supply chains for spare serviceable avionics equipment.

New technology of increasing the operation of local sewage treatment facilities, providing electric activation treatment of alkaline process solutions

The results of laboratory testing of the process of intensification of unconventional cleaning of electroplating drains of an instrument-making enterprise, which provides for electroactivation treatment of technological solutions of sodium hydroxide in a membrane electrolyzer with steel anodes, are presented. It was found that the electroactivation treatment of a 40 % aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in a membrane electrolyzer for T = 1.5 h at an anodic current density i = 400 А/м2 makes it possible to achieve the concentration of sodium ferrate in the activated alkaline solution Сf = 12 g / L, while the value of the current efficiency of sodium ferrate is Кv = 0.47. The use of an alkaline solution that has undergone electro-activation treatment in the technological process of neutralization treatment at local treatment facilities of an instrument-making enterprise equipped with filtration additional treatment units will significantly increase the barrier function, improve the quality of treated galvanic wastewater and bring the concentration of metal ions contained in them to a level, mg / l: iron 0.03; copper 0.01 mg / l; chromium 0.02; zinc 0.01; nickel 0.02.

Multifunctional fiber-optic sensors for space infrastructure

Sensors used in rocket and space technology are subject to extreme external influences in terms of temperature, vibration, and shock. Therefore, the choice of the type of sensors is justified precisely by the resistance to such factors, as well as the ability to ensure the temporal and parametric stability of measurements. A new type of sensors – fiber-optic ones – meets these conditions. The basis for the selection and further improvement of such sensors were such requirements as minimum power consumption, high accuracy and stability of measurements, the ability to combine several measurements in one sensor. It is noted that for space infrastructure the factor of the possibility of simultaneous measurement of several parameters with one sensor is one of the important quality indicators. This is due to the possibility of reducing the number of sensors themselves, which reduces the mass and size parameters of space technology. This applies, first of all, to measurements of pressure and temperature, since they, in aggregate, account for at least 40 % of all measurements in space products. The path of choos-ing the types of methods and sensor designs led to the combination of the amplitude conversion method and optical communication in one sensor. In this case, amplitude modulation of pressure and temperature is carried out by a microelec-tromechanical unit (module), and the modulated optical signal is transmitted by an optical module. Such a modular composition of the sensor makes it possible to dispense with optical ana-lyzers (interrogators) and carry out further pro-cessing based on standard interfaces. A limitation of the proposed methods and designs is the need for microelectromechanical structures that measure certain physical quantities. Such structures for fiber-optic sensors are not mass-produced; therefore, their manufacture can be established at instrument-making enterprises with microelectronic equipment

Development of a resource-saving technology of production of strip-type profiles by drawing in roller dies using dummy passes

The rolling-drawing process is used in the production of a large number of shaped profiles of complex configuration, including thin-walled, strip and periodic section profiles. This process, in comparison with drawing in monolithic dies, allows to reduce energy costs by 20–40 %, to increase deformation in one pass to 40–50 %, to reduce the number of preparatory operations (heat treatment, pickling), to exclude the use of expensive lubricants for drawing. Compared to the production of profiles by the method of cold rolling, the rolling-die process has a higher technological flexibility, does not require significant capital investments when organizing the production of precise profiles. At the same time, due to the presence of tensile stresses at the edges of the profile, which can cause their destruction, the assortment of strip-type profiles produced by this method was previously limited to readymade profiles with a ratio of width to height of no more than two. The authors of this work have previously developed a technology for the production of crimped steel strip with a width-to-height ratio of more than 10 by the rolling-drawing method. However, the developed calibration provides for a large number of transitions, complicates the organization of the production of strip profiles of a wide range of sizes, especially in the production of low-tonnage batches. To decrease the number of transitions, the use of dummy paases was proposed. It was shown that this will make it possible to increase the width-to-height ratio of strip-type profiles to 20, and, accordingly, reduce the production cost. The proposed technology for the production of strip-type profiles by the method of drawing in roller dies using dummy passes will allow to comprehensively solve the problem of providing machine-building and instrument-making enterprises by especially precise profiles of a wide range of sizes.

ABOUT THE CHOICE OF THE INITIAL SIDE OF A SPHERICAL GLASS LENS PROCESSING

The article analyzes the choice of the initial side of a spherical glass lens processing. The analysis was carried out on the basis of a survey of employees of the optical shop and familiarization with the description of a typical technological process for manufacturing lenses at one of the instrument-making enterprises in Novosibirsk, as well as by a retro-review of technical publications on the manufacture of optical parts. Two schemes of decision-making about the initial side of spherical lens processing are revealed: selection (assignment) or calculation by formula. The results of the analysis are formulated and the tasks of further research are defined.

Development of a method of providing ergonomics of a web-interface for customers of a virtual instrument-making enterprise with limited physical capabilities

A method has been developed and implemented to ensure the ergonomics of using the Web interface for customers of a virtual instrument-making enterprise with limited capabilities through the use of expert systems. The essence of this method is to supplement the dialog component of the Information and Analytical Portal (IAP) with a specialized shell of the expert system (ES), which, being filled with knowledge about the limited capabilities of users caused by various pathologies, makes it possible to adapt the interface in the dialogue to the capabilities of a particular user. implementations of this solution method are fully consistent with the results obtained using the principles of interface improvement. However, due to the use in this synthesis method of various approaches to the technology of expert systems development, additional opportunities open up in solving the problem of providing the convenience of using the interface for customers with limited capabilities. When using the proposed method, it becomes possible to simplify the procedure of interaction "man-machine", to solve the problems of people with disabilities, to increase the volume of consumers who have access to advanced information technologies. These facts, confirmed by the results of numerical modeling, showed the effectiveness of the presented method and an individual approach to users with disabilities. The software implementation of the logical-linguistic hierarchical model on the example of “strong myopia” with the help of the production shell ES is proposed and substantiated. As the initial data, information about hardware was used, the use of which, in appropriate cases, will make it possible to increase the ergonomics of the IAP for users with disabilities.

НОВЫЕ АДСОРБЕНТЫ, ПОЛУЧЕННЫЕ ИЗ ПРИРОДНЫХ ГЛИН, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ДЛЯ УДАЛЕНИЯ NI (II) ИЗ СТОЧНЫХ ВОД

Treatment of wastewater by adsorption is one of the most environmentally friendly methods, along with high efficiency. The main criteria when choosing materials for wastewater treatment by adsorption are its adsorption properties, porous structure and cost-effectiveness. Heavy metal ions are the main pollutants present in wastewater from machine-building, non-ferrous metallurgy and instrument-making enterprises, its removal being mandatory employing processes such as adsorption. This work deals with the development of materials based on natural clays and on pillared clays and further application in the the adsorption of Ni (II), used as model pollutant, from aqueous solution. The starting natural clay (montmorillonite) was obtained in a deposit of Kazakhstan (Asa), and two additional samples were prepared by treatment of the natural clay with acid and by pillarization with Fe2+ and Zn2+. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to explore the effect of pH, adsorbent load, contact time and the initial ion concentrations of Ni (II) in the adsorption of the heavy metal from aqueous solution with the three adsorbent samples. A maximum removal of Ni (II) of 98.9% was achieved at pH 10 with a dose of adsorbent of 2 g/L, a contact time of 120 min and an initial concentration of metal ions of 50 mg/L, when considering the Asa natural clay.

Research of the mechanisms for coordinating the work of personnel when implementing 3D technologies

The article is devoted to the consideration of the mechanisms for coordinating the work of personnel for the complex solution of innovative production problems at an instrument-making enterprise. The research considers the formation of coordination mechanisms in an organization, a technique is proposed that can be used to reduce the technical system lifecycle at an enterprise. The practical implementation of the coordination methodology on the example of the implementation of 3D technologies at an instrument-making enterprise contains specific proposals for the implementation of a virtual management structure, as well as a planning and personnel questionnaire system. The study is aimed to develop a methodology for the efficient use of personnel coordination mechanisms. The research object is innovative technologies at the instrument-making enterprise. The research subject is the coordination mechanisms in the context of the innovative technology deployment at the instrument-making enterprise.

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ МЕТОДУ ЦІЛЬОВИХ ВИТРАТ ПІД ЧАС РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ ТА ВИРОБНИЦТВА НОВОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ

The article proposes a methodological approach that, within the framework of the controlling system, uses the methodology of the target costing method. It can be considered as a special form of functional-cost analysis, which allows not only making optimizing adjustments to the structure of new products, but also creating them according to given cost recommendations, which are based on the acceptable level of costs and information about the usefulness of product properties for the consumer. One of the most important components of controlling is the philosophy of profitability, which provides for a long-term orientation. Cost management in the short and long term is the most important factor in increasing the competitiveness of enterprises. The globalization of markets, the development of information technologies and telecommunications, the increasing dynamism of the external and internal environment of the enterprise, and the increasing demands of consumers put the enterprise in very tough conditions in terms of product profitability. Cost management today is one of the main means of achieving high economic results. Cost management in an enterprise should be understood not only as a reduction, but also as an analysis and optimization, a desire to achieve a certain level of costs, which will allow for an increase in the economic efficiency of activities, and an increase in the competitiveness of products. The use of the target cost method is advisable, first of all, when implementing innovative projects. Depending on the prevailing conditions, enterprises can develop various modifications of the method. When creating a new product, the data obtained on the basis of its use can serve as the basis for the analysis and planning of costs for the products being created, as well as the basis for the control and analysis of deviations. Since the expected price is taken as the basis for using the target costing method to control the value of product costs, the method can be considered not only as a cost optimization method, but also as a way of setting prices. Pricing is also an extremely important aspect of an industrial enterprise. In addition, it should be noted that various modifications of this approach are successfully used in European enterprises. For example, BMW Company uses one of them. Although the method of Target costing in practice has to deal with a number of difficulties, but the method is evolving, attempts are being made to find opportunities to overcome the inconveniences associated with its use. For machine-building and instrument-making enterprises, it is especially effective to incorporate a unit for the analysis of target costs into an automated design system, which will help speed up the receipt of cost recommendations and make the most of them. The application of the method of target costing will allow using the foundations of the components of controlling, which relate to innovation, which is extremely important for the holistic orientation of the enterprise to effective development in the long run.

Совершенствование организационно-финансовой деятельности современной корпорации в условиях внедрения процессного управления

Solving the urgent tasks of neoindustrialization and digitalizaion of the economy calls for the process approach based improvement of the management for the Russian enterprises. This process approach focuses on the total customer’s needs satisfaction. The purpose of the research is to apply the process approach to reveal the improvement possibilities for the organizational and financial performance of a modern enterprise. Methodologically, the process approach helps construct the key business processes of an enterprise as value chains from marketing to sales and as a sales revenue increase which contributes into the economic result. The scientific novelty of the study is characterized by the following findings: 1) the study has developed a universally applicable business processes matrix which satisfies customer’s needs and efficiently combines the enterprise’s operational and innovative performance; this improves enterprise’s organizational and financial figures; 2) a labor efficiency increase and higher performance of an enterprise are evidenced by better project coordination and duties allocation for all owners of the business processes in an enterprise; 3) some theoretical aspects of the enterprise’s economic growth are analyzed to justify higher figures of its performance which are the sales growth rates for products/services, average headcount, average monthly salary, labor efficiency, a share of high performance jobs, and a market share of an enterprise; 4) regressional dependencies of efficiency indicators are developed for the organizational and financial performance of an enterprise in the context of the figures for the social and economic development of a region. It is shown that these efficiency indicators are determined by the output indicators of the business processes in the enterprise’s departments which are involved into the process management. The author’s approach to the process management based improvement of the enterprise’s organizational and financial performance is verified with the materials received from APZ ROTOR, JSC, a large instrument-making enterprise in Altai Territory. The introduction of business processes matrix will help characterize planning and finance performance of the enterprise and set the budgets of the departments involved. Forecasting results of the research show this can increase the efficiency indicators of APZ ROTOR, JSC, its organizational and financial performance and improve the enterprise’s management systems on the whole. Further research is seen to be in the field of developing theoretical and practical aspects of process management for a modern enterprise in the context of neoindustrialization and digitalization of economy.

Theoretical aspects of the impact of digitalization on the management of research and development work of a space instrument-making enterprise

Theoretical aspects of the impact of digitalization on the management of research and development work of a space instrument-making enterprise

Controlling mechanisms to ensure the financial security of instrument-making enterprises

The unpredictability of the development of the Ukrainian economy in the world economic space requires continuous improvement of the financial security management policy of business entities. The use of controlling mechanisms to ensure the necessary level of financial security enables the stable development and competitiveness of enterprises. The article highlights the conceptual aspects of ensuring the enterprise’s financial security using controlling mechanisms. The concept of control¬ling within the enterprise’s financial security is considered. An assessment of the enterprise’s financial security in the instrument-making industry of the engineering complex of Ukraine was made using an integrated safety indicator using taxonomic analysis techniques. It is noted that to ensure stable functioning and development of the enterprise, it is necessary to identify factors (threats) that lead to the loss of the proper level of enterprise’s financial security. To assess the impact of financial condi¬tion indicators on the level of effectiveness of financial safety management in engineering enterprises, a multivariate statistical analysis of correlation relationships was carried out and factor loads were calculated. It is proposed to organize the formation of a controlling system with an emphasis on ensuring an adequate level of enterprise’s financial security. The use of the proposed developments in the activities of the enterprises of the instrument-making industry allows increasing the efficiency of their functioning and to put the existing system of ensuring financial security to a new level.

Ensuring growth in international competitiveness of national instrument production

Introduction. Mechanical engineering and instrument-making is one of the most science-intensive industries and the level of development of instrument-making directly depends on the main indicators of socio-economic development of the state. At the same time, in Ukraine this industry and its products lag behind the world level due to a number of objective reasons, which are of economic, political and technological nature. Lagging in technologies, lack of domestic innovations and high cost of new equipment make it necessary for enterprises to replace the main production assets, as well as to complete the final reorientation of the economic model of development.
 Aim and tasks. Study the state of instrument-making products of Ukraine, with subsequent identification of areas to improve its competitiveness.
 Results. The dynamics of indices of industrial production during 2015-2019 was analyzed and the share of instrument-making in industry from 2015 to 2019 was identified. PEST-analysis of domestic instrumentation was carried out to identify economic, political, social and technological factors affecting its competitiveness. The sufficient efficiency of instrument-making enterprises is justified taking into account methodological postulates of the theory of effective competition. Certain fluctuations can be explained firstly by the presence of crisis phenomena in the Ukrainian economy in 2014-2015. And secondly, the dynamics of indicators is closely related to the processes within the company. On the other hand, the analysis of the export structure indicates a decrease in the volume of high-tech products due to the lack of international competitiveness of the industry.
 Conclusions. It is proved that the development of instrument-making enterprises is cyclical. The main directions of increasing the competitiveness of domestic instrument-making enterprises and their products on world markets are proposed, namely: updating of the entire technological platform of instrument-making; launching production of new high-tech products that are more innovative and knowledge-intensive, development of international cooperation and cooperation, a course to develop the scientific environment in the field of instrumentation.

CONCEPT OF ACCELERATION OF THE SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC PRODUCTION AT THE INSTRUMENTAL ENTERPRISE

The article considers the reasons for improving the concept of lean production at an instrument-making enterprise. For a visual representation of the state of the organization, a comparison of methods and tools of lean production with the current situation of lean production at JSC "NIP" is presented. A set of organizational measures is presented, consisting of several stages for sorting equipment, cleaning equipment, standardizing and performing improvements, systematization and continuous offer of improvements and their implementation. On the example of two parts manufactured at an instrument-making plant, the principle of technological measures to improve the implementation of lean production is presented. The result after technological measures is shown in detail per shift. A plan of improvement of all enterprises of the instrument-making industry is considered, according to the developed organizational and technical measures for JSC «NIP»

STUDY OF THE LED REMOVABLE NOZZLE ON THE REFLECTOR OF AN ELECTRON TOTAL STATION

The article presents the results of a study of a removable LED nozzle on the reflector of an electronic total station. A description of the LED removable nozzle on the reflector of the electronic total station is made. The results of measurements of the runtime of pointing the device at the reflector at night, at various distances and in bad weather conditions (snowfall) are presented. A comparison between the results of studies with different backlight modes of the total station reflector is made. Models of reflectors with pulsed illumination manufactured by various instrument-making enterprises and their cost are given. Based on the results of the studies and analysis, conclusions on the use of a removable LED nozzle for performing geodetic measurements in the production of engineering and geodetic surveys and other types of geodetic works are drawn. The advantages and disadvantages of the LED removable nozzle are given.

Methodology of ensuring ecological safety of radio-electronic and instrument-making production in territorial natural production complexes

The production of electronics and instrumentation is currently based on technologies that can be harmful to the environment. The strategy for the modernization and development of electronic and instrument-making industries in accordance with the requirements of modern environmental legislation includes the development of technological standards based on the best available techniques. The work analyzes the status and development prospects of radio electronics and instrument-making enterprises according to environmental indicators and criteria of the best available techniques. A method for assessing the life cycle of an electronic device is considered as a tool for obtaining data on the environmental impact of its production. In order to develop environmental standards for permissible impacts of electronic and instrument-making industries, a fuzzy linear programming method with probabilistic restrictions has been proposed. On the basis of this method, a model has been formed for a water management system within territorial natural-production complexes, taking the impact on water objects of all water-using enterprises into account. The proposed decision-making algorithm for load normalization allows the company to develop a strategy for planning the volumes of water consumption and water disposal, while considering regional conditions and the influence of other entities of the territorial natural production complex.

Analysis of Institutional and Evolutionary Aspect of High-tech Sectors Development on Instrument Engineering Example

The aim of the study is to determine the perspective components of the network strategy for the development of the industry on the basis of an analysis of the theory and practice of instrument engineering development in the conditions of Industry 4.0 and an analysis of trends in instrument engineering. The research methodology is based on evolutionary theory as the direction of a new institutional economy. The institutional-evolutionary approach to security strategies involves considering a set of institutions and the laws of their interaction, ensuring the conversion of resources into real results by effective methods in accordance with the national context and the needs of society. The study proved that the importance of instrument engineering is due to the fact that the expansion of the research base of innovative processes is associated with the use of modern analytical instruments. The main aspects of the role of instrumentation in the economy are determined. It is shown that modern instrument engineering is a high-tech and high-tech industry, widely uses ICT, nanotechnology, microminiaturization, elements of artificial intelligence, etc. From the organizational, economic and institutional point of view, instrument engineering is considered as an intersectoral high-tech complex, which is also a factor in the innovative development of a number of technological industries and the result of their innovation. This fact determines the affiliation of instrument engineering to structure-forming industries, in which new technologies are spreading to other sectors of the economy. For a more detailed analysis of the institutional dynamics of the industry in Ukraine, the main statistical indicators of instrument engineering are considered. It is shown that the prospects of domestic instrument engineering are primarily associated with the production of qualitatively new products and the conquest of the domestic market, whose capacity is several times greater than not only the current export volumes of the sector, but also the entire production in it. It is proved that from a strategic point of view, it is necessary to find new mechanisms for the development of the industry, in particular based on digitalization. Instrument engineering is also considered at the same time as part of the transformation of production and its digitalization, as well as the object of introducing new technologies. Thus, the industry’s prospects are associated with the creation of a digital infrastructure, which is a cross-industry platform that will allow organizing productive interaction of all participants in the innovation process. Appropriate approaches should be implemented as part of institutional strategies both in the development and use of devices as part of a digital smart manufacturing strategy. An analysis of the foreign experience of industry leaders has shown that small and medium-sized enterprises prevail in instrument engineering, despite the presence of large global leaders. It is shown that the activation of the role of small instrument-making enterprises as participants in technological development requires the search for new forms of interaction, among which the network should be highlighted. For the institutional and evolutionary development of instrument engineering, it is proposed to use the features of a traditional cluster and network, focused on the formation of a technological platform. Keywords instrument engineering, strategy, innovation, trends, network, institutions.