Institutional Set-up Research Articles

A governance and coordination perspective - Sweden's and Italy's approaches to implementing One Health

The aim of this study is to broaden the understanding of how different institutional and political contexts influence the successful implementation of One Health activities. To do this, a comparative case study of Italy and Sweden, based on qualitative interviews was conducted to get an inside perspective of the structural and operational factors that impacted the implementation of the One Health approach. Concretely, the study draws on thirty-one interviews of experts from Italian and Swedish public health, veterinary, food and environmental institutes that were conducted from 2020 to 2021.The study identified important differences and similarities across the two countries with respect to governance and coordination practices. The different governance practices demonstrated that the creation and design of government agencies affected the ability to collaborate within and across sectors. Another distinction among the countries was their different approach to One Health-related procedures and meetings. Non-formalised and irregular approaches lead to challenges for collaboration and more fragmented One Health-related outputs. Similar coordination approaches in the two countries showed that institutional and project-specific One Health strategies enabled an inclusive process of designing the One Health activities. Leaders can contribute to implementing One Health projects and networks, by brokering to different sectors, enabling heterophilious collaborations and promoting knowledge translation.Hence, the comparative analysis provided insights and lessons learned into understanding institutional and government set-ups influencing One Health implementation and can inform about processes and steps that are crucial when planning and designing One Health activities.

Analyzing the Industrial Policy Formulation Practices in Adisabeba City Administration: Challenges and Prospects

Ethiopia's government has been attempting to promote economic growth and development by developing comprehensive national industrial policies and strategies. Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to analyze the industrial policy formulation practices in Adisabeba city administration: challenges and prospects. Under this applied research, a mixed research method has been employed to investigate the practices, challenge, and prospects of industrial policy formulation. The researcher has employed questionnaires, observations, and document review to collect data from key informants. A thematic content analysis has employed to systematically describe and categorize the meaning and content of qualitative data. Furthermore a descriptive method of analysis has been utilized for the quantitative aspect of the data. Employing such designs, the study shows that the city administration has good experience in adopting and industrial policies, and development strategies, pursuing a top-down policy-making approach under the ideological and policy direction of the central government. It has developed long experience of designing and executing development plans, master plans, and structural plans in general development policies and programmes. In addition, the city administration has experience of introducing economic and administrative reforms and development programs. Recently, the city administration has developed a lot of legal and intuitional procedures, regulations, and standards that help policy designing and enforcing concerning the city's development. The city administration has recorded rapid economic and intuitional development after the dawn fall of the Derg regime. Public institutions and bureaucratic apparatus that public policies can be developed have been instituted and expanded. All these recent intuitional and bureaucratic developments are the prospects for a better policy making process. However, lack of a comprehensive industrial strategy, corrupt practices and a rent-seeking conscience, poor oversight and accountability mechanisms, and weak institutional set-up to monitor and evaluate the policy process are some of the barriers still existed. Finally, the researcher advised the city administration to introduce institutional reform, an institutional framework that prevents the misconduct and rent-seeking behaviour, expansion of private financial institutions and highly professionalized bureaucratic system, a legal framework that prevents party political intervention in policy making process, mechanisms for good coordination and communication, strong policy control, and evaluation system, institutional capacity building, an institutional mechanism and to accommodate multiple values and interests in policy process. Keywords: industrial policy, formulation, implementation, monitoring, evaluation, thematic content analysis, a descriptive method of analysis, top-down policy-making approach DOI: 10.7176/JESD/13-21-02 Publication date: November 30 th 2022

Decentralization in Iraq: Addressing The State – Society Gap

The implementation of decentralization in Iraq was asymmetrical, leading to different forms and paces of implementation. Comparing four cases of Basra, Kirkuk, Nineveh, and Sulaymaniyah indicate that these cases differ in their political stability and autonomy in a way that led to a different forms of decentralization. This paper argues that the higher the level of political autonomy from the federal government, the more efficient the governance model, and the more efficient the governance model, the more legitimate the system (trust), and the more legitimate a system, the more accountable elected officials. Therefore, it recommends reforming the institutional setup of decentralization by having districts, instead of provinces, as the building block of decentralization.

The DMA in the broader regulatory landscape of the EU: an institutional perspective

ABSTRACT The recently adopted Digital Markets Act (henceforth: DMA) addresses the behaviour of so-called gatekeepers by imposing a list of prohibitions and obligations on these platforms. Despite the potential of the initiative, it remains questionable how the DMA fits in the regulatory landscape. The DMA is – at least formally – not a competition law instrument but also differs from sector-specific regulation. This begs the question of how the DMA fits in the broader regulatory context. This paper aims to address this issue by assessing to what extent the DMA is different from “traditional” competition law and sector-specific regulation respectively. The unclarities regarding the position of the DMA in the broader regulatory context result in various difficulties, amongst others relating to the institutional set-up. The second part of this paper addresses these institutional difficulties resulting from the concurrent application of the DMA and “traditional” EU competition law.

Energy transitions on European islands: Exploring technical scenarios, markets and policy proposals in Denmark, Portugal and the United Kingdom

The energy transition is taking place across the globe and renewable energy facilities are flourishing in many places. Yet, to achieve this transition to a carbon-free economy, fit-for-purpose social and institutional set-ups are just as needed as the technical transition itself. While new energy market regulations and policy designs are proposed, the alignment of these for the transition on remote places like islands is limited. Based on technical scenarios for the transition of three European islands, this article investigates market and policy proposals that will support their technical energy transitions in a socially inclusive way. It is based on a literature study of five policy areas in combination with local stakeholders' engagement and their responses to the suggested proposals. The paper presents a comparative study and design approach for Samsø (Denmark), Orkney (United Kingdom) and Madeira (Portugal), but with transcendent solutions and replicability to other islands, placing them in the global debate on energy policy transitions. Results point to a misalignment between national policies and the policies that would actually support islands' green transition. The recommendations therefore propose to tailor energy relevant policies for islands.

De guardianes a vigilantes vigilados. Las múltiples gubernamentalidades en Metzabok y en Nahá, Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, México

El presente artículo analiza el proceso agrario-ambiental que siguió un grupo indígena del sur de México para haber solicitado la protección ambiental de sus territorios. El grupo étnico Lacandón se ha distinguido (y también ha sido popularizado) por el conocimiento y manejo tradicional de su entorno selvático y, más recientemente, su asociación cercana con las políticas de la conservación de la naturaleza de Chiapas. Desde la propuesta de 'múltiples gubernamentalidades' (Fletcher, 2017) analizamos el proceso a través del cual sus territorios fueran declarados áreas naturales protegidas. Igualmente investigamos los cambios productivos, ecológicos y sociales que ocasionó el ambientalismo en la concreción de identidades, prácticas y discursos. Privilegiando el registro etnográfico y la metodología cualitativa logramos la construcción del proceso histórico de la apropiación territorial y de la defensa de sus territorios ocurridos, en particular a partir de la década de 1990. Encontramos que la solicitud estuvo auspiciada, por un lado, por conflictos socioambientales a principios de los 90s entre tzeltales y lacandones primero en Metzabok y después en Nahá; y por el otro, por la influencia de varios actores que apoyaron la conservación de la naturaleza, entre éstos una organización no gubernamental internacional y el aparato institucional ambiental recién concretado en México. Concluimos que el ambientalismo produjo cambios y significó la llegada de apoyos económicos que promovieron la vigilancia y el disciplinamiento de una identidad cultural sujetada a la conservación de la naturaleza, convirtiendo los lacandones no tanto en 'guardianes' de la naturaleza, sino 'vigilantes' (vigilados) en sus propios territorios.

The LIO's growing democracy gap: an endogenous source of polity contestation.

The Liberal International Order (LIO) is under pressure from various angles. To account for this phenomenon, a recent trend is to focus on endogenous sources of contestation—institutional properties of the order that create negative feedback effects. In this article, we seize on and extend an endogenous explanation centring on the LIO’s political structure and institutional design. While existing research stipulates a connection between the rising authority of liberal international organisations (IOs) and their increasing politicisation, we still lack a clear understanding of the reasons behind the growing rejection of the order at the level of mass publics. We argue that the LIO’s institutional setup contains a widening ‘democracy gap’ denoting a disconnect between the participatory legitimation requirements for the exercise of political authority and the technocratic legitimation rationale characterising IOs. By creating a justification deficit, the democracy gap incites growing political dissatisfaction and, by implying a responsiveness deficit, it turns policy contestation into outright polity contestation. We probe the plausibility of our theoretical argument in case studies of the EU and the international regimes on trade and human rights, and subsequently discuss the analytical and normative implications of our argument.

Drivers of environmental and social sustainability accounting practices in Nigeria: a corporate governance perspective

PurposeThis study aims to investigate corporate governance mechanisms affecting environmental and social sustainability accounting practice (SAP). Four internal (quality of information technology [QIT], market orientation, business strategy and structure of accounting department) and two external (environmental uncertainty and market competition) governance mechanisms were examined.Design/methodology/approachThe population of the study is comprised of 56 publicly listed manufacturing companies on the Mainboard of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Data were collected using a questionnaire which was completed by senior finance personnel in each company in the sample. Structural equation modelling, logistic regression and quantile regression analysis were used to analyse data.FindingsThe results show that the extent to which Nigerian companies have implemented SAP is moderate. The authors find that the level of SAP implementation is significantly associated with market orientation and business strategy, but not with the QIT and structure of accounting department. The results also show that both external corporate governance mechanisms (i.e. environmental uncertainty and intensity of competition) have no significant effect on SAP.Practical implicationsThe insignificant influence of external corporate governance mechanisms on SAP corroborates the contention that external pressure on companies to implement sustainability initiatives in developing countries is weak.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on sustainability in developing countries and incrementally adds to knowledge on the corporate governance mechanisms driving SAP in jurisdictions characterised by lax regulatory framework and weak institutional apparatus on sustainability.

Effectiveness of Urban Climate Change Governance in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia

Addis Ababa is one of the eleven cities in Africa that have been taking bold action in meeting the objectives of the Paris Agreement. At the present time, the city is working toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enabling the city to be resilient to the impacts of climate change. To make the city carbon neutral and resilient to climate change, the coordination of different sectors and actors is crucial. To this end, the planning and implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures needs effective climate change governance. Thus, this study was intended to explore the effectiveness of climate change governance in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopia. The study followed both quantitative and qualitative research approaches and relied on both primary and secondary data sources. A survey of 232 respondents, who were environment experts at different levels, was conducted using questionnaires. In addition, interviews and observations were conducted to gather relevant data. Secondary data were collected from different sources. The quantitative data were analysed using relative importance index (RII) analysis. The study found that existing environmental policies, strategies, regulations, proclamations, laws, and implementations in the city were facing major challenges in terms of weak accountability, the poor enforcement of regulation, and the failure to involve key actors, especially NGOs, communities, and private sectors; these failures were characterized by weak institutional setup and a lack of formal systems allowing actors (private sectors, communities, and NGOs) to interact to respond to climate change. Hence, climate change governance was ineffective in terms of accountability, participation, law enforcement, equity, institutions, the role of actors, and partnership. Thus, the Addis Ababa City Environmental Protection and Green Development Commission should give more emphasis to the coordination of other actors (NGOs, communities, private sectors, and research institutions) to respond to climate change in the city. In addition, the commission should provide training to the lower layers of experts and mobilise the community for climate change response, particularly in the undertaking of adaptation measures. Furthermore, Addis Ababa City administrators should give due attention to climate change response through an established strong accountability system to enforce regulation, rules, proclamations, laws, policies, and strategies in different sectors.

Beyond collective property: a typology of collaborative housing in Europe

Collaborative housing is generally defined by what it is not: it is neither solely private tenure nor fully state-run public housing. As a result, housing studies have not fully captured the great diversity of collaborative housing forms. This article develops a complex typology of collaborative housing based on an analysis of 100 cases from Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Austria, the Netherlands, and Germany. We identify differentiating features across three key dimensions: the architecture of the estate, the institutional set-up of its property rights, and the values motivating the collective inhabiting and managing of the estate. We then apply our typology using the case of the 4Stelle Hotel, a collaborative housing estate in Rome. This study lays the foundations for future international comparative research that moves beyond the reductive understanding of collaborative housing as property sharing.

Entrepreneurship and unemployment nexus in MENA: Does institutional quality matter?

Entrepreneurship has been identified as a panacea to abating the rising unemployment rate in MENA. However, the region’s institutional quality could influence whether entrepreneurship would generate/stall employment. Thus, we examined the role of institutional quality in the entrepreneurship-unemployment nexus for seven MENA countries using the dynamic ordinary least square method to analyse data covering the period, 2006-2019. The results show that opportunity-driven entrepreneurship and total-early-stage entrepreneurship have the potential to reduce unemployment while institutional quality seems to augment the unemployment-reducing effect of entrepreneurship. This implies that promoting entrepreneurship and strengthening the institutional apparatuses in the MENA region should be prioritised.

Is too much foreign aid a curse or blessing to developing countries?

The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between amount of aid received and economic growth of developing nations and the role of quality of institutions and economic freedom in shaping the relationship between the two. To this effect, a panel data from 2006 – 2019 was gathered from 48 developing countries and an innovative dynamic panel threshold regression was used for estimation. Accordingly, it is found in this study that the relationship between aid and economic growth is nonlinear and U shaped, which shows the presence of threshold value of aid amounting 7.03% of GNI. The results further reveal that aid stimulates economic growth when the sampled developing countries attain a minimum institutional quality threshold of -0.320. As regards to the role of economic freedom, it is found that the overall economic freedom index of 53.481 should be attained to avoid undesirable effect of aid on economic growth. Therefore, the author recommends that donors should advance sufficient amount of aid to developing countries if they are really committed to support their economy. Recipient developing countries should improve up on the existing institutional setup and improve economic freedom indicators in order to get the best out of aid.

Afterword – The Black Box of Eritrean Futurity

In summarising the contributions of the present issue this brief afterword considers our understanding of futurity in Eritrea. It describes how politics both inside and outside of Eritrea are in many ways harnessed by a mode of representationalism that is immersed in discarding and signifying particular historical events, and marking notable political struggles as improper, seemingly with an oddly foreclosed future in mind. Secondly, it highlights the institutional apparatus of the Eritrean president Isaias Afewerki as something of a black box. While the internal workings of the regime remain opaque, it is increasingly generative for the longevity of his leadership and an exclusive framing of “Eritreanness.” Yet, this afterword suggests that futurity in Eritrea is contingent on those illegible events and subjects that remain unaccounted for – nevertheless, perhaps contained somewhere in that “black box” of contemporary Eritrean governance.

What Do We Know about Power Sharing after 50 Years?

AbstractThe power-sharing literature lacks a review that synthesizes its findings, despite spanning over 50 years since Arend Lijphart published his seminal 1969 article ‘Consociational Democracy’. This review article contributes to the literature by introducing and analysing an original dataset, the Power Sharing Articles Dataset, which extracts data on 23 variables from 373 academic articles published between 1969 and 2018. The power-sharing literature, our analysis shows, has witnessed a boom in publications in the last two decades, more than the average publication rate in the social sciences. This review offers a synthesis of how power sharing is theorized, operationalized and studied. We demonstrate that power sharing has generally positive effects, regardless of institutional set-up, post-conflict transitional character and world region. Furthermore, we highlight structural factors that are mostly associated with the success of power sharing. Finally, the review develops a research agenda to guide future scholarly work on power sharing.

ASSESSMENT OF SURPLUS CROP RESIDUE BIOMASS ENERGY SECTOR: INDIA

This paper deals with three issues related to surplus residues biomass energy: 1. the concept of surplus crop residues biomass energy, 2. institutional setup for residues biomass energy policy and planning, and 3. Its achievement at the national level. The choice of surplus crop residues biomass energy is dependent on the institutional framework that shaped its existence in the renewable energy sector. The current study is shaped by various alternative learning-based approaches used by academics and practitioners in the field of renewable energy. The approaches show similarities with Clean Development Management (CDM) goals and reflect the alternative and sustainable development context within which they were framed toward ecological-based energy capacity building. The institutional framework can encourage surplus crop residual biomass energy, and it is one of the few alternative energy resources in which individuals appear eager to invest. However, the surplus crop residues biomass energy initiative is slowly spreading across the country, wait and watch if the surplus crop residues biomass energy approach can prove its merits.

Conceptualizing Resilience among Adolescents Who are Orphaned and Living in Institutional Care in India

ABSTRACT Issues related to problems with institutional models of care for at-risk children in India have long been addressed by conversations around de-institutionalization. Researchers, however, believe that despite the benefits of family-based alternative care, there are multiple practical constraints in the stated transition. Fostering resilience among institutionalized children has been considered a worthier goal for intervention. The purpose of this study was to understand the pattern of resilience among adolescents with experience of family disruption due to parental loss and resultant relocation to an institutional set-up. Study 1 utilized semi-structured interviews with eight institutional caretakers in the age range of 28–50 years, and study 2 involved focus groups with 19 resilient adolescents in the age range of 14–19 years. Data from the both studies was thematically analyzed. Findings showed that against the backdrop of pre-admission adversities, resilience was conceptualized as a realization about the need to achieve in life and acquisition of a set of culturally sanctioned behavioral attributes. Resources within the institutional context itself were found to have fostered these resilient outcomes. Our findings suggest that by offering resident children needed resources, institutional care holds the potential to provide a permanent and stable living arrangement when other options are unfeasible.

MMT, Sovereign Currencies and the Eurozone

ABSTRACT This paper is an answer to the question: What is new, what is good and what is relevant for Eurozone countries in Modern Monetary Theory (MMT)? The answer is organized under six questions: (1) What is MMT? (2) What is the definition of a sovereign currency — an important concept for MMT authors? (3) Does the institutional setup play any role in assessing monetary sovereignty? (4) Is the euro a foreign currency for eurozone countries, that is, are eurozone countries currency users or currency issuers? (5) Why could there be a eurozone financial crisis and was it a balance-of-payment crisis, as a number of authors have claimed? (6) And as a conclusion, what is the future of the Eurozone? It is argued that MMT is part of the Institutionalist branch of post-Keynesian economics; that the current definition of a sovereign currency is insufficient; that the Eurozone crisis arose from the combination of Maastricht-like rules and the convention that the European Central Bank would not act as a purchaser of last resort; and that this crisis can only be taken to be a balance-of-payment crisis when considering that bond investors thought some countries would leave the Eurozone and face currency depreciation.

Review: Immanent Vitalities: Meaning and Materiality in Modern and Contemporary Art, by Kaira Marie Cabañas

Review: <i>Immanent Vitalities: Meaning and Materiality in Modern and Contemporary Art</i>, by Kaira Marie Cabañas

Conservation-Based Empowerment Da'wah Spirit: Management of Welo Asri Tourism by The Muslim Community of Kayupuring Petungkriyono Pekalongan

Da'wah should have an orientation from mere rhetoric to action, and it needs to be carried out not only in the fields of theology and Islamic education (Islamic education) but must also be realized in the form of empowerment that leads to the welfare of the people. This effort is what the Muslim community of Kayupuring Petungkriyono Pekalongan Village did by establishing the Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH) and collaborating with Perhutani to explore the potential of the forest in their area. Welo Asri Tourism Object was eventually established in the Welo river basin as a tangible manifestation of realizing their empowerment and welfare without neglecting to preserve the Petungkriyono forest. Using this type of qualitative research, Field Research, this article explores how the Muslim community's management of Welo Asri tourism is carried out by the Muslim community with a conservation-based da'wah spirit. As for the results of this study, which reviewed the three criteria for indicators of the success of Social Forestry, namely Institutional set-up (social), Forest Management (ecological), and Business Development (economics), it can be concluded that the management of Welo Asri Tourism Object can be said to have found optimal results. As an official institution, this tour is managed by LMDH Kayupuring by applying restrictions on accommodation development and management based on ecological principles. In addition, in terms of financial results, Welo Asri Tourism Object can also support 30% of the total 300 heads of families (KK) in Kayupuring Village. This condition proves that the self-help empowerment program and for them is running.

Kampung Ramah Lingkungan Sebagai Aset Pengembangan Teknologi Sumber Daya Alam Di Desa Tlajung Udik Kecamatan Gunungputri Kabupaten Bogor

In an effort to develop the village, adequate apparatus of village government institutions and people who have a high sense of belonging are needed for the progress of their village. What is really needed by the Village is the need for assistance from various cross-sectoral elements, especially the Regional Government as a sector field for the village government. Tlajung Udik Village is one of the villages in the Gunung Putri District, Bogor Regency. In fulfilling the Development of Natural Resources Technology, the village of Tlajung Udik conducts program development for the surrounding community, namely the Environmentally Friendly Village (KRL). The purpose of an environmentally friendly village is to encourage local governments, business actors and local communities to understand environmental problems and their impacts, and take proactive actions that contribute to environmental protection and management efforts. This research was conducted using a qualitative method, which is able to understand and describe how the implementation of the Environmentally Friendly Village Program is using interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The results of this study revealed that in Tlajung Udik Village the implementation of the Environmentally Friendly Village Program had a positive impact such as optimizing the return function, controlling the separation of organic and non-organic waste, making hydroponics as a decoration for houses and small alleys, therefore the KRL program for this community is expected can be an example for other villages in Bogor Regency.