Plant Breeding Institute Research Articles

PM 7/28 (2) Synchytrium endobioticum

Specific scopeThis Standard describes a diagnostic protocol for Synchytrium endobioticum.This Standard should be used in conjunction with PM 7/76 Use of EPPO diagnostic protocols.Specific approval and amendmentApproved in 2003‐09. Revision approved in 2017‐06.

Characterization and performance of agronomic characters of soybean genotypes resistant to pod shattering

Krisnawati A, Adie MM. 2017. Characterization and performance of agronomic characters of soybean genotypes resistant to pod shattering. Biodiversitas 18: 1158-1164. Pod shattering is one of the major obstacles of soybean cultivation in Indonesia’s tropical climate. A total of 24 soybean genotypes, including Anjasmoro (check variety for pod-shatter resistant), Argomulyo and Grobogan (susceptible to pod shattering). The field experiment was conducted in Banyuwangi (East Java, Indonesia) during the dry season II 2016. The experimental design was randomized block, consisted of 24 soybean genotypes as sample trait with four replications. Pods from six random plants at physiological maturity (R8) were detached for pod shattering evaluation. The pod shattering evaluation was conducted in Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institutes (Malang, Indonesia) by using oven method and ambient temperature method. The classification of shattering resistance was according to Bailey et al. (1997) and Mohammed (2010), i.e. resistant (0-10% shattered pods), intermediate (11-70 % shattered pods) and susceptible (71-100% shattered pods). The average shattered pods of 24 genotypes by oven method reached 42.67%, higher than those of ambient method (21.81%). Six soybean genotypes showed consistently resistant to pod shattering based on oven as well as ambient method. Pods position at lower part was more susceptible to pod shattering than those at middle and upper part. The limit of pod shattering was ranging from two to 38 days. Genotype of G511H/Anjs/Anjs-1-2 which characterized by pod shatter resistant, produced high yield, and large seed size, was potentially developed at the tropical area, such as Indonesia.

Breeding value of parents for creation of simple and three-line sunflower hybrids

The article presents the results of evaluating parents of F1 sunflower hybrids for valuable economic features. Morphological traits of the crop initial forms were established. The levels of the general and specific combining abilities of sunflower lines and sterile hybrids were determined by yield capacity. Promising starting material was selected for heterosis breeding.The aim and tasks of the study. The purpose of the experiments was to establish the value of sunflower parents in terms of levels of morphological and economic characteristics and to determine their combining ability.Material and methods. The experiments were conducted in the breeding crop rotation fields of the Plant Production Institute nd a VYa Yuryev of NAAS by the preliminary testing method of randomized blocksin 3 replicas in 2014-2016.The test material was 208 female forms, of which 38 were self-pollinated lines bred at three research institutes of Ukraine (Plant Production Institute nd a VYa Yuryev of NAAS, Kharkiv; Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute - National Center for Seed and Cultivar Investigations, Odesa; Institute of Oil Crops of NAAS, Zaporizhzhia), and 170 were simple sterile hybrids created on their basis.The test material was evaluated for the growing season length, yield capacity, oil content, plant height, and calathidium diameter.To test starting material for combining ability and to create experimental sunflower hybrids on this basis, a 62/5 tester crossing design was planned and implemented. Five lines-fertility pollen restorers of different morphotypes were taken as testers.Results and discussion. The diversity of parents of sunflower hybrids by economic features was studied. Strong effects of the combining ability were noticed for two sunflower lines - pollen fertility restorers − Kh06134V and Kh06135V. Hybrid combinations derived from crossed with these lines gave high yields: on average 3.16 t/ha and 3.24 t/ha, respectively, in 2014; 3.47 t/ha and 3.58 t/ha, respectively, in 2015.Analysis of the effects of the combining ability of female lines by yield capacity distinguished two lines, Od4301A and Skh12A, with high combining ability effects. Hybrid combinations derived from crosses with them gave high yields: 2.88 t/ha and 2.65 t/ha, respectively, in 2014; 3.78 t/ha and 3.64 t/ha, respectively, in 2015.The combining ability of simple sterile hybrids, which were used in crossing as female components, was established. Sterile hybrid Zl42A/Kh51B was singled out; the resulting three-line hybrids with it gave consistently high yields of 3.06 t/ha in 2014 and 3.48 t/ha in 2015. The two-year data show that female forms Od391A/Kh1002B and Zl10A/Mkh524B had consistently strong effects of the GCA by yield capacity.Conclusions. Analysis of the data demonstrate advantages of the distinguished lines with high yield capacity and strong effects of the combining ability. Parent lines Kh06134V, Kh06135V, Od4301A, Skh12A and sterile F1 hybrids Zl42A/Kh51B, Od391A/Kh1002B, Zl10A /Mkh524B are recommended to use in breeding programs as starting material for obtaining high-yielding interline simple and tree-line sunflower hybrids

Winter wheat varieties with group disease resistance for Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To analyze prospective winter wheat varieties for resistance to pathogens of major diseases and to identify resistant ones among them. Methods. The research was conducted according to common techniques in conditions of artificial inoculation with pathogens in field infectious nurseries and laboratory conditions. Assessment of winter wheat plant resistance to pathogens was carried out in dynamics (to study the disease progress), mark during period of maximum disease development was principal. Results During 2016-2017, 143 winter wheat varieties from different breeding institutions of Ukraine were studied on separate artificial infectious backgrounds. It is shown that weather conditions significantly influence on wheat disease progress. There were identified varieties being resistant to individual and group of diseases. Resistance against three diseases was demonstrated with Sotnytsia, Karmen, Kalancha originated from Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics (IPPG), Zaporuka, Zadumka Odeska (Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute (PBGI)), Vidradna (Bila Tserkva Experimental Breeding Station (BTs EBS)), Zapashnyi, Ovidiy (Рlant Production Institute nd. a. V. Ya. Yuryev (IPP)); resistance against four diseases was demonstrated with Spasivka, Lymarivna, Slavna (IPPG), Natalka (IPPG, the V.M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat (MIW), Lastivka, Kniahynia Olga, Krasen, Selianka (PBGI), Lybid (BTs EBS), Olzhana (IPP). For resistance against 5 diseases the varieties Voloshkova (MIW, IPPG), Smuhlianka (IPPG, MIW), Zhuravka Odeska (PBGI) were identified. Conclusions. In order to identify effective sources of resistance against pathogens of major diseases, resistance of winter wheat varieties bred at different breeding centers of Ukraine on separate artificial infectious backgrounds of these pathogens was tested. Depending on the weather conditions, the disease progress level varied. Among the samples studied, the varieties with group resistance against common bunt, root rot, Fusarium head blight, powdery mildew, brown rust, and Septoria leaf blotch in various combinations were found. The sources of resistance identified are recommended as initial material to be used in breeding programs for creation of modern high-yielding bread winter wheat varieties with increased disease resistance.

Identification of soybean genotypes based on antixenosis and antibiosis to the armyworm (Spodoptera litura)

Krisnawati A, Bayu MSYI, Adie MM. 2017. Identification of soybean genotypes based on antixenosis and antibiosis to the armyworm (Spodoptera litura). Nusantara Bioscience 9: 164-169. Armyworm (Spodoptera litura F.) is the main soybean leaf-feeding pest in Indonesia. A total of 10 soybean genotypes was identified for its resistance to armyworm through antixenosis and antibiosis tests. Genotype G100H was used as a resistant check. The experiment was conducted from April to July 2016 in Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Indonesian Legumes and Tuber Crops Research Institute, Malang, Indonesia and Laboratory of Optic, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, Indonesia. Based on antixenosis resistance mechanism, two genotypes were resistant, two genotypes were moderately resistant, and six genotypes were susceptible to armyworm. Two resistant genotypes (G511H/Anj-1-4 and G100H) have short and dense trichome in the both of adaxial and abaxial positions. Those trichome orientation become a barrier for insect pests with chewing and biting type of mouth parts. Antibiosis resistance was evaluated based on armyworm growth. The lighter larval and pupal weight, and also a longer period of the larval and pupal stage were shown in two resistant genotypes which based on antixenosis test. Furthermore, the pupal weight seems to be more influential to the weight of larvae due to the mechanism of antibiosis. Hence, G511H/Anj-1-4 can be used as a source of the gene for improvement of soybean resistance to armyworm.

Possibility to predict the yield of potatoes grown under two crop production systems on the basis of selected morphological and physiological plant indicators

In the study conducted in the years 2014–2016 at the Institute of Plant Breeding and acclimatization in Poland, the effect was tested of such indicators of plant productivity as: leaf area index (LAI), leaf greenery index (SPAD) and chlorophyll a fluorescence on the yield of potato tubers grown in two production systems, i.e. organic and conventional. It was found that in the organic production system the values of all tested indicators were significantly lower than in the conventional system and the decrease in chlorophyll content in the leaves, as well as the decrease in chlorophyll a fluorescence over time followed faster in the organic than in conventional system. The lower surface of the leaves, smaller greenery index and lower activity of photosynthesis contributed to a significant reduction in tuber yield in the organic system. The tuber yield in this system was about 30% lower than in the conventional one. The positive correlations between the value of the tested indicators and yield of tubers was obtained. The highest correlation was between the LAI index, the smallest between the performance index of photosystem II. In the conventional system the correlation coefficients were slightly higher than in organic, which indicates that in this system the possibility of predicting the final yield is simpler.

Impact of weeding methods on the content of nitrates in potato tubers

The test results were based on a field experiment conducted in 2007-2009 in pilot plant of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute in Jadwisin on lessive soil with granulometric composition of loamy sand. The experiment was carried out applying the method of drawn sub-blocks in the dependent arrangement, split-plot, in three replications. Row I factors were the cultivars ‘Irga’ and ‘Fianna’, and row II factors were weed control methods: 1) control object – without chemical protection, 2) extensive mechanical treatments (every 2 weeks), carried out after planting until rows reached closeness, 3) Sencor 70 WG – 1 kg·ha-1 of pre-emergence potato, 4) Sencor 70 WG – 1 kg·ha-1 + Titus 25 WG – 40 g·ha-1 + Trend 90 EC – 0.1% of pre-emergence potato, 5) Sencor 70 WG – 0.5 kg·ha-1 of post-emergence potato, 6) Sencor 70 WG – 0.3 kg·ha-1 + Titus 25 WG – 30 g·ha-1 + Trend 90 EC – 0.1% of post-emergence potato, 7) Sencor 70 WG – 0.3 kg·ha-1 + Fusilade Forte 150 EC – 2 dm·ha-1 of post-emergence potato, 8) Sencor 70 WG – 0.3 kg·ha-1 + Apyros 75 WG – 26.5 g·ha-1 + Atpolan 80 SC – 1 dm·ha-1 of post-emergence potato. Harvest was performed at the technical maturity of the potato. Nitrate markings were performed according to the colorimetric method. The value of the trait was to a large extent determined by genetic factors. A medium-early variety ‘Irga’ had a higher nitrate content compared to an average late variety ‘Fianna’. Nitrate concentration in potato tubers was dependent on the applied weeding control methods used and atmospheric conditions in the research years. The tubers with the highest concentration of nitrates came from the facility where pre-emergence potato preparations Sencor 70 WG + Titus 25 WG + Trend 90 EC were used.

Biochemical and technological qualities of chickpea collection accessions

The aim of our study was to assess protein content and technological qualities of different chickpea varieties to use their seeds in food industry.Materials and methods. The field experiments were carried out in the experimental field of the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute in 2013–2015. Collection accessions and recommended for cultivation varieties were sown with manual planters on optimum dates; the accounting area was 1 m2, the standard was sown every other 20 rows. The predecessor was winter wheat.The crop was harvested by hand; each accession was individually threshed on a thresher MPSU – 500 or MZB – 1. Economically valuable traits were evaluated as per "VIR Methodical Instructions for Studying Grain Legumes”. The protein content was estimated by Kjeldahl method; fat content – by Rushkovsky method. Trypsin inhibitor was determined by casein method.Collection accessions from 28 countries giving good yields and varieties of PBGI-NCSCI (‘Odyssey’, ‘Pamiat’, ‘Triumf’, ‘Budzhak’, and ‘Skаrb’) were taken as the test material.Results and discussion. Analyzing the results obtained, we can conclude that both cultivation conditions in Odessa region and genetic features of genotypes influenced protein accumulation in chickpea seeds. The genotype effect was significant. High protein content was recorded for NEC 2554 from Afghanistan, CP 60 from India, P 386, P 2080 and Flip 85-18c from India, Iran, and Syria, respectively. Forms with the best productivity will be involved in hybridization.Conclusion. Considerable genotypic variability in protein content was revealed in collection accessions and proposed for cultivation chickpea varieties.Seeds of the test forms swelled differently both at room and at elevated temperature. Swelling and hardness were more diverse at elevated temperature.The experimental data on the biological value and technological qualities make it possible to draw conclusions about the use of different varieties in food industry. For example, varieties 'Pamiat’ and ‘Skarb’, seeds of which swell greatly and are low density after blanching, are more suitable for canned products

Peculiarities of creation of soybean breeding material in the southern Steppe of Ukraine

Peculiarities of soybean hybridization in the Southern Steppe of Ukraine are described. Advantages of using natural transpollination of lines with gene pollen sterility to increase the number of hybrid plants are shown. Some drought-resistant forms with a set of valuable traits were found in the collection.The aim and tasks of the study. To improve the effectiveness of hybridization, to increase the hybrid plant number, to screen the soybean collection for forms that would be adapted to dry conditions and have a set of valuable agronomic and biochemical features.Material and methods. The investigation was carried out in the experimental field of Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute (the South of Odessa region). Every year, about 1,000 soybean collection accessions were examined. The main criteria for selection of parents were yield capacity, drought resistance and biochemical parameters. Seeds of female sterile lines with pollen sterility genes (msp, ms4, ms1Urbana or ms1Tonica) mixed with seeds of domestic high-yielding varieties were planted in 10-rowed plots for natural hybridization.Results and discussion. The dry environment of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine makes soybean crossing very difficult. To increase the hybrid number, we carried out both artificial and natural hybridization using lines with gene pollen sterility. Natural pollination was carried out using lines with pollen sterility genes. This approach increases the hybrid plant number about by 6 times. Homozygous fertile families are selected from hybrid progeny. Using this approach, we bred variety ‘Farvater’, which is listed in the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine.Over more than 30 study years, we investigated about 6,000 soybean collection accessions and selected the most adapted to our environment forms, which we recommend as starting material for breeding drought-resistant varieties that would be adapted to the steppe zone. Among these forms, there are varieties ‘Yug30’, ‘Medeia’, ‘Vorskla’, ‘Ahat’, ‘Sprint’, ‘Ametist’, ‘Romantyka’, ‘Valiuta’, ‘Yuvileina’, ‘Altaiir’, ‘Melpomena’ with yield capacity exceeding the standard in dry conditions. ‘Sakamoto wase’ (Japan), ‘Ussuriyskaya670’(Far East, Russia) and ‘Ke-Shuan’ (China) had increased protein content in seeds (45.4, 43.9 and 42.4%, respectively). Crossing accession VIR 5048 (Kazakhstan) with Ukrainian variety ‘Medeia’ generated a series of highly productive breeding lines with protein content of 43-46%. Ukrainian varieties ‘Odeska150’, ‘Melpomena’, ‘Feniks’, ‘Anatoliyivka’, ‘Oksana’, ‘Berehynia’ were noticeable for increased protein content. The average protein content was 41-42%, but in some years it reached 46%.Contents of trypsin and lypoxygenase inhibitors in seeds were very variable. ‘Yuvileina’, ‘Donka’ and ‘Znakhidka’ had the lowest amounts of trypsin inhibitors (28.6-36.1 mg/kg), and ‘Ustia’, ‘Eldorado’, ‘Romantyka’, ‘Kyivska98’, and ‘Yug30’had decreased activity of lypoxygenase (0.33-0.38 Units).Conclusions. We demonstrated that natural hybridization based on pollen sterility genes increased the hybrid number by 6 times in comparison with manual crossing. Varieties and collection accessions with high productivity parameters, high protein content and other economically valuable features were selected in dry years

Associations of alleles of microsatellite markers with agronomical traits of modern bread winter wheat varieties in Southern Ukraine

Purpose. Defining marker-trait associations of microsatellite markers with specific regions of the genome that control important agronomical traits in the investigated varieties originated in the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute – National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigations and entered into the State register of plant varieties suitable for dissemination in Ukraine during different years. Methods. Molecular genetic methods (extraction of genomic DNA, polymerase chain reactions (PCR), electrophoresis of amplification products in polyacrylamide gel), field methods (phenological observations of heading date and analysis of plant height, visual assessment of the colour and length of wheat ear and awns), statistical methods (evaluation of trait means by descriptive statistic instruments of EXCEL package, ANOVA method performed by GLM instrument from AGROBASE 21 package). Results. During four gro­wing years (2010/11, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14), 47 bread winter wheat varieties were phenotypically measured and analyzed with 17 microsatellite loci. 35 marker-trait associations (MTA) for heading date, 39 for plant height, 33 for awn size, 20 for ear colour and 8 for ear size were found to be stable and significant during two–four different gro­wing years. Conclusions. Microsatellite markers that showed substantial and stable during different growing years associations with agronomical traits can be useful and suitable for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in Ukrainian wheat breeding programs.

Molecular Mapping and Breeding of Physiological Traits

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com in molecular biology experimentation, and systems analyses in finding solutions to the challenging goals of plant breeding and agricultural biotechnology for crop improvement [1]. In addition, the amount of genetic variability particularly additive genetic variability available and the effectiveness with which the selection is performed for the trait of interest decides the advance of any breeding program. Selection based on phenotypic basis becomes confined especially when the traits are of complex nature. Here, molecular markers may prove to be beneficial as they provide several advantages over traditional phenotypic markers [1]. Hence, selection based on molecular marker approach will be more precise and accurate way of selection. This method will screen the markers linked to the gene(s) or quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Drought is the most devastating abiotic stress affecting crop productivity. The primary step to understand the genetic control of tolerance is the physiological dissection of complex traits that as a result could improve competence of molecular breeding strategies [2]. High temperature related to drought promotes evapotranspiration and affects photosynthetic kinetics intensifying the effects of drought and resulting into reduced crop yields. Unfortunately, in response to climate change, the occurrence of drought in many food-producing regions has been predicted to be increased considerably [3,4]. Hence, it is focused to ensure sustainable and long-term benefits through genetic improvement for water stress tolerance [5]. There is acute need for having corresponding information of plant physiological response and integrative modelling to embark upon the puzzling effects connected with environment and gene interaction [6]. Physiological progress in this connection increases the probability of crosses resulting in additive gene action for stress adaptation, a benefit over empirical breeding for yield per se offering thorough characterization of the germplasm than for yield alone [7]. Further, mapping and cloning of genes concerned in various physiological traits is somewhat a complex progression. However, sequencing technology has provided affluence of genomic (total DNA) and expressed sequence information in locating, interpreting, and assigning biological function [8]. Plant breeding institutes have adopted the capacity for marker development and marker-assisted selection (MAS) recognizing the enormous potential of DNA markers. Though non-molecular biologists may not understand the utility of DNA markers in plant breeding in view of the rapid progresses made in marker technology, statistical methodology for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and the terminology used by molecular biologists. This review provides an introduction to criteria for using physiological traits in breeding programmes; molecular markers that includes DNA markers and the concept of polymorphism; QTL detection for physiological traits focusing upon mapping QTLs relevant to photosynthetic potential, absorption and assimilation of nutrients, flowering, drought tolerance and water use efficiency. Besides these, a brief idea regarding heat tolerantrelated morpho-physiological traits followed by techniques for identification of putative molecular markers associated with root traits have been also incorporated. This compact and comprehensive review can be of assistance to related researchers. Criteria for using Physiological Traits in Breeding Programmes

100-year history of the development of bread winter wheat breeding programs

Purpose. Review of the main achievements of the Wheat Breeding and Seed Production Department in the Plant Breeding and Genetic Institute – National Centre of Seed and Cultivar Investigation in the developing theoretical principles of breeding and creation of winter wheat varieties of different types during 100-year (1916–2016) period of breeding programs realization. Results. The main theoretical, methodical developments and breeding achievements of Wheat Breeding and Seed Production Department during 100-year (1916–2016) history have been considered. In the course of the Department activity, the research and metho­dology grounds of bread winter wheat breeding and seed production have been laid, 9 stages of breeding programs development have been accomplished. As a result, more than 130 varieties of different types have been created, 87 of them have been released in some periods or registered in the State registers of plants varieties of Ukraine and other countries and grown in the total sowing area about 220 million hectares.

Breeding and evaluation of winter barley varieties for group resistance to smut diseases

The problem of the immunity of winter barley varieties to smut diseases is still topical in agricultural practice. The first varieties bred by the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute–National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation (Ukraine) that displayed integrated resistance to smut diseases were Zimovyi (2005), Dostoinyi, Trudivnyk, Selena Star, and Aborigen (2006). They were followed by Akademichnyi, Aivengo (2012), Burevii (2013), Snigova koroleva (2014), and Devyatyi val (2015). All these varieties were bred with the involvement of c.i. 13664 and Dzhau Kabutak as donors; however, the nature of this group resistance still remained vague. The goal of this work was to study the problem of smut diseases of winter barley in Southern Ukraine, in particular, to clarify the nature of the group resistance to false loose smut and covered smut conferred by c.i. 13664 and Dzhau Kabutak and to obtain new highly productive plant material resistant to smut diseases. This study has shown that the yield loss caused by direct and hidden components can reach 44.1%, depending on the level of the susceptibility/resistance of a cultivar. The monogenic dominant control of the resistance to false loose smut and covered smut has been demonstrated. The share of recombinants in F2 of a dihybrid test cross is 5.1–9.5%. This suggests an incomplete linkage in the inheritance of the resistance genes. A natural infection with the local populations of the false loose smut (Ustilago nigra) and covered smut (U. hordei) on an artificial background (field conditions) combined with test (invasive) assessment of variety samples at the stage of competitive variety trials has been tested.

Changes of Organoleptic Quality in Potato Tubers after Application of Natural Sprout Inhibitors

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the sensory properties of the table potato in relation to the use of natural sprout inhibitors during long-term storage. The material for the study consisted in four varieties of potato of the medium early group. The research was carried out in the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute Branch in Jadwisin in 2014-2015. After harvest potatoes were stored from the end of October to April at 5°C, at the relative humidity of 90-95%, without application of natural sprout inhibitors (control) and using the natural sprout inhibitors (essential oils). After storage, the potatoes were boiled and sensory evaluation was carried out, which includes qualities such as: over-cooking of the surface, texture, mealiness, flesh texture, taste and smell. Study results showed that long-term storage of potatoes treated with natural sprout inhibitors – peppermint, caraway and clove essential oils is significant for the changes in overcooking the surface, structure of potatoes and mealiness of tubers after cooking. The taste and smell of potato tubers depended only on the variety.

Post emergence herbicides influence the leaf yield, chlorophyll fluorescence and phenolic compounds of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L.)

We examined the effects of herbicides on leaf yield, chlorophyll fluorescence and phenolic compounds of artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L.) under field conditions during 2006 and 2007 at the Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding I, Giessen, Germany (50°36′N and 8°39′E). Artichoke (cv. Gobbo di Nizza) was cultivated in a randomized complete block replicated four times in 75cm rows. The treatments included five herbicides (haloxyfop, phenmedipham, pyridate, quizalofop-P and prosulfocarb), applied after germination, and a mechanically weeded control. The crop was harvested two times in both experimental years. Pyridate (phenyl-pyridazine) affected the artichoke crop most adversely in both years, and resulted in minimum leaf yield during both growth phases of 2006 and second growth phase of 2007. In general, the second phase of artichoke growth resulted in higher leaf yield than that of the first phase in 2006; whereas, opposite results were obtained in 2007. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed that top two damage causing herbicides were Pyridate and Phenmedipham. Visual toxicity observations showed the same trend as that of photosynthetic data. The toxic effect of the herbicide was recovered during the growth cycle of the crop depending on the prevailing environmental conditions. Phenolic compounds differed during different growth phases and experimental years. Quizalofop-p application increased falvonoids content in artichoke leaves at the first harvest compared to untreated control and other herbicide treatments.

СПЕЦИФІКА КОНТАКТІВ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ТА ЮГОСЛАВСЬКИХ ВЧЕНИХ У 50–80-ті РОКИ ХХ ст.

Modern integration processes require strong contacts with the international community in all areas of social development. Science as an engine of progress should take the leading position to hold the overall progress of the country. Experience, that Ukrainian scientific organizations have, is quite important in the search for new directions and forms of cooperation. The purpose of this study is to explore a similar experience that has accumulated, as a result of contacts between Ukrainian scientists and Yugoslav scientists during 50–80s of the 20th century. The relevance of this study is enhanced by the fact that the current relations of Ukraine with the newly independent countries that emerged on the post-Yugoslav territory are very scanty, comparing with the second half of the 20th century. Thus, the study of the past experience should help overcome the current shortage of relations with Balkan countries. In general, during the post-war period up to the 90s of the 20th century Yugoslav and Ukrainian scientistshave collaborated in various fields of scientific knowledge, but it is fair to say, however, that these contacts were not regular and the potential of both sides was used only partially. Successful results were achieved primarily in agriculture. The result of international cooperation, in the mid 60s of the 20th century, was the introduction of a new method (Coconut palmettos) of fruit trees formation (gardens in the 34 farms of the Crimea). In 80s of the 20th century Novisadskii and Zemunskii Research Centers had a possibility to share new developments of breeding with the Kharkiv Institute of Plant Production, Breeding and Genetics and with the Odesa All-Union of Selection and Genetics Institute. Universities of Ukraine and SFRY established contacts in the scientific field. Specifically the cooperation was developed between the universities of Kharkiv and Sarajevo, Novi Sadu and Uzhgorod, Kyiv and Zagreb. During the 60–80s of the 20th century, the most productive relationships were between Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv and University of Zagreb. During this period it was sent 52 teachers and 197 students from Kyiv to Zagreb University. Accordingly, KNU received 60 teachers and about 200 students from Zagreb. The level of cooperation between Yugoslav and Ukrainian philologists among other things demonstratesthe results of translation activity. In particular, during the Soviet system works of Yugoslav authors were published 78 times a total circulation of more than 3.8 million copies. Certainly, Yugoslavia was ready to deepen cooperation with scientific institutions of Ukraine. However, the closed nature of the USSR’s research institutions and limited access to the world stage forced SFRY to cut plans for cooperation with Ukrainian counterparts. Basically, instead of direct communication scientists were forced to be limited in acquaintance with each other’s successes through the scientific literature, which with less obstacles got to Yugoslavia and Ukraine.

Characterization of spring barley lines in a competitive cultivar trial

The results of evaluation of spring barley lines belonging to different varieties bred at the Plant Production Institute are presented. Lines of the hulled group (nutans Schűbl., rikotense R. Red, medicum Koern., pallidum Ser.) and hulless variety nudum Koern were distinguished.The aim and tasks of the study. The study purpose was to create and evaluate hulled lines of two-row and multi-row spring barley as well as a hulless spring barley variety with high yield capacity and lodging resistance.Materials and methods. The studies were conducted in a competitive cultivar trial at the Plant Production Institute nd. a V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS. The staring material was spring barley lines created by hybridization of different cultivars and collection accessions of different origin. The data on yield capacity were statistically processed using analysis of variance according to the BA Dospekhov’ procedure.Results and discussion. High-yielding spring barley lines were created in the Laboratory of Barley Breeding and Genetics of Plant Production Institute nd. a V. Ya. Yuriev of NAAS . The best of them were generated by using cultivars ‘Efekt’, ‘Etiket’, ‘Parnas’, ‘Feniks’, ‘Dzherelo’, ‘Vyklyk’, and ‘Lad’ bred at the Plant Production Institute; ‘Vakula’ bred at the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute; ‘Omskiy Golozerniy1’ (RF); accessions UA 039699, UA 039701 (USA); IR 6576, IR 6912 (Mexico); Ebson (Czech Republic); and Tokada (Germany) as starting material in crosses. The average yield capacity of lines for two years was in the range from 5.54 t / ha (104% of the standard) to 6.20 t / ha (116% of the standard), with 5.32 t / ha in the standard ‘Vzіrets’. As for the vegetation period length, the test lines were sorted as middle-ripening (82-90 days). An important feature of barley is its lodging resistance; it was different in the test lines: 7.0 - 8.5 points in 2014 and 7.0-8.5 points in2015. In 2015, the grain-unit was moderate (655-695 g / L) in hulled lines and high (705-780 g / L) in hulless ones, which is attributed to the shape of caryopsis.Conclusions. We identified lines with a complex of valuable economic traits; among them were two-row hulled lines 06-652, 12-486, 12-116, 12-333, and 12-1014; multi-row hulled lines- 12-476 and 12-1131; hulless line 13-728. The lines distinguished are valuable starting material for breeding.

Analysis of Yield and Yield Related Traits Variability of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cv. Izolda and Double Haploid Lines

AbstractThe yield-forming potential of winter wheat is determined by several factors, namely total number of shoots per plant and total number of spikelets per spike. The field experiments were conducted during three vegetation seasons at the Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute – National Research Institute (PBAI–NRI), located in Radzików, Poland. The objective of this study was a comparative analysis of the structural yield-forming factor levels, which determine grain yield per spike and per plant of the DH lines and standard Izolda cultivar. Results indicate that several DH lines showed some differences in tested morphological structures of plant, yield factor levels and in grain yield per spike and per plant in comparison to standard Izolda, regardless of the year. Mean grain yield per plant of DH lines was 26.5% lower in comparison to standard Izolda only in the second year of study. It was caused by a reduction of productive tillers number. Structural yield-forming potential of DH lines was used in 38% and 59% and in case of Izolda in 47% and 61% (the second and the third year of experiment, respectively). The mean grain yield per spike of DH lines was 14.8% lower than Izolda cultivar only in third year of experiment and it was caused by about 12% lower number of grains per spike. Structural yield-forming potential of DH spikes was used in 82.4%, 85.4% and 84.9% and in case of Izolda in 83.8%, 87% and 89.5% (the first, the second and the third year of experiment, respectively). The grain yield per winter wheat plant (both DH lines and standard Izolda) was significantly correlated with the number of productive tillers per plant (r = 0.80). The grain yield per winter wheat spike (both DH lines and Izolda cultivar) was significantly and highly correlated with the number of grains per spike (r = 0.96), number of fertile spikelets per spike (r = 0.87) and the spike length (r = 0.80). Variation of spike and plant structural yield-forming factors determining grain yield levels were also analyzed. Calculated total variation coefficients values of each analyzed trait during three-year long studies were different depending on plant material – DH lines or standard Izolda. Low variation coefficients values characterized following traits (traits ranked by increasing values for DH lines and standard Izolda, respectively): total spikelets number per spike (6.6 and 6.3%), spike length (11.1 and 12.6%), fertile spikelets number per spike (13.7 and 11.7%), single grain weight (15.0 and 12.2%), shoot length (16.2 and 13.3%), grains number per spikelet (26.4 and 23.3%), total shoots number per plant (23.4 and 29.6%), grains number per spike (30.1 and 28.2%). Higher variation coefficients values were obtained for the following traits: grain yield per spike (40.0 and 35.7%), plant immature tillers number (35.8 and 42.6%), plant productive tillers number (42.2 and 43.2%), spike sterile spikelets number (46.6 and 44.7%) and number of grains per plant (58.3 and 60.5%). The highest values characterized grain yield per plant (66.9 and 60.8%).

Influence of desiccation on sowing qualities of chickpea seeds and yield capacity

The aim and tasks of the study . The aim of our work was to estimate possibilities of using desiccants on seed production chickpea crops, their impact on yield capacity, sowing and qualitative parameters of seeds. Material and methods . The investigations were carried out in 2012-2014 in the fields of Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute. Farming techniques were usual for the region. Weediness during the harvest period was medium. To desiccate, agents with different active substances were used: Roundup Extra -540 g / L and Reglon Super 150 SL -150 g / L. The experiments were carried out in two the most common chickpea varieties of Pamyat and Triumf. Results and discussion . Treatment of Pamyat variety with both agents, when 50% of beans were ripe, led to lower chickpea yields due to early termination of growth processes and underdeveloped seeds. The same trend was observed, when treatment was performed in the “75% of beans are ripe” phase. It should be noted that the average yield capacity of chickpea upon treatment during this phase significantly exceeded the control, which amounted to 107-126%. The seed yield upon Reglon treatment was lower due to rapid drying of plants. Theatment of Pamyat variety, when 100% of beans were ripe, led to overdrying of seeds due to overmatured stand. Super Reglon with the active ingredient of diquat acts quickly, but only on treated leaf surface. The agent Roundup Extra with a glyphosate-derived active substance acts systemically, resulting in the total loss of treated plants. Conclusions. Thus, to obtain more filled seeds, it is expedient to use Roundup for desiccation of seed production chickpea crops. Predrying of crops with desiccants in the “75% of beans are ripe” phase enhances the germination energy and laboratory germination capacity of seeds. The best results were achieved, when we applied Roundup at the doses of 2.0 and3.0 L / ha and Reglon at the doses of 2.0 and 2.5 L / ha. Further increase in dosage of the agents leads to deterioration in sowing qualities.

Phenological Traits Of Soybean In Correlation With Seed Infection By Cercospora Kikuchii (Matsumoto And Tomoyasu) Gardner

A study was conducted at Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB), University of thePhilippines at Los Ba~nos (UPLB) from February to July 1997 to determine any relationship among various phonological traits with purple seed stain on soybean caused by C. kikuchii. Thirty genotypes that showed different levels of resistance and susceptibility under the 1996 natural field experiment were used in the study. Results suggest that phonological traits in R7-1-R7-2, R7-1-R7-3, R7-1-R8, R7-2-R8 and R7-3-R8 can serve as selection criteria for developing resistance to C. kikuchii.