Instructive Example Research Articles

Understanding the Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Metal–Organic Frameworks at the Nanoscale: The Instructive Example of MOF-74

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a particularly intriguing class of self-assembled materials, whose elastic properties crucially impact many of their envisioned applications. Thus, we here present an in-depth, “nanoscale” discussion of these properties for the prototypical class of MOF-74 derivatives. These provide a particular wealth of insights due to their pronounced anisotropy with fundamentally different building blocks connecting the structures parallel and perpendicular to the pore direction. To go beyond solely reporting macroscopic parameters, we trace their values back to atomistic displacements under stress employing state-of-the-art dispersion-corrected density functional theory. Interestingly, all of the studied MOFs exhibit qualitatively different responses to either unidirectional or isotropic stress, which can be ascribed to distinctly different atomic rearrangements for stress parallel or perpendicular to the channel direction. In the former case, one primarily observes a lateral expansion and rotation of the nodes, which can be impeded, e.g., by an exoskeleton formed by an adsorbed water layer. Conversely, for stress perpendicular to the channel, the MOFs comply with a deformation of the hexagonal pores, which causes a significant expansion perpendicular to the stress direction. We also show that the details of these atomistic motions impact the structure-to-property relationships for a variety of MOF-74 variants beyond the expectations based on bonding strengths and the degree of porosity.

Thomas Willis - His life and times

2021 marks the quatercentenary of the birth of Thomas Willis on 27 January 1621. As a physician in Oxford, Willis's work in the 1650s provides an example of rural medical practice in early modern England. As a member of the Oxford Philosophical Club that met from the 1640s, he was central to the move from classical scholasticism to accounts of anatomy and physiology based on observation and experiment. As Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy in Oxford, the surviving records of his lectures from the 1660s provide an example of pedagogy in medicine at that time. And, after moving to London in 1667, Willis continued to interact with a community of scientists and physicians who transformed ideas on respiration, muscular movement, and the nervous system. Despite a busy clinical practice, Willis found time to write fourteen treatises on anatomy and physiology, clinical medicine, and therapeutics. These were published between 1659 and 1675, the year in which he died. Willis's method was to replace dogma with empirical evidence: ‘I determined to believe Nature and ocular demonstrations [and] did chiefly inquire into the offices and uses of the Brain and its nervous Appendix. I addicted myself to the opening of Heads on which a more certain Physiologie [and] Pathologie of the Brain and nervous stock, might be built’. This celebratory lecture will set Willis's ideas in the context of the times in which he worked and assess their legacy for the subsequent accumulation of knowledge relating to the nervous system.

The subsystem of exercises for differentiated development of prospective teachers’ english-speaking interaction


 
 
 
 In the article, the problem of differentiated development of prospective teachers’ English-interaction is investigated. In particular, the subsystem of exercises is presented according to three models: exercises for teaching English dialogue by the method of receptive-cognitive differentiation of learning; exercises for teaching English dialogue by the method of reproductive-cognitive differentiation of learning; exercises for teaching English dialogue by the method of emotional and motivational differentiation of learning. By the three models, the formation of skills and abilities in English dialogic speech includes the following stages: combining cues into dialogic units (with prior or subsequent listening to a sample dialogue), making a mini-dialogue, making the dialogue of a certain functional type. Within each stage, the example of the exercise for the formation of skills and / or abilities in English dialogic speech is given; the purpose of an exercise and its type are singled out; the example of teacher's instruction is attached to each exercise. The focus is in particular on the stages of the implementation of differentiated learning by three types. Thus, receptive-cognitive differentiation is realized at the stage of combining cues into dialogic units with prior and / or subsequent listening to the sample dialogue; reproductive-cognitive differentiation – at the stage of mini-dialogue making; emotional and motivational differentiation – at the stage of making the dialogue of a certain functional type. Teaching aids for the implementation of differentiated teaching of English dialogue for different typological subgroups of students have been developed. In particular, two types of the educational comic strip have been developed (by the dominant type of students' thinking) as a means of implementing reproductive-cognitive differentiation; two types of communicative situations (by the dominant cognitive motives of students) for the implementation of emotional and motivational differentiation of learning are proposed. Examples of educational supports have been introduced.
 
 
 

Use of a Managed Flow Pulse as Food Web Support for Estuarine Habitat

While freshwater inflow has been a major focus of resource management in estuaries, including the upper San Francisco Estuary, there is a growing interest in using focused flow actions to maximize benefits for specific regions, habitats, and species. As a test of this concept, in summer 2016, we used a managed flow pulse to target an ecologically important region: a freshwater tidal slough complex (Cache Slough Complex–CSC). Our goal was to improve estuarine habitat by increasing net flows through CSC to enhance downstream transport of lower trophic-level resources, an important driver for fishes such as the endangered Delta Smelt Hypomesus transpacificus. We used regional water infrastructure to direct 18.5 million m³ of Sacramento River flow into its adjacent Yolo Bypass floodplain, where the pulse continued through CSC. Simulations using a 3-D hydrodynamic model (UnTRIM) indicated that the managed flow pulse had a large effect on the net flow of water through Yolo Bypass, and between CSC and further downstream. Multiple water quality constituents (specific conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nutrients [NO₃ + NO₂, NH₄, PO₄]) varied across the study region, and showed a strong response to the flow pulse. In addition, the lower Sacramento River had increased phytoplankton biomass and improved food quality indices (estimated from long-chain essential fatty acids) after the flow pulse. The managed flow pulse resulted in increased densities of zooplankton (copepods, cladocerans) demonstrating potential advection from upper floodplain channels into the target CSC and Sacramento River regions. This study was conducted during a single year, which may have had unique characteristics; however, we believe that our study is an instructive example of how a relatively modest change in net flows can generate measurable changes in ecologically relevant metrics, and how an adaptive management action can help inform resource management.

Czytankowy heroizm, niewygodny rewizjonizm czy historyczny realizm? O różnych drogach polityki pamięci we współczesnym polskim kinie historycznym — rekonesans

This paper aims to reflect on various aspects of memory politics present in contemporary historical cinema. All films depicting the past carry certain theses or thoughts of a political nature meant to strengthen the contemporary discourse on Polish (and not only) history. The paper presents analyses of three sorts of memory politics: pedagogy of pride, pedagogy of shame and visual historiography (historiophoty). The black-and-white heroism referred to as the reading book heroism presented in Caroline (Karolina), History of Roj (Historia Roja), Broken ear of grain (Zerwany kłos) and in The Outcast (Wyklęty) are examples of pedagogy of pride, favoured by the current Polish authorities from the Law and Justice party (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość). Such works as the Oscar-winning Ida, Summer solstice (Letnie przesilenie) and Consent (Zgoda) are, in turn, emanations of the so-called pedagogy of shame and can be seen as a reference to the message of ambiguous masterpieces from the period of the ‘Polish film school’, in particular to the artistic output of Andrzej Munk. A separate place is to be dedicated to historical works by Wojciech Smarzowski, who in Rose (Róża) and Volhynia (Wołyń) consistently creates visually credible tales of history in order to reflect in a general manner on the non-existent world of the past and ordinary people living therein.
 The main conclusion of the article is the statement that historical politics functioning in films depicting the past is meant to be a temporary intervention which may function in a long-term perspective only, given the high artistic quality of the artwork. Otherwise the movie quickly falls into oblivion and loses its influence on the collective social memory.

Modal description of paraxial structured light propagation: tutorial.

Here we outline a description of paraxial light propagation from a modal perspective. By decomposing the initial transverse field into a spatial basis whose elements have known and analytical propagation characteristics, we are able to analytically propagate any desired field, making the calculation fast and easy. By selecting a basis other than that of planes waves, we overcome the problem of numerical artifacts in the angular spectrum approach and at the same time are able to offer an intuitive understanding for why certain classes of fields propagate as they do. We outline the concept theoretically, compare it to the numerical angular spectrum approach, and confirm its veracity experimentally using a range of instructive examples. We believe that this modal approach to propagating light will be a useful addition to the toolbox for propagating optical fields.

Antiracist Teaching in English Language Arts: Toward a Full Humanity for All Students

This column explores the question: “Is antiracist teaching a downer?” Though not easy, antiracist teaching can be joyful as it allows students to achieve their full potential. Antiracist teaching recognizes the full humanity of all students by dismantling oppressive structures in schools while affirming, celebrating, and advocating for all students. Here, the authors provide three examples of antiracist teaching that can be reflected through reading and writing practices in K-8 English language arts classrooms.

BUSINESS CONSULTING AS A FACTOR OF KNOWLEDGE IMPROVEMENT IN HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

This paper investigates the role of business consulting in the creation and transfer of business knowledge to human resources in companies. Consulting interventions are focused on the effective management of the client's knowledge organization. The goal of launching a knowledge management initiative is to improve the performance of the organization and individuals through the identification, adoption, evaluation and transfer of knowledge. The model of creative management is based on the philosophical assumption that the real world, which surrounds modern organizations, is dynamic, turbulent and changeable and that, as such, it requires organizations and their management to perform complex activities. These activities require Serbian managers not only to solve problems caused by uncertainty, but also to recognize and take advantage of new business opportunities. During business consulting projects, employees can be engaged in a number of learning activities, but it is crucial to transfer new business knowledge to real business activities. In the realization of the research task, desk research of data that is predominantly related to: business consulting, human resources management, measuring changes in skills and knowledge during consulting interventions, creative management, etc. was used. When analyzing this area, it is necessary to focus on motivating employees to generate their knowledge. Namely, employees must be acquainted with certain standards, technical conditions and production norms, etc. It is necessary to create the atmosphere of a learning company, ie. form trained and creative people from employees. It is wrong to view employees only as executors of work orders. An instructive example is Japanese companies, which are characterized by above-average productivity, where the so-called bottom-up initiative in collecting ideas and decision-making, which in further work leads to high motivation of workers. The introduction of changes requires employees in the organization to acquire new knowledge, gather more information, cope with new tasks, improve their skills, and often change their work habits, values ​​and attitudes. This includes changes in people: in management and employees, their abilities, motivation, behavior and efficiency at work. It also includes changes in organizational culture: changes in values, established customs, information relations, influence, management style. The results of the research show that the team work of managers, consultants and employees contributes to the constitution of knowledge-based management, ready for the challenges of modern business. Experience in team work is important for holders of creative management, since it is based on the formation of top management teams. To help with human resources, managers, relying on behavioral science, can use a number of methods that facilitate development and change in individuals, groups, or businesses to manage toward a goal.

Teaching (Bi)Multilingual Learners: Connecting Languages

AbstractWe begin this article with a brief look at opportunities to learn for the nation's growing numbers of Emerging Bilingual children. We briefly present the research literature that supports the use of children's languages other in English (LOTEs) in literacy instruction whether the children are participating in bilingual/dual language programs or English medium (English only) programs. We suggest that cross‐language connections can occur in any type of educational program. Next, we present three different instructional examples of potential instructional activities designed to explicitly encourage cross‐language connections in bilingual/dual language and/or English medium/English only contexts. These examples include early, middle and upper elementary. Finally, we provide resources and ideas for teachers to go beyond our suggestions to create their own cross‐language learning opportunities for their students.

Identifying, Assessing, and Treating Korsakoff Syndrome Patients: Updated Perspectives.

Objectives consist of updating published reports on the recognition, assessment, and care of patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). Methods included defining relevant terms, describing core clinical phenomena, conducting meaningful reviews for latter-day WKS publications, and selecting instructive case examples. Findings covered epidemiology, precipitants, neuroimaging studies, alternate learning strategies in WKS, adjunctive treatments, and promising research. In conclusion, patients, their family members, clinicians, and public health experts should benefit from this updated knowledge. Countries with substantial alcohol consumption should consider emulating Holland in designating WKS research centers, founding regional clinical facilities, and funding multidisciplinary expert teams.

Teaching Parents of At-Risk Preschoolers to Employ Elaborated and Non-Elaborated Vocabulary Instruction During Shared Storybook Reading

ABSTRACT This study examines the influence of a parent workshop intervention on vocabulary acquisition of at-risk preschool children during parent-child shared storybook reading. Sixty-nine parents were randomly assigned to either treatment or control group. In the treatment condition, parents were taught to implement elaborated vocabulary instruction (definitions, synonyms, and examples) and non-elaborated vocabulary instruction (simple definitions only) during shared storybook reading (SSR). In the control group (stories only), parents read the same storybooks as the treatment families but did not provide direct vocabulary instruction. Children’s vocabulary learning was assessed using a researcher-designed assessment, Big Words for Little People (BWLP), at three time points during the study: before, after, and 14 days following the end of the intervention. The results suggest that meaningful explanations of unfamiliar words during parent-child shared storybook reading may be a viable strategy for fostering vocabulary learning, which is critical for later reading achievement.

Thermodynamic uncertainty relations for coherently driven open quantum systems

In classical Markov jump processes, current fluctuations can only be reduced at the cost of increased dissipation. To explore how quantum effects influence this trade-off, we analyze the uncertainty of steady-state currents in Markovian open quantum systems. We first consider three instructive examples and then systematically minimize the product of uncertainty and entropy production for small open quantum systems. As our main result, we find that the thermodynamic cost of reducing fluctuations can be lowered below the classical bound by coherence. We conjecture that this cost can be made arbitrarily small in quantum systems with sufficiently many degrees of freedom. Our results thereby provide a general guideline for the design of thermal machines in the quantum regime that operate with high thermodynamic precision, meaning low dissipation and small fluctuations around average values.

FORMATION OF GRAPHIC COMPETENCE OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SEEKERS BY MEANS OF COMPUTER-ORIENTED TECHNOLOGIES

The role of graphic competence in the training process of future teachers of labor education and technology has been substantiated in this article. Examples of students' use of the acquired knowledge in Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Graphics in further educational and practical activities have been established. There are reading drawings of products (parts) for their manufacture; design and execution of graphic images of products (parts); development of a logical sequence of the technological process for the manufacture of the product; designing a garment pattern, etc.
 The growing role of machines with digital program control (DPC) is taken into account and the role of graphic representation of the part (product) in digital format for their manufacture on such machines is also investigated. It is proposed to provide the emphasized training of students to perform drawings of parts (products) by means of graphic editors with the prospect of their manufacture on machines with DPC. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of preparation of future teachers of labor education and technology to perform drawings of product details in graphic editors with the subsequent manufacture of these objects on machines with digital program control. 
 The peculiarities of training students in Computer Graphics at Volodymyr Hnatiuk Ternopil National Pedagogical University during studying of disciplines «Descriptive Geometry, Drawings and Computer Graphics», «Computer Graphics and Multimedia» have been analyzed. It is determined that students are not able to fully master Computer Graphics due to the lack of hours and the large number of commands and functions that are provided by such computer programs. It is proposed to enhance the preparation of students for mastering computer graphics through the independent implementation of students' drawings of product details using a graphic program in extracurricular time in the form of an individual educational research tasks (IERT). The expediency of making drawings of product parts by means of a graphic program with their subsequent manufacture by a machine with digital program control (DPC) has been substantiated. 
 Plywood is proposed as a construction material for the design of the products by means of graphic editors with the subsequent manufacturing by machines with DPC. The structure of IERT is proposed: to make drawings of details of a product according to the instruction; provide a “photo report” of the sequence of drawings according to the instructions with a short description; to change the design of the product based on the knowledge and skills formed by making drawings according to the instructions. An example of IERT instructions for students is given. It involves the use of KOMPAS-3D. The phone stand is considered as a sample of performance by students for IERT.

Emerging Ideology of Commercial State in Thailand

In the 2017 Constitution of Kingdom of Thailand there was a call to create a National Strategy of the country’s development. The 20-year National Strategy was adopted in October 2018 by the National Council for Peace and Order. A major part of this strategy deals with the problem of Thai provinces’ separatist movements and increasing Bangkok’s political and social control. To achieve these goals, a new ideology of “commercial nation” was created that contrasts with the more traditional “community democracy” approach. While the ideology of commercial state may be a useful vehicle for urbanising Thai provinces in the future, conquering separatist trends and articulating new priorities for the Thai population, it is still pure ideology and it cannot be applied practically in the form in which it was formulated. However, the “commercial state” ideology may be an instructive example of new techniques for social unifying people in developing countries.

The Challenger Space Shuttle Disaster: A Case Study in the Analysis of Binary Data Using Scatter Diagrams and Logit Regression

AbstractThis article offers an instructive example of the usefulness of scatter diagrams and of logit regression in decision making. On the morning of 28 January 1986 a US space shuttle named ‘Challenger’ exploded soon after take‐off killing all seven crew members who were on board. The launch went ahead on a very cold morning despite attempts by a group of engineers to halt it. They argued that it was unsafe to proceed given the likelihood of malfunctions occurring when the temperature was below freezing. They failed to convince the decision makers involved of any strong connection between temperature at launch and the malfunction of a particular crucial part. This articles discusses how the engineers’ proper use of scatter diagrams and/or logit regression would likely have supported a convincing case to delay the launch of the shuttle.

DNA-based screening and population health: a points to consider statement for programs and sponsoring organizations from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG)

DNA-based screening and population health: a points to consider statement for programs and sponsoring organizations from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG)

Promoting equity in the use of algorithms for high-seas conservation

Promoting equity in the use of algorithms for high-seas conservation

Modelling covalent linkages in CCP4.

In this contribution, the current protocols for modelling covalent linkages within the CCP4 suite are considered. The mechanism used for modelling covalent linkages is reviewed: the use of dictionaries for describing changes to stereochemistry as a result of the covalent linkage and the application of link-annotation records to structural models to ensure the correct treatment of individual instances of covalent linkages. Previously, linkage descriptions were lacking in quality compared with those of contemporary component dictionaries. Consequently, AceDRG has been adapted for the generation of link dictionaries of the same quality as for individual components. The approach adopted by AceDRG for the generation of link dictionaries is outlined, which includes associated modifications to the linked components. A number of tools to facilitate the practical modelling of covalent linkages available within the CCP4 suite are described, including a new restraint-dictionary accumulator, the Make Covalent Link tool and AceDRG interface in Coot, the 3D graphical editor JLigand and the mechanisms for dealing with covalent linkages in the CCP4i2 and CCP4 Cloud environments. These integrated solutions streamline and ease the covalent-linkage modelling workflow, seamlessly transferring relevant information between programs. Current recommended practice is elucidated by means of instructive practical examples. By summarizing the different approaches to modelling linkages that are available within the CCP4 suite, limitations and potential pitfalls that may be encountered are highlighted in order to raise awareness, with the intention of improving the quality of future modelled covalent linkages in macromolecular complexes.

Teaching Active Human Learners

Teaching humans is an important topic under the umbrella of machine teaching, and its core problem is to design an algorithm for selecting teaching examples. Existing work typically regards humans as passive learners, where an ordered set of teaching examples are generated and fed to learners sequentially. However, such a mechanism is inconsistent with the behavior of human learners in practice. A real human learner can actively choose whether to review a historical example or to receive a new example depending on the belief of her learning states. In this work, we propose a model of active learners and design an efficient teaching algorithm accordingly. Experimental results with both simulated learners and real crowdsourcing workers demonstrate that our teaching algorithm has better teaching performance compared to existing methods.

Cultural and psychological variables predicting academic dishonesty: a cross-sectional study in nine countries

ABSTRACT Academic dishonesty has serious consequences for human lives, social values, and economy. The main aim of the study was to explore a model of relations between personal and cultural variables and academic dishonesty. The participants in the study were N = 2,586 individuals from nine countries (Pakistan, Israel, Italy, India, the USA, Peru, Romania, Ghana, and Poland). The authors administered the Academic Dishonesty Scale to measure academic dishonesty, the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale to measure distress, the Almost Perfect Scale – Revised to measure perfectionism, the Brief Self-Control Scale to measure self-control, and the Singelis Scale to measure independent self-construal. The results showed that the theoretical model was well fitted to the dataset in six countries: Pakistan, the United States, Romania, Ghana, Israel, and Poland. However, it was not well fitted in Italy, India, and Peru. Our results also showed that perfectionism significantly predicted academic dishonesty, but not in all countries. Self-control significantly predicted cheating, falsification, and plagiarism in the USA. Moreover, we found that distress was related to cheating o0nly in Ghana. Finally, independent self-construal predicted academic dishonesty. Our findings provide a cross-cultural contribution to the debate on academic dishonesty by highlighting its significant predictors and may inform interventions aimed at eliminating it. Our results can be used in preventing and curbing academic dishonesty. Knowledge on cross-cultural differences can be useful in international education for example, as an indicator accepting or relaxing attitude toward academic dishonesty in students from different countries.