Archival Institutions Research Articles

Preserving the Past, Enabling the Future: Assessing the European Policy on Access to Archives in the Digital Age

Abstract In this study we investigate the implementation and challenges of accessing archives in the digital age. Through an online survey and expert interviews, data were collected from archival institutions, professional users, and civil society organizations in all Council of Europe member states. The findings reveal that digitization has had a positive impact on document accessibility, providing convenience, reducing workload, and improving user access. However, only a small portion of archival holdings have been digitized, highlighting the need for further efforts in this area. Data protection and copyright present significant obstacles, with the European General Data Protection Regulation leading to access restrictions and legal uncertainties. Preservation, interoperability, and organization of records pose challenges in the digital realm, and while artificial intelligence shows promise in automating metadata creation and identifying sensitive materials, concerns about algorithmic biases and the need for additional checks are highlighted. To enhance accessibility, user-friendly interfaces, cooperation among memory preserving institution, and outreach to new user groups are crucial, which can ensure the effective preservation and accessibility of digital collections in the digital age. We provide insights for policy-making and archival institutions in navigating the evolving landscape of accessibility.

A contextualised Internationalisation of the curriculum: A case study in China

China is often seen as a home country of international students in higher education internationalisation. Little is known how Chinese institutions actively engage in multi-modal and multi-lateral internationalised practices. This paper offers an updated insight of higher education internationalisation in a context outside the dominant western landscape through a case study set in an international college in China. Making use of the existing frameworks of internationalisation of the curriculum (IoC), the current case study focuses on three key aspects of the curriculum: program development, student experience and staff perspectives. A mixed-method approach was used to collect data from three sources: institutional archives and course materials, and student and staff surveys. Triangulated data show that the curriculum was well aligned within the existing IoC frameworks. The curriculum incorporated international content and comparative approaches. Local socio-cultural values were also embedded in joint programs. Both students and academics’ perspectives of an internationalised curriculum showed a high level of alignment with the western community. Student and staff data also revealed urgent need to enhance the level of internationalisation, including English competence of discipline academics, people-to-people connection between local Chinese students and incoming international students, student and staff mobility opportunities, and teaching and research development for academic staff. This study hopes to contribute to the current knowledge of internationalisation of the curriculum with updated understanding in a Chinese context. This paper also provides insight in internationalisation implemented at the curriculum level in China, a context that presents much difference from but relates closely with the western context.

Primary sources on the trajectories of Polish-Jewish refugees during World War II at the Hoover Institution Library and Archives

The Hoover Institution Library and Archives at Stanford University has become an international hub for research and documentation. With more than a million volumes and 6,000 archival collections on war, revolution, and peace, it serves as one of the biggest knowledge repository worldwide. The holdings contain the most extensive and comprehensive documentation related to modern Polish history outside of Poland. Among them are rich and unique collections of primary diplomatic, philanthropic, memoiristic, visual, and other sources. The article outlines the most valuable sources and their collections on the trajectories of Polish Jewish refugees during World II. The very brief presentation of the up-to-date unexplored sources indicates that the growing research on Polish and Polish Jewish war refugees still has the potential to be expanded.

What Is in a <unittitle>? Cross-lingual Topic Detection & Information Retrieval in Archives Portal Europe

Archives Portal Europe (APE, www.archivesportaleurope.net ) is the portal of European archives, an aggregator that connects on a single research point the catalogues and digitised archival material of all archives in and about Europe. It currently hosts material from more than 30 countries and from a variety of archival institutions (such as State archives, city archives, university and parish archives, private institutions, and more). It is maintained by the Archives Portal Europe Foundation, an international consortium of State archives and other archival institutions that aim to connect the archival material of single institutions into one digital repository to allow universal access to the archival heritage of Europe, promoting new forms of archival research beyond national or local boundaries. One of the research tools made available by Archives Portal Europe is by topics; however, these are currently maintained manually by the archivists, and the vast amount of archival material ingested in the portal makes it impossible to have a comprehensive body of topics that describe the whole of the APE repository. Archives are traditionally not organised by their subject content, but around the entity (person, organization, body) that created and/or collected the documents in the course of their activities. While this is an undisputed pillar of archival management, the availability of online digital repositories for archival research requires new tools for digital archival research, particularly when different archival traditions from different countries and different types of institutions are merged into a unique research portal. Topic detection becomes a fundamental tool to guide archival research and to allow archives to be accessible to potentially world-wide users in a situation where national and linguistics barriers blur or are re-defined. This article presents the preliminary results and plan for future iterations of an AI tool for automated topic detection in a multi- lingual environment, where human-created taxonomies act as bases for the algorithms to aggregate relevant material around a specific topic. The development is based on supervised machine learning, with a combination of human inputs in different languages, and of the usage of Wikipedia pages to model the relevant vocabulary and entities.

Regimes of participation: theorising participatory archives from the outset of archivists' views on archival institutions and user participation in Scandinavia

Introduction: In spite of the prominence of the notion of participatory archives, there is no consensus of what participation entails in archival contexts and a lack of theory to explain the mechanisms underpinning the diversity of views. Method: Norwegian and Swedish archivists were surveyed as a part of the international ALMPUB research project for their views on user participation and how these views relate to their understanding of the role and the raison d’être of archives and archival institutions. The survey findings were used as a basis for theory development. Analysis: The data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis and descriptive statistics. The results of the factor analysis theorised as subject positions relating to views pertaining to archival participation and the societal role of archival institutions. Results: The analysis shows that the professionals’ perceptions of the rationale and impact of participation and the societal role of archives and archival institutions forms clusters were interpreted as relating to regimes of participation. Conclusions: Drawing on the theorising of Boltanski and Thévenot, the alignments of the perceptions to archives’ raisons d’être and archival participation are explained in terms of four regimes of participation: 1) participation as an intrinsically valuable activity; 2) participation as a complement to professional work in the records continuum; 3) professional work as an auxiliary activity to participation of experts; and 4) participation as a means of producing additional value for archival institutions, i.e., arrangements of framing the justification and value of participation in, with and for archival institutions. It is, however, possible to imagine additional regimes that correspond with the social worlds of Boltanski and Thévenot not represented by them, including the inspired (participation as a source of inspiration) and domestic worlds (domiciliary participation), and the world by project (participatory project). The study suggests that inquiring into the justifications and regimes of worth attached to participation helps to refute simplistic assumptions of what participation entails and recognise the variety of participatory engagements and their diverging implications for different types of archival institutions and their diverse stakeholders.

The history of the Vienna Protocol on dealing with Holocaust era human remains and its resonance with ethical considerations in African American bioarcheology.

The Vienna Protocol on How to Deal with Holocaust Era Human Remains describes what to do when possibly Jewish human remains are found. Based on Jewish medical ethics, it responds to the 2014-2017 discoveries of human remains stemming from biomedical contexts of the Nazi period. Among the finding sites were the Dahlem campus of the Free University of Berlin, the Medical University of Strasbourg, and Max Planck Institute archives. The Vienna Protocol is unique among similar recommendations on Nazi era human remains in its representation of the voices of those who suffered violence and were targeted as victims by Nazi persecution. In addition to discussing the ethics of dealing with physical human remains, these recommendations address the use of images (i.e., visual data) from the bodies of victims of Nazi violence. This paper presents the historical background of the Vienna Protocol and its impact. It also offers a first analysis as to why, at the time of the protocol's formulation, its authors were unaware of its resonance with ethical considerations from African American bioarcheology and a new ethical culture in bioanthropology. Potential reasons for this disconnect may include the historic marginalization of the voices of black scholars in anthropology within the wider scientific community. However, more detailed studies are needed to analyze similarities and differences between the histories and continuities of antisemitism and racism in Europe and the U.S.A., and their ties with scientific theories and practices of disciplines that gain knowledge from human remains.

The Role of Libraries in Creating a Safer Cyberspace: Awareness of Estonian Library Employees in Information Security

The purpose of the study was to find out the knowledge, attitude and behavior of library employees related to information security in seven areas of the information security policy involving employees: password management, use of email, use of the Internet, use of social media, use of mobile devices, handling of information and reporting of cyber incidents. The theoretical part provides an overview of the importance of the topic in the context of libraries, the reasons why information security and cyber security must be at the same high level in libraries as, for example, in banks or healthcare institutions – we can only imagine what would happen if the digitized cultural memory of Estonia disappears or user data is leaked. The HAIS-Q (Human Aspects of Information Security Questionnaire) developed by Parsons et al. was used to collect data in order to assess information security awareness (ISA) within the organization. The method is based on three factors developed by the same authors: the Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior (KAB) model, which determines the security awareness of employees. The target group of the online questionnaire was Estonian librarians. A total of 388 librarians from public, research, school and specialist libraries responded to the survey. The mean and standard deviation of each focus area, descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s coefficient and Pearson correlation analysis were used to achieve the research objective. The results revealed that the chosen methodology is well suited for assessing the cyber literacy of not only library staff, but also the staff of all memory institutions (archives, museums) and identifying training needs.

Role of the National Archives of South Africa in promoting human rights

Purpose This paper aims to explore the role played by the National Archives of South Africa in human rights promotion and protection. The study examined the challenges that archivists encounter when undertaking archival functions, such as acquisition, appraisal and access provision, that contribute to forming documentary archives crucial for human rights promotion and protection. Design/methodology/approach A review of literature dealing with acquisition, appraisal and access was used in this research. It was supplemented with interviews. Findings This paper provides recommendations of benefits in the field of archives management with a focus on the areas of acquisition, appraisal and access. The transformational discourse in the jurisdiction of archives management challenges archival institutions to be active players in selecting historical and cultural archives’ significance that is significant in human rights protections. However, despite judicial requirements that recommend the importance of archives, there is evidence that archival functions such as appraisal, acquisition and access are not being fully used, resulting in national archives institutions that are subject to irregularities that contribute to an unbalanced archives collection. Research limitations/implications The paper was limited only to the National Archives of South Africa. Practical implications The paper makes practical implications concerning the acquisition, appraisal and providing access to human rights records. Social implications Sufficient funding resource allocation ought to be provided to advance human rights promotion. Originality/value This paper offers informed recommendations to address the challenges of acquisition, appraisal and access provision of archive materials. The availability of archives materials reinforces the community by aiding to protect legal rights and prevent human rights violations. It was, thus, necessary to establish whether the National Archives of South Africa is actively building the archives collections that are important for human rights promotion and protection.

The History and Management of the Materials of the Kuomintang People Such as Huang Fu-Focusing On American Archival Institution

Huang Fu was important in the political history of the Republic of China. But regarded as a pro-Japanese "traitor", there are few studies on him in China and most of his original materials aren't in mainland China. Against this background, this article focuses on Huang Fu. It determines the collection and utilization of his materials by analyzing books, papers and references. It also introduces in detail the collection information of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Columbia University based on archive books and official website information. It aims to provide material storage locations for modern and contemporary history researchers to promote in-depth research on Huang Fu and other Kuomintang figures in the Republic of China period.

CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH OF THE STĀMERIENA PALACE. THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF THE PALACE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN HISTORICAL STYLES

The article Cultural and Historical Research of Stāmeriena Palace. The Architectural Design of the Palace in the Context of European Historical Styles aims to study the cultural and historical heritage of Stāmeriena Palace, focusing on the architectural research of the manor house in the context of the influences of European historical styles. The article is based on the research work, which is based on the documents found in the Latvian State Historical Archive, the Herder Institute Archive in Marburg, Germany, the Estonian National Archive, and the Alūksne Zonal State Archive. The research of Stāmeriena Palace as an architectural and artistic unit is based on unpublished research, as well as on observations made by the authors of the article. Based on the information provided in the documents, photographs, and unpublished studies (architectural research materials), the article reveals the four stages of the construction of the palace. Detailed attention is paid to the first two construction periods of Stāmeriena Palace, from 1835 to 1905 and from 1908 to 1940, when the most significant architectural changes to the façade and the overall ensemble of the building can be identified, which are closely related to the characteristic manifestations of 19th-century historicism architecture.

Synchronous Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis and Intraepithelial Lesion of the Vulva Is Caused by Coinfection With Alpha-Human Papillomavirus and Beta-Human Papillomavirus Genotypes and Facilitated by Mutations in Cell-Mediated Immunity Genes.

There have been exceedingly few reports of epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) or EV-like lesions in the vulva. We describe the first observation of vulvar lesions displaying synchronous EV-like histology and conventional high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), a finding hitherto unreported in medical literature. To describe this novel vulvar lesion with hybrid features of HSIL and EV, attempt to confirm the hypothesis of coinfection with α and β human papillomavirus (α-HPV and β-HPV) genotypes, and describe relevant underlying genetic mutations. Cases were retrospectively selected from our institutional archive. Detailed review of clinical information, histologic examination, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) were performed. Five samples from 4 different patients were included. Three of 4 patients had a history of either iatrogenic immune suppression or prior immune deficiency, and all 3 featured classic HSIL and EV changes within the same lesion. One patient had no history of immune disorders, presented with EV-like changes and multinucleated atypia of the vulva, and was the sole patient without conventional HSIL. By WGS, several uniquely mappable reads pointed toward infection with multiple HPV genotypes, including both α-HPVs and β-HPVs. Mutations in genes implicated in cell-mediated immunity, such as DOCK8, CARMIL2, MST1, and others, were also found. We provide the first description of vulvar lesions harboring simultaneous HSIL and EV features in the English-language literature, a phenomenon explained by coinfection with α-HPV and β-HPV genotypes. The finding of EV-like changes in a vulvar specimen should prompt assessment of the patient's immune status.

An American Philanthropist in Istanbul, 1920-1929: Anna Van Schaick Mitchell’s Albums, Photographs and Papers at the Hoover Institution Library and Archives

ABSTRACT This note is based on hitherto untapped visual resources (photographs, presentation albums, and scrapbook) on post-World War I Russian refugees in Istanbul that belong to the Anna Mitchell Papers, which were gifted to the Hoover Institution Library and Archives at Stanford University in 1967.

LGBTQ+ collecting institutions: the culture of strategic management, motivation and professionalization

ABSTRACT This paper presents findings from an Australian Research Council Linkage Project investigating LGBTQ+ memory, migration and collecting institution practices. It analyses the ways in which minority LGBTQ+ collecting institutions (galleries, libraries, archives and museums) have professionalized in recent decades and adopted the use of strategic management documents such as strategic plans, mission statements and annual reports. Analysing documents from the 48 most prominent LGBTQ+ collecting institutions around the world, this article explores the ways in which such documents present narratives about the motivation and justification for minority collecting institutions, and how they represent themselves as professional rather than grassroots or activist organizations. Three core motivations emerged from the study: the preservation and celebration of the past, sustaining an ‘ethnic minority’ model of LGBTQ+ community through engagement in the present and aspiration for social change and justice for the future. The paper unpacks the underlying discourses to provide a perspective on the role of these cultural institutions in minority communities.

СМЕСЬ ПЛЕМЕН И НАРОДОВ ИМПЕРИЙ: О СПРАВОЧНИКЕ "ВОЕННОПЛЕННЫЕ ПЕРВОЙ МИРОВОЙ ВОЙНЫ: МЕЖФОНДОВЫЙ ИМЕННОЙ УКАЗАТЕЛЬ К МЕТРИЧЕСКИМ КНИГАМ ХРАМОВ ОМСКОГО РЕГИОНА (1914-1920 ГГ.)"

The article analyzes the scientific reference publication “Prisoners of war of the First World War. An inter-fund name index to the metric books of the temples of the Omsk region (1914–1920)”. The work was prepared as part of the book series “Open Archive”. Based on the study and analysis of the act records of the metric books kept in the Historical Archives of the Omsk region, biographical information was collected with the search data for the documents on the military personnel of the German and AustroHungarian armies who were prisoners of war in the Omsk region in 1914– 1920. The publication presents the data from the civil records of the metric books of the Omsk Ecclesiastical Consistory, the Omsk Roman Catholic Parish Church, the Omsk Evangelical Lutheran Church and the Synagogue of the Omsk Jewish Society. Turning of the authors’ team to the study of the church documents for understanding the social and political processes seems justified in connection with the special role of the religious factor in the military revolutionary period. The publication contains detailed biographical data, and a personal search record is compiled for each person. It is noted that the procedure described by the Omsk researchers can be adopted by other archival institutions. The analyzed church records open up new opportunities for studying the specific pages in the history of the First World War and expand the possibilities for biographical (genealogical) search.

Specifics of electronic documentary editions of foreign archives

The active use of digital and network technologies by archival institutions for the effective implementation of one of the key activities of the archive, namely, the popularization and use of documentary heritage by society in the digital space determines the relevance of the problem. Information technology has assumed the role of the keeper of archives, the information carrier of archive documents and their publication. They change archival theories and ensure the transformation of the public memory and cultural heritage of the country. Documentary edition in the electronic environment of foreign archival business has different approaches and practices. The models of archived information differ in digital form. The purpose of the article is to assess the trends in the popularization of documentary heritage on the web archive of foreign countries. The research strategy will contribute to the analysis of concepts and problems in the scientific research of foreign authors, the definition of types and features of the creation of electronic editions and methods of describing metadata. The research materials include foreign regulatory and methodological documents; websites of a number of foreign archives: The National Archives of Great Britain, the Federal Archives of Germany, the National Archives and Records Administration of the USA (NARA), and the French National Archives. The research results will be both recommendations to archival institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the positive experience of popularization of documentary heritage and the creation of software products.

ПЕРВЫЕ ПОСЛЕРЕВОЛЮЦИОННЫЕ ГОДЫ В НИЖЕГОРОДСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ: ВЛАСТЬ, АРХИВЫ И АРХИВИСТЫ (1919-1924 ГГ.)

The article considers the initial stage of formation and establishment of the state archival service in the Nizhny Novgorod province from the moment of creation in the region of the post of a provincial commissioner of the General Archives Department and appointment to it of Alexander Yakovlevich Sadovsky, chairman of the Nizhny Novgorod Provincial Scientific Archival Commission. Sadovsky held that position until the beginning of 1924, when the service was headed by Nikolai Semenovich Burmistrov, far from archival work, but ambitious and energetic. The first archivists had to organize their work in very difficult conditions: the lack of suitable, heated, guarded premises, which made it possible to fully work only in the warm season; frequent looting of archives caused by a deficiency and high cost of paper, often accompanied by fires; extremely low salaries and constant delays in payments, meager rations, household disorder and, as a result, “personnel defections”; the unwillingness of newly created Soviet institutions to cooperate with archives and transfer departmental archives of former institutions to state custody, and many other reasons. However, despite everything, Nizhny Novgorod archivists managed to ensure the preservation of the historical and documentary heritage of their native land and create favorable conditions for the formation and further development of the branch.

Coexistence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma revisited in thyroidology, an experience from an endemic region: fad or future?

Papillary thyroid carcinoma, per se, is the most common type of thyroid cancer, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most frequent autoimmune disease of the papillon gland. The liaison between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and thyroid cancers is still an ongoing debate in thyroidology. The aim of the study was to discuss the frequency of the co-occurrence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma. This study is designed as a retrospective analytical cohort study. The institutional database and archive of histopathology scanning identified the patients who had undergone thyroidectomy between January 2022 and January 2016. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences v21.0 program was used for statistical purposes. Descriptive and chi-square tests were applied, and a p<0.05 was considered significant. Of 498 patients who had undergone thyroidectomy for 4 years, 99 (20%) were male and 399 (80%) were female. Of note, papillary thyroid carcinoma was revealed in 160 (32%) patients, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis was recognized in 178 (35.74%) patients. The prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in cases with papillary thyroid carcinoma was 43.8%, while the prevalence in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis was 41.1%. A debate still remains on the propriety of these two phenomena. Herewith, we recognized a correlation between the presence of papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Providers should be vigilant about the coexistence of these phenomena. We might postulate the so-called total thyroidectomy for cases with a cytologic diagnosis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with a papillary thyroid carcinoma. As a matter of fact, this issue merits further investigation.

СТАНОВЛЕНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ СИСТЕМЫ РАЙОННЫХ И ГОРОДСКИХ АРХИВОВ В 1934-1991 ГГ.: НА ПРИМЕРЕ СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The paper deals with the issue of forming a system of local archives in Russia on the example of functioning of district (city) archives of the Sverdlovsk region from 1934 to 1991. The subject of the study is the network of the lower level archives in the Middle Urals. Based on the historical-institutional approach, an attempt is made to reconstruct the state policy in the field of archiving. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of archival policy, the institutional system of the local archives management and the activity areas as well as the dynamics of the change in the number of archival institutions. Separate consideration is given to the special role of the departments and branches in the regional archival systems. The stages of creating an archival network are dealt with sequentially: the search for a model of a local archival system in Soviet Russia, its implementation (1919–1934), the beginning of the formation of local archives in the Sverdlovsk region (1934–1938), the subordination of the archives to the NKVD-MVD (1939–1956) and their reassignment to the district executive committees (1956–1991). The article concludes on the specific features of the information culture in the USSR, the essential principles of the Soviet archival system and the contradictory trends in the development of the key element of the Russian archival system. The research was carried out on the basis of the documents from the State Archives of the Sverdlovsk Region.

ВОПРОСЫ ХРАНЕНИЯ И КОМПЛЕКТОВАНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОННЫМИ ДОКУМЕНТАМИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫХ АРХИВОВ НА СТРАНИЦАХ АРХИВОВЕДЧЕСКИХ ЖУРНАЛОВ, ОПУБЛИКОВАННЫХ В 2011-2020 ГГ. ("ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ АРХИВЫ" И "ВЕСТНИК АРХИВИСТА")

The article reviews the main publications of 2011–2020, published in the journals “Otechestvennye arkhivy” and “Herald of an Archivist”, concerning the issues of keeping electronic archival documents, their entry into state safekeeping, as well as the experience of the archival institutions practical work in the field of digital records. Based on the historiographical material, the main directions discussed in the professional community on the pages of those journals are identified. In the period from 2011 to 2014, the issues of creating a digital fund for the use of archival documents and digitization of archival records in general were actively discussed. Theoretical aspects of digital records management were studied by the authors on the pages of periodicals in 2014-2015. In the period from 2016 to 2020, the key topics of the theory of digital records were the issues of creating a digital reference apparatus, as well as those of ensuring the digital records keeping. The analysis of the articles made it possible to draw conclusions about the regular advance of archival thought in the direction of theoretical and practical development of the problems of acquisition and preservation of digital records, and also to correlate the frequency of publications in those journals with the publication of key normative and methodological documents in the f ield of archives and records management.

Pulmonary barotrauma as a complication of mechanical ventilation for management of COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS).

To identify that incidence of pulmonary barotrauma secondary to mechanical ventilation for the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with coronavirus-disease-2019, and to compare it with the incidence of pulmonary barotrauma trauma secondary to mechanical ventilation associated with all the other causes. The retrospective case-control study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, and comprised data from October 2020 to March 2021 of patients who underwent mechanical ventilation. The data was divided into two groups. Data of acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with coronavirus-disease-2019 was in group 1, and that of acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with any other cause in control group 2. Medical records were reviewed to obtain demographic and clinical data, while the institutional picture archiving and communication system was used to review radiological images. Data was analysed using SPSS 24. Of the 261 cases, 115(44%) were in group 1; 87(75.6%) males and 28(24.3%) females. There were 146(56%) controls in group 2; 96(65.7%) males and 50(34.2%) females. There were 142(54.4%) subjects aged >60 years; 61(43%) in group 1 and 81(57%) in group 2. The incidence of pulmonary barotrauma in group 1 was 39(34%) and 8(5.5%) in group 2 (p<0.0001). Mechanical ventilation in the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with coronavirusdisease- 2019 was found to be associated with a significantly higher incidence of pulmonary barotrauma than acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with any other cause.