Institute Of Statistical Mathematics Research Articles

Changes in belief systems, quality of life issues and social conditions over 25 years in post-war Japan

The data, which are analyzed in the paper, are based on the continuing nation wide random sample surveys which have been conducted every five years over 25 years since 1953 in Japan by the Research Committee on the Study of Japanese National Character of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics. The importance of the changes in belief systems and ways of thinking is insisted. It is remarked that only the simple tabulations by various breakdowns and simple cross-tabulations among the 2 or 3 questions do not always reveal the changes of belief systems and ways of thinking. The statistical method of principal component analysis of categorical data, which is called theory of quantification of response pattern (quantification method III) and equivalent to Benzecri's correspondence analysis, is effectively adopted to reveal them. The consistency and the features of change of them over 25 years in post-war Japan emerge. This paper also gives useful examples how to use the quantification method III.

Ways of Life and Social Milieus in Japan and the United States: A Comparative Study

Examined were Japanese & US Rs' attitudes toward “way of life” related to work. Two sets of data were utilized: (1) Cross-societal comparative data obtained through 1978 surveys carried out in the US & Japan, gathered from a national sample of adults in each society, chosen on the basis of a multistage probability sampling. (2) Time-series data collected at 5-year intervals since 1953 by the Institute of Statistical Mathematics. These data consisted of national samples of adults 20+ years of age. In order to delineate the character of interdependence undergirding the systems of beliefs in these two societies, factor analytic technique was applied to the data. Systems of attitudes in the US & Japan reveal similarities over a wide spectrum of issues & concerns. Results suggest an essential similarity in outlooks toward different lifestyles. At the same time, however, the results reveal fundamental differences. Results obtained for the US display a dominant system containing “core” outlooks. In comparison, the pattern for Japan evidences two competing systems of outlooks: “old” & “new”. These differences derive from each society's sociocultural history, as well as its ecological setting. (Abstract in French appended.)

Topics in Theoretical Population Biology

After an introduction giving an outline and the editor's view of population biology, the following selected topics are reviewed by five authors:(1) N. Takahata(National Institute of Genetics): Local Differentiation of Population and Differentiation of Species.(2) K. Ishii (College of General Education, Nagoya University): Population Genetical Mechanism of Molecular Evolution.(3) N. Yamamura (Department of Natural Science, Saga Medical School): Optimization Principle in Evolutionary Ecology.(4) M. Tanemura (Institute of Statistical Mathematics): Pattern of Territory and Mechanism of its Formation.(5) E. Teramoto (Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University): Population Size Distribution of Biological Communities.

Erratum: How Many Anticodons?

In the report by T. H. Jukes [198, 319 (1977)], the ICU for threonine should be replaced by IGU; also CGU for arginine should be replaced by CCU; the latter error was pointed out by M. Hasegawa, Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Tokyo.

THE LOCATION OF A CENTER‐MEDIAN CONVEX COMBINATION ON AN UNDIRECTED TREE*

Journal of Regional ScienceVolume 16, Issue 2 p. 237-245 THE LOCATION OF A CENTER-MEDIAN CONVEX COMBINATION ON AN UNDIRECTED TREE* Jonathan Halpern, Jonathan Halpern Visiting Professor of Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto; on leave from Technion, Israel.Search for more papers by this author Jonathan Halpern, Jonathan Halpern Visiting Professor of Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto; on leave from Technion, Israel.Search for more papers by this author First published: August 1976 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.1976.tb00966.xCitations: 72 * This study was made while the author was a visiting professor at The Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Operations Research, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, and was first published as a working paper of that institute. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume16, Issue2August 1976Pages 237-245 RelatedInformation

Centralization and decentralization of decision-making in transportation networks

The research reported in this paper is part of the author's Ph. D. thesis at The Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Operations Research, The Technical University of Denmark under the direction of Professor Arne Jensen.

The Advanced Study Institute on Statistical Distributions in Scientific Work

Under the auspices of the Scientific Affairs Division of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the National Research Council of Canada and the United States Army Research Office, the Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Statistical Distributions in Scientific Work was held at the University of Calgary from 29 July to 10 August 1974 as a satellite program before the International Congress of Mathematicians and the Annual Meeting of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. The International Statistical Institute and the Indian Statistical Institute co-sponsored the ASI. The Pennsylvania State University and the University of Calgary provided the facilities. Professors G. P. Patil, S. Kotz and J. K. Ord served as scientific directors of the program with Professor Patil assuming the responsibility of its direction from its conception to its conclusion. Professors E. G. Enns, J. K. Wani and P. C. Consul served on the local arrangements committee. The program was a great success and stands out as a very pleasant and fruitful effort. The ASI consisted of three advanced seminars entitled Models and Structures, Model Building and Model Selection, and Characterizations and Applications. The planned activities of the ASI consisted of main lectures and expositions, seminar lectures and study group discussions, tutorials and individual study. The activities also included meetings of editorial committees to discuss editorial matters for the publication of the proceedings, which consist of contributions that have gone through the usual refereeing process. A special session was organized to consider the potential of introducing a course on statistical distributions in scientific modelling in the curriculum of statistics and quantitative studies. The overall perspective for the ASI was provided in his inaugural address by the Institute Director, Professor Patil. The Linnik Memorial inaugural lecture of the Characterizations Conference part of the ASI was given by Professor C. R. Rao.

Economic Growth and Intergenerational Change in Japan

This article seeks to apply the hypotheses and findings presented by Ronald Inglehart in his “The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies,” to the Japanese scene. Inglehart argued that affluence had produced changes in value priorities in Western Europe: the older generation has acquisitive values, while the younger age groups have postbourgeois values. An analysis of Japanese data collected by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics in four national surveys in 1953, 1958, 1963, and 1968 suggests that value changes in Japan produced by rapid economic growth may be somewhat different. Three types of change were found, namely intergenerational, life-cycle, and adult. Compared to its elders, the younger generation is less acquisitive, more democratic, and somewhat more inclined to value freedom. The most important value change, however, appears to be intergenerational change from collectivity orientation toward individuation. It is suggested that individuation has led to a tendency toward privatization and less concern for the electoral process on the part of youth. Whether or not this is a temporary phenomenon is not clear.

Joint Statistical Meetings of the American Statistical Association 133rd Annual Meeting the Biometric Society, ENAR and WNAR the Institute of Mathematical Statistics

Joint Statistical Meetings of the American Statistical Association 133rd Annual Meeting the Biometric Society, ENAR and WNAR the Institute of Mathematical Statistics

131st Annual Meeting Joint Statistical Meetings of the American Statistical Association, The Blometrlc Society, Enar and Wnar, The Institute of Mathematical Statistics

131st Annual Meeting Joint Statistical Meetings of the American Statistical Association, The Blometrlc Society, Enar and Wnar, The Institute of Mathematical Statistics

Generational Differences in Values and Attitudes Between Japanese College Students and their Fathers, with some Implications for Historical Change of Values

S NCE the end of the last war Japan has undergone drastic changes in many spheres. These changes may be observed not only in social structure but also in ways of thought-beliefs, values and attitudes. One such change is observable in 'attitudes to life'. According to the research of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, the idealistic posture to life lost considerable appeal among the youth of I958 compared to their counterparts ofpre-war days.' They were more attracted to their private lives and wanted to live on their own terms. The same trend was observed among the youth of i963.2 The change in Japanese values, attitudes and beliefs has often been discussed in terms of the pre-war and post-war generations. In such discussions some frequent themes on change run as follows: change from work-orientation to leisure or pleasure-orientation, from 'wet' (rather emotional and traditional human relationship) to 'dry' (individualistic and sometimes egocentric human relationship), from 'risshin-shusse'3 (literally, to erect one's body and embark into the world) to 'my-home-ism'. Although people often speak with one of these characteristics in mind, the above changes are seldom validated by research. One reason for this is the lack of pre-war data comparable to present data; we do not have an adequate method of investigating the change in values and attitudes without cumulative or longitudinal data. This is always a problem when one tries to study change. In the absence of such data, one of the most commonly used methods is the in-

125th Annual Meeting Joint Statistical Meetings of the American Statistical Association the Biometric Society, ENAR the Institute of Mathematical Statistics

125th Annual Meeting Joint Statistical Meetings of the American Statistical Association the Biometric Society, ENAR the Institute of Mathematical Statistics

Nihon no Shakai [Japanese Society]. Edited by Tadashi Fukutake. Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 1960. 265. Maps. Tables, Graphs. ¥450. - Gendaiseiji to Shakaihendo [Contemporary Politics and Social Change]. Jyoji Watanuki. Tokyo: Tokyo National University Press, 1962. vi, 260. Appendix, Index, Tables. ¥680. - Nihonjin no Kokuminsei [A Study of Japanese National Character]. Edited by Research Committee on Japanese National Character, The Institute

Nihon no Shakai [Japanese Society]. Edited by Tadashi Fukutake. Tokyo: Yuhikaku, 1960. 265. Maps. Tables, Graphs. ¥450. - Gendaiseiji to Shakaihendo [Contemporary Politics and Social Change]. Jyoji Watanuki. Tokyo: Tokyo National University Press, 1962. vi, 260. Appendix, Index, Tables. ¥680. - Nihonjin no Kokuminsei [A Study of Japanese National Character]. Edited by Research Committee on Japanese National Character, The Institute of Statistical Mathematics. Tokyo: Shiseido Pub. Co., Ltd., 1960. 29, 543. Appendix, Graphs, Tables, Summary in English. ¥2,000. - Volume 23 Issue 4

Book Reviews

Book Reviews

The President's Column

STATISTICS AS A CAREER The National Office of the Association receives, in the course of a year, many requests for information about the work of statisticians and the requirements necessary for a career in statistics. These requests come from students in high school and college as well as vocational guidance counselors, teachers, librarians and others concerned with helping students prepare themselves for future study. Since 1952 the Association has distributed a reprint of an article from THE AMERICAN STATISTICIAN entitled Statistics as a Career, which contains infonnation on educational requirements and other aspects of working with statistics. In addition, ASA receives, from time to time, requests to review material from publi c and private organizations publishing career booklets. However, there seems to be the need for a definitive brochure on statistical careers which will be both broad and specific in providing adequate guidance in an evolving discipline. Several years ago, the Associat ion's Section on Training, in cooperation with the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. began planning for the eventual preparation of a completely new work. The Board of Directors of ASA and the Council of IMS have authorized funds for the writing and printing of such a brochure. Both societies have appointed advisory committees to consult with the science writer, Michael Amrine who has contracted with us to draft the brochure. Mr. Amrine also serves as a public relations consultant for ASA particularly on publicity for the Annual Meeting. Bernard Greenberg is Chairman of the ASA committee to advise on the brochure. The preparation of the new brochure is still in the preliminary stages; however, Mr. Amrine has suggested that it may proceed along the lines of the following tentative outline. (Mr. Amrine , in the course of gathering information on statistical work, has talked to a number of members of ASA and IMS.) An introduction will offer salient facts about the present state of stati stics. Then a section will discuss what statisticians do, where they are, and the diversity of activities in which statisticians are found. A brief note on the history, changing nature of the work, different types and so on will be included, along with a discussion of new frontiers and present trends indicating future challenges. (Continued on back cover) Questions and Answers

Selected Translations in Mathematical Statistics and Probability. Vol. January V + 306 S. Providence, Rh. I., 1961. Printed for Institute of Mathematical Statistics by American Mathematical Society. Preis geb. $ 4.80

Selected Translations in Mathematical Statistics and Probability. Vol. January V + 306 S. Providence, Rh. I., 1961. Printed for Institute of Mathematical Statistics by American Mathematical Society. Preis geb. $ 4.80

The Statistical Work of Oskar Anderson

T HE death of Professor Oskar Anderson in Munich, Germany on February 12, 1960 in his 73rd year is a great loss for statisticians everywhere. Professor Anderson was born on August 2, 1887 in Minsk, Russia. He studied mathematics, physics, economics, and law at the Universities of Kasan and St. Petersburg (Leningrad). He was an assistant of the well known Russtian statistician A. A. Tschuprow. He taught mathematical statistics at the High School of Commerce in Kasan, later at the High School of Commerce in Varna (Bulgaria), the University of Kiel, and the University of Munich. Apart from his teaching activities he participated actively in sampling censuses in Russia and Bulgaria. He was perhaps the most widely known statistician in Central Europe. During his very distinguished career, he provided a link between the Russian school of statistics, from which he originated (Markoff, Tschuprow) and the Anglo-American school. He was an honorary doctor of the University of Vienna, also of the High School of Economics, Mannheim (Germany), an honorary member of the Royal Statistical Society, and of the German Statistical Society, fellow and founder of the Econometric Society, member of the International Statistical Institute, fellow of the American Statistical Society, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and the American Society for the Advancement of Science. Through his origin in the flourishing Russian school of probabilistes, who are certainly today the most important contributors in this field (Kolmogoroff, Khintchin, Gnedenko, etc.), Anderson belongs to the so-called continental school of statistics, and worked in the tradition of the well known German statisticians Lexis and von Bortkiewich. He might be the last representative of this approach, since recent textbooks in statistics published in German show already the overwhelming influence of the Anglo-American school of Sir Ronald Fisher and Jerzy Neyman. It is, of course, impossible to isolate schools of statistics in this manner, as actually the members of the various tendencies in statistics were in contact with each other. Anderson himself appreciated the achievements of the AngloAmerican school to a certain extent, and was also somewhat critical about the applicability of these methods in the field of the social sciences. We propose to discuss the works of Anderson under seven headings: (1) biographical and bibliographical, (2) probability, (3) survey sampling, (4) Variate Difference Method, (5) time series analysis, (6) econometrics, (7) index numbers, (8) correlation methods, (9) textbooks.

A Stochastic Study of the Life Table and Its Applications. III. The Follow-Up Study with the Consideration of Competing Risks

Statistical studies falling into the general category of life testing and medical follow-up have as their common immediate objective the estimation of life expectation and survival rates for a defined population at risk. Usually such a study must be brought to a close before all the information on survival (of patients, electric bulbs, automobiles, etc.) is complete, and thus the study is said to be truncated. Whether the investigation is basically concerned with life testing or with medical follow-up, the nature of the problem is the same, although differences in sample size may call for different approaches. Thus methods developed for life testing may be applied to follow-up studies when the underlying conditions are met, and vice versa. In this study cancer survival data utilizing a large sample will be used as illustrative material, and we shall accordingly use the terminology of the medical follow-up study as a matter of convenience. We are concerned then with a typical follow-up study in which a group of individuals with some common morbidity experience are followed from a well-defined zero point, such as date of hospital admission. Perhaps we wish to evaluate a certain therapeutic measure by comparing the expectation of life and survival rates of treated and untreated patients. Or we may wish to compare the expectation of life of treated and presumably cured patients with that of normal persons. When the period of observation is ended, there will usually remain a number of individuals on whom the mortality data in a typical study will be incomplete. Of first importance among these are the 'This study was completed while the author was a Special Research Fellow of the National Heart Institute, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 2Parts of this paper were presented at the joint meeting of the American Statistical Association, the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, and the Biometric Society in Washington, D. C., December 29, 1959.

Studies on the Social Surveys of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics

Studies on the Social Surveys of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics

Graphic Methods Based upon Properties of Advancing Centroids

Abstract Short-cut techniques involving centroids of sets of points are extended to least squares applications in line fitting and to determining the mean of a frequency distribution. * Revision of part of the paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, Atlantic City, N. J., Sept. 13, 1957. This work was carried out at the Department of Therapeutic Research, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, supported in part by Grant H-625 (C-7) from the National Heart Institute of the National Institutes of Health, and at the Ophthalmology Research Laboratory, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Northern Division, Philadelphia, under a research grant from the Weinstock Fund.