Instrument Air Research Articles

Effects of hollowed neck designs on sound radiation and loudness of baglama

This study investigated the effects of two experimental (patented) neck designs on sound radiation and the perceived loudness of the baglama, a stringed instrument. The primary hypothesis of this research is that compared to traditional neck, the experimental neck designs increase the stringed instrument's air volume and vibrating surface area, thereby contributing to radiation efficiency and perceived loudness. Sound radiation analysis based on acoustic modal analysis and psychoacoustic analysis were conducted. First, sound radiation measurements were made in an experimental setup. The data were then examined using the Frequency Response Function (FRF). The results revealed that the experimental necked baglamas’ sound radiated better than the traditional one. Second, listening (N=38) and playability (N=26) tests were conducted in focus group interviews. The participants listened to or played traditional and experimental necked baglamas and rated their loudness. The Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank test on the scores indicated that the participants perceived the experimental necked baglamas as significantly louder than the traditional one. Most participants stated that the experimental necked baglamas sounded higher and had better quality than the traditional one. Psychoacoustic findings corroborated the results of sound radiation analysis.

Maintenance Resources Optimization Using Pareto Analysis

Managing resource allocation for optimum effectiveness at various levels of maintenance activities is always a challenging task. Optimizing maintenance resources enables an organization to set priorities towards achieving certain goals which are availability and reliability of the equipment for operational excellence. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the optimum resources allocation proportions among the failure modes and to identify the failure modes that have the greatest cumulative effect on the equipment's downtime. This paper presents a methodology using the Pareto analysis in conjunction with failure mode effect and criticality Analysis in maintenance resources optimization. The approach is based on ensuring all failure mode criticality number are considered to obtain the significant failures mode that you should focus on as a priority. The analysis shows that failure mode; FM5, FM 3, FM 2, FM 12, FM 7 and FM 13 are confirmation to the Pareto principle, identifying that most of the downtime of the Instrumentation Air Compressors originated from these failure modes.

Instrument Air Compressors: The Lifeline of Oil and Gas Facility. Volume 1. A Case Study of Oml 17 – Nigeria

Instrument air compressors (IACs) play a pivotal role as the backbone of oil and gas facilities, providing essential compressed air to power critical instruments and pneumatic systems. (Thomas Paulose, 2024). Instrument air is a critical component in the oil and gas industry. It is compressed air that is used to power instruments and control systems that are used in the production, processing, and transportation of oil and gas. (EY, 2020). This paper delves into the indispensable significance of IACs in ensuring the reliable and safe operation of oil and gas facilities, elucidating their crucial role in various operational processes, including control systems, safety devices, and process instrumentation. Through a thorough examination of the importance of instrument air in the oil and gas industry, this paper emphasizes the paramount importance of maintaining optimal performance and reliability of IACs. It discusses the key challenges and considerations associated with ensuring the continuous supply of instrument air, encompassing equipment reliability, energy efficiency, and maintenance practices. Furthermore, the paper explores effective strategies for optimizing instrument air compressor performance, encompassing proactive maintenance, technological advancements, and operational enhancements. (Abhishek Kumar et al 2021). Utilizing case studies and real-world examples, the paper illustrates the profound impact of proficient instrument air compressor management on overall facility reliability, safety, and operational efficiency. In conclusion, this paper underscores the critical recognition of instrument air compressors as indispensable assets within oil and gas facilities. (EY, 2020). It emphasizes the imperative for proactive management and optimization to uphold their continued reliability and efficacy. (Paul J. Holdcroft et al, 2015) By prioritizing the maintenance and performance of IACs, oil and gas operators can elevate facility operations, mitigate risks, and uphold the industry's commitment to safety and environmental stewardship.

WARBA Dance Steps of Ganzourgou: Conflict Prevention and Resolution in Burkina Faso

In the Ganzourgou province, an ancestral ludomotor activity is practiced: the warba, a traditional dance on which the Moaga society has engraved its mechanisms of prevention and resolution of conflicts that often oppose its members. It is a dance that conveys through body gestures, deep messages whose objectives are, among others, the quest for social cohesion. To grasp the different articulations of this traditional dance of prevention and conflict regulation, a stay was made in Ganzourgou where a participatory observation was carried out on the intangible cultural heritage of this people. From the analysis of the results, it appears that the warba dance steps such as the Laadem-lacre or the Kar-valga implemented under the instrumental air during sacred or profane dance ceremonies, convey messages that consolidate social relations. However, the results also show that this reference social practice is under the influence of modern and African-inspired dances, thus leading to its gradual disappearance. To face this influence, research suggests the revitalization of this local knowledge of the Moose people of Ganzourgou, bearer of endogenous values of conflict regulation, and its inclusion in school curricula and in the practice of maintenance sport.

Commissioning of the ESS large-scale 20 K helium refrigeration system for the cryogenic moderator system

At the ESS, a large-scale 20 K helium refrigeration system with a cooling capacity of 30.3 kW at 15 K, which is called Target Moderator CryoPlant (TMCP), has been designed to cool the cryogenic moderator system (CMS) where subcooled liquid hydrogen will be circulated at 1.0 kg/s through four hydrogen moderators where the total nuclear heating is estimated to be 17.2 kW for the proton beam power of 5 MW. The first phase of the TMCP installation and commissioning for the TMCP compressor skids and cold box was completed in 2019. The phase 2 installation of 300 m-long cryogenic helium transfer lines (CTLs) and a valve box located at one end of it in the Target building has been completed in the summer of 2022. Subsequently, the commissioning has been conducted until December 2022. This paper will describe the performance evaluation test results of the CTL heat load and pressure drop, the TMCP cooling capacity, and a test result of a failure action caused by instrument air failure.

Quantifying exposure biases in early instrumental land surface air temperature observations

AbstractExposure biases are a pervasive non‐climatic change in land air temperature records which have been introduced as a result of changes in the way thermometers were sheltered from solar radiation and the elements over time. Exposure biases have not been widely accounted for in observational records, due to difficulties detecting/correcting the bias using traditional homogenisation techniques; therefore, exposure biases still contribute significant uncertainty to the early period in global temperature compilations. Here, an empirical approach to address the bias arising from the introduction of Stevenson‐type screens from the late‐19th century is presented. The approach consists of: (1) an empirical analysis of 54 parallel measurement series to identify the characteristics of the exposure bias in four exposure classes; (2) the development of bias‐estimation models based on an analysis of which variables influence the bias; and (3) the application of the models to an extended version of CRUTEM5 (CRUTEM5_ext), based on exposure metadata, to quantify and reduce the bias. Step one identified differences between the temperatures recorded in Stevenson screens and early exposures, which vary seasonally, diurnally, and with location and exposure class. The largest biases (in mean temperatures) were found in freestanding exposures (up to −0.78°C annually) and in summer, while the smallest biases were generally found in wall‐mounted exposures (near‐0°C annually) and in winter. Significant relationships between the bias and temperature, downward top of atmosphere and/or received shortwave downward solar radiation were found in each exposure class and led to the development of three regression‐based bias‐estimation models. Application of these models to 1,960 mid‐latitude stations in CRUTEM5_ext, resulted in small (≤0.016°C) positive adjustments to the Northern Hemisphere mid‐latitude mean before 1880, and larger (≤−0.1°C) negative adjustments to the Northern and Southern Hemisphere mid‐latitude means between 1882–1934 and 1856–1900, respectively. Larger adjustments were estimated regionally: up to −0.57°C annually and −0.79°C seasonally in individual grid cells.

An open-source project for wind instrument modeling using digital waveguides

Digital waveguide methods for time-domain modeling of acoustic structures comprised of interconnected piece-wise one-dimensional cylinders, cones and toneholes have been well reported in the past. In this work, an open-source Matlab class is presented that can be used to model arbitrary wind instrument air column structures, defined by length, radii and hole geometric parameters, using digital waveguide methods. Fractional-delay filtering can be enabled or disabled, with support for both Thiran and Lagrange filter types of specified order. Thermoviscous losses can be modeling using either a discrete-time least squares or a shelf-filter fit, both of arbitrary order. Three different tonehole model options are provided (two-port, three-port or wave digital filter). End boundary conditions include closed, anechoic, ideally open, open flanged and open unflanged. The class object can be used either in single-sample iterative contexts (for example, with an attached excitation model) or with arbitrarily-sized input signals (for example, to compute a reflection function or impedance). The modeled geometry can be constructed manually by iteratively adding segments or holes, or a complete geometry can be specified in a file. This project is bundled together with a parallel and previously reported open-source project for frequency-domain transfer matrix modeling of air columns (https://github.com/garyscavone/acmt).

Results from a time domain clarinet model: Effects of non-harmonic air column resonances

A time domain model of a clarinet-like system was previously reported [S. C. Thompson, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 150 A98 (2021)] . That model has been used to investigate the improvement in playing behavior when the instrument air column has accurately harmonic input impedance peaks. Two tube models were designed with an effective length to produce a 400 Hz first resonance frequency. Both tubes are terminated at the “closed” end by a SDOF reed with a reasonably high resonance frequency. The first tube is purely cylindrical terminated at the “open” end by a tone hole lattice with a cutoff frequency of 1500 Hz. This tube has two resonances below cutoff whose peaks differ from true harmonicity by approximately 7%. The second tube has a small region of slightly increased bore radius positioned to provide resonances whose inharmonicity is reduced to less than 1%. These tubes have very similar playing behavior in the model at low playing amplitude, but increasingly differ as the playing level is increased. The model has also been upgraded to include a mechanical hard stop for the reed position as it closes against the mouthpiece. Preliminary results with the beating reed will be presented.

Stochastic Risk Assessment with Bayesian Networks in Esfahan Refinery

Refineries are among the industrial centers that supply the energy and raw materials to downstream industries. To achieve sustainable development goals, creating appropriate balance between economic and environmental goals has always been the focus of managers and policy makers in the societies. Bayesian Network model has become a robust tool in the field of risk assessment and uncertainty management in refineries. The focus of this research is to prioritizing different units from the point of view of social and ecological aspects for facilitating the decision-making process in the context of waste material treatment in Esfahan refinery in line with the sustainable development goals. The methodology of this research is based on risk assessment with the aid of Bayesian Networks. To this end, first material flow analysis of the processes procured risk identification, subsequently influence diagram and Bayesian Network structure were designed. After completing conditional probability tables, risk factors were prioritized. According to the risk assessment results, Fuel unit was classified as the most significant risk factor, whereas Pipelines and Plant air & instrument air system were identified as the most environmentally friendly units.

Contribution of Bayesian networks as a robust tool in risk assessment under sustainability considerations, a case study of Bandarabbas refinery

Background and purposeRefineries are among the industrial centers that supply the energy and raw materials to downstream industries. To achieve sustainable development goals, creating appropriate balance between economical and environmental goals has always been the focus of managers and policy makers in the societies. Bayesian Network model has become a robust tool in the field of risk assessment and uncertainty management in refineries. The focus of this research is to prioritizing different units from the point of view of social and ecological aspects for facilitating the decision making process in the context of waste material treatment in Bandarabbas refinery in line with the sustainable development goals. Materials and methodsThe methodology of this research is based on risk assessment with the aid of Bayesian Networks. To this end, first material flow analysis of the processes procured risk identification, subsequently influence diagram and Bayesian Network structure were designed. After completing conditional probability tables, finally risk factors were prioritized. What is more, sensitivity analysis of the model performed by applying three approaches namely predictive, diagnostic, and considering only one risk. ConclusionAccording to the risk assessment results, Amine treatment and Fuel units were classified as the most significant risk factors, whereas Pipelines and Plant air & instrument air system were identified as the most environmental friendly units. In addition, sensitivity analysis of the model provided appropriate framework to shed some light on the circumstances of determining dominant risk factors whether only one or concurrently all of the endpoints are evaluated.

Statistical analysis, source apportionment, and toxicity of particulate- and gaseous-phase PAHs in the urban atmosphere.

The concentrations of particulate and gaseous Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Carbon (PAHs) were determined in the urban atmosphere of Delhi in different seasons (winter, summer, and monsoon). The samples were collected using instrument air metric (particulate phase) and charcoal tube (gaseous phase) and analyzed through Gas chromatography. The principal component and correlation were used to identify the sources of particulate and gaseous PAHs during different seasons. The mean concentration of the sum of total PAHs (TPAHs) for particulate and gaseous phases at all the sites were found to be higher in the winter season (165.14 ± 50.44 ng/m3 and 65.73 ± 16.84 ng/m3) than in the summer season (134.08 ± 35.0 ng/m3 and 43.43 ± 9.59 ng/m3), whereas in the monsoon season the concentration was least (68.15 ± 18.25 ng/m3 and 37.63 1 13.62 ng/m3). The principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that seasonal variations of PAHs accounted for over 86.9%, 84.5%, and 94.5% for the summer, monsoon, and winter seasons, respectively. The strong and positive correlation coefficients were observed between B(ghi)P and DahA (0.922), B(a)P and IcdP (0.857), and B(a)P and DahA (0.821), which indicated the common source emissions of PAHs. In addition to this, the correlation between Nap and Flu, Flu and Flt, B(a)P, and IcdP showed moderate to high correlation ranging from 0.68 to 0.75 for the particulate phase PAHs. The carcinogenic health risk values for gaseous and particulate phase PAHs at all sites were calculated to be 4.53 × 10-6, 2.36 × 10-5 for children, and 1.22 × 10-5, 6.35 × 10-5 for adults, respectively. The carcinogenic health risk for current results was found to be relatively higher than the prescribed standard of the Central Pollution Control Board, India (1.0 × 10-6).

Energy Saving by Updating the Instrument Air Supply System

Energy Saving by Updating the Instrument Air Supply System

Trends in Air Temperature and Precipitation in Southeastern Czech Republic, 1961-2020

This study presents a summary of sixty years of air temperature and precipitation measurements at the Žabčice weather station, located in the southeastern Czech Republic and operated by Mendel University in Brno. An instrumental dataset spanning two climatological normal periods (1961- 1990 and newly established 1991-2020) is analyzed for long term linear trends with monthly data presented in full span in Appendices. In the new climate normal period, the mean annual temperature increased from 9.3 °C to 10.3 °C with growing trend of 0.34 °C/10 years (p < 0.001). Every calendar month of year is warmer, with the highest and fastest increase in August (+2.0 °C, 0.64 °C/10 years, p < 0.001) and the lowest in October (+0.2 °C). Annual precipitation sum increased negligibly (+11.1 mm), however, the quarterly distribution significantly changes towards drier second quarter (-22.9 mm, p < 0.05) and wetter third quarter (+37.1 mm, p < 0.05). Number of tropical days (maximum daily air temperature > 30 °C) significantly increased (+4.44/10 years, p < 0.001), whereas number of frost days is negligibly decreasing (-0.88/10 years). Temperature derived Huglin index for vineyards increased by 369 °C to a seasonal sum 2062 °C (+84 °C/10 years, p < 0.001). This study provides evidence of the rate of changing climate at this southern Moravia lowland site. This study provided a summary and trend analysis of instrumental air temperature and precipitation dataset measured at Žabčice locality during the period 1961-2020, supplemented with selected agroclimatic indices. The dataset was utilized to establish a new climatological normal for the period 1991-2020 and both normal periods 1961-1990 and 1991-2020 were compared. We can conclude, that the mean air temperature is increasing on monthly, quarterly and yearly timescales. The fastest warming trend was observed during the growing season, peaking in June-August. There is an evident increase in extreme heat waves and other temperature-related indices, such as the Huglin index, suggesting a further rise in air temperature in the near future. Annual precipitation sums increased negligible, however, we can confirm a change in temporal distribution on an annual scale, in terms of decrease in the second quarter and increase in the third quarter. Supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic for the project SustES - Adaptation Strategies for the Sustainability of Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Adverse Natural Conditions, Project No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797, and by the National Agency for Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Project No. QK1910338 "Early warning agrometeorological system for biotic and abiotic risks".

Microclimate and Mould Growth Potential of Air Cavities in Ventilated Wooden Façade and Roof Systems—Case Studies from Norway

Harsh climatic conditions in the Nordic countries are being worsened by climate change, which increases the moisture load on building façades. New types of defects are being observed in air cavities in well-designed and well-built wooden façades and roofs. More knowledge is required on the microclimatic conditions in air cavities and roofs, and their implications for organic growth and biological deterioration. The present study collects and presents sensor data from three buildings in Norway. Collected air temperature, air humidity, and wood moisture data are compared to mould growth criteria found in scientific literature, building physics software, and national and international standards. The data shows great differences in air cavity microclimates between the case buildings and between different sensor positions within the instrumented air cavities. Air cavity temperatures are found to be lower than exterior temperatures for a substantial portion of the time. For tall buildings, the vertical positioning of a sensor influences the data more than the orientation of the façade. All three buildings feature monitoring positions with both acceptable and critically high levels of moisture to indicate mould risk. There is great variation in the estimated risk of mould growth according to the different criteria. The study indicates that the coastal climate in the south-west of Norway presents a challenge in terms of resilient building design to avoid mould growth in the ventilated air cavity.

A Literature Review on Automation of Instrument Air Distribution System using Arduino and Integrate Industry 4.0

Abstract: This article is primarily concerned with developing a totally upgraded IA distribution controlling system, which includes the Arduino program and Industry 4.0 is further extended by employing IOT and wireless sensor interfaces, simulating the Arduino IAD plant and putting it online for remote access. Air conditioners have become an integral component of everyday life, particularly in tropical regions such as India. One of the most significant control variables in an infrastructure is considered to be an air conditioner. This project is all about controlling an air conditioner with voice commands. Here, voice commands are recognized and utilised to activate/deactivate an air conditioner using the Michel C. JARVIS application. Using voice sensors in ARDUINO, the air conditioner will be able to understand spoken instructions and regulate the compressor. Keywords: Internet of things (IoT), Industry 4.0 , Instrument air (IA)compressor, IA Distribution system, and Arduino Acronym: IAC-Instrument Air Compressor, CSC - Constant Speed Control , ASSC - Automatic Start Stop Control, IAD - Instrument Air Distribution , IA -Instrument Air

FAILURE ANALYSIS OF ROTARY SCREW COMPRESSOR AND ITS MODIFICATIONS

Abstract -- Screw Compressor is one type of air compressor in the main utility at the DSLNG LNG Plant. This Screw Compressor is used as instrument water (clean, oil-free, and dry air) produced by the Air Compressor Package (Tag No. 065-C-1001 A / B / C), which is dried by the Air Dryer Package (065-V-1001A / B) until it reaches a dew point of -40 degrees Celsius before being accommodated in the Instrument Air Receiver (065-D-1002). Water instruments are needed to operate instrumentation equipment such as actuated valves, control valves, and others.This research was conducted to analyze the failure of rotary screw compressors and their modifications. The failure occurred in the lube oil (lubricating oil), which was contaminated by water from the surrounding wet air. This failure analysis is done with a fishbone diagram and plans to overcome the problem by modifying the breather system. Analysis of this failure by looking for the water content into the lubricating oil. Know the results of the analysis of the increase in the vibration value of the bearing screw elements and check the effect of corrosion in the lubrication system using a borescope. In addition, taking corrective action (repair) so that there are no recurring problems by making modifications to the Breather System on the gear casing

The Application of Active Biomonitoring with the Use of Mosses to Identify Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an Atmospheric Aerosol.

The use of biological indicators of environmental quality is an alternative method of monitoring ecosystem pollution. Various groups of contaminants, including organic ones, can be measured in environmental samples. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have not yet been determined by the moss bag technique. This technique uses several moss species simultaneously in urban areas to select the best biomonitoring of these compounds, which are dangerous to humans and the environment. In this research, a gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for the determination of selected PAHs in three species of mosses: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum fallax and Dicranum polysetum (active biomonitoring) and for comparison using an air filter reference method for atmospheric aerosol monitoring. The chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II (PSII) was also measured to assess changes in moss viability during the study. As a result of the study, the selective accumulation of selected PAHs by mosses was found, with Pleurozium schreberi being the best bioindicator—9 out of 13 PAHs compounds were determined in this species. The photosynthetic yield of photosystem (II) decreased by 81% during the exposure time. The relationship between PAHs concentrations in mosses and the total suspended particles (TSP) on the filter indicated the possibility of using this bioindicator to trace PAHs in urban areas and to apply the moss bag technique as a method supporting classical instrumental air monitoring.

Sistem Monitoring Instrument Air Compressor (IAC) berbasis SCADA dengan Komunikasi Modbus RTU RS-485

PLTU Pacitan adalah salah satu pembangkit listrik di Jawa Timur yang memiliki kapasitas 2 x 315 MW yang dibangun pemerintah pada Fast Track Program 1. Instrument Air Compressor (IAC) adalah salah satu peralatan bantu di PLTU Pacitan yang berfungsi sebagai suplai udara ke sistem pneumatik seluruh plant. Namun, peralatan ini tidak bisa dimonitor oleh operator Central Control Room (CCR) dengan maksimal. Parameter yang dapat dikontrol sangat terbatas. Hal ini dikarenakan terbatasnya jumlah terminal Field Bus Module (FBM) yang tersedia. Rumusan masalah adalah bagaimana cara membuat modul komunikasi untuk menampilkan parameter Instrument Air Compressor System ke display HMI operator CCR secara real time. Tujuan dari perancangan alat ini adalah membuat modul komunikasi yang aman dan handal untuk menampilkan semua parameter Instrument Air Compressor yang ada dilokal tampil di display komputer CCR. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengontrolan dan pemantauan parameter ditransmisikan dari lapangan ke CCR menggunakan komunikasi serial protokol modbus RS485. Untuk meningkatkan pengelolaaan peralatan tidak hanya dikontrol dan dimonitor tetapi juga menampilkan fault alarm untuk mengingatkan operator bahwa peralatan mengalami ketidaknormalan. Perancangan prototype mengunakan komputer sebagai HMI dan arduino nano sebagai mikrokontroller. Manfaat dari perancangan modul komunikasi ini adalah mengganti peran FBM yang jumlah terminal input dan output yang terbatas dan memiliki harga yang mahal serta meningkatkan kehandalan Instrument Air Compressor System.

Propylene column pressure relief valves chattering resulting in explosion and fire of the Steam Cracker unit

The Refinery and petrochemical production facilities process and produce the gaseous and liquid flammable hydrocarbons under the pressure conditions. In case of any failure, improper design or human mistake there can be autonomous and independent pressure relieve systems activated to release the pressure to the flare systems to protect the equipment against the overpressure, damages and other consequences. The paper describes the failure occurred at the Steam Cracker unit in Litvinov, Czech Republic in 2015. As a result of a loss of cooling followed by loss of reflux event, the pressure relief system of the Propylene Column was activated whereas the pressure relief valves opened up and chattered, resulting in loosening of flange bolts and loss of containment. The release of the propylene vapor ignited, resulting in subsequent explosion and fire at the Propylene Column area. The interruption of steam and instrument air supply caused by the fire damages led to the other extensive fire of four pyrolysis heaters. The extraordinary event description, root cause analysis, investigation as well as the corrective actions are introduced and analyzed.

Reconstructing past thermal conditions in beach microclimates.

Reconstruction of past conditions provides important information on how ecosystems have been impacted by climate change, but generally for microhabitats worldwide there are no long-term empirical measurements. In these cases, there has been protracted debate about how various large-scale environmental proxies can best be used to reconstruct local temperatures. Here we help resolve this debate by examining how well environmental proxies hindcast sand temperatures at nest depths for five sea turtle nesting sites across the world. We link instrumental air temperature and sea surface temperature records with empirical sand temperature observations in the Atlantic (Ascension Island and Cape Verde), the Indian Ocean (Chagos Archipelago), the Caribbean (St Eustatius) and the Pacific (French Polynesia). We found strong correlations between sea surface temperatures, air temperatures and sand temperatures at all our study sites. Furthermore, Granger causality testing shows variations in sea surface temperature and air temperature precede variations in sand temperatures. We found that different proxies (air or sea temperature or a combination of both) predicted mean monthly sand temperatures within<0.5°C of empirical observations. Reconstructions of sand temperatures over the last 170years reveal a slight warming of temperatures (maximum 0.5°C per century). An analysis of 36 published datasets revealed that the gradient of the relationship between sand temperature and air temperature is relatively constant, suggesting long-term changes in sand temperature could be extended around the world to include nesting sites where there are no empirical measurements of sand temperature. Our approaches are likely to have utility for a range of microhabitats where there is an interest in long-term changes in temperature.