Changes In Institution Research Articles

HETEROGENEOUS RESPONSES OF COMMERCIAL BANKS TO VARIOUS CLIMATE RISKS: EVIDENCE FROM 42 A-SHARE LISTED BANKS IN CHINA

Financial supervisors across the world recognize the threats posed by climate change. This research aims to examine the immediate impact of climate risks on bank returns using an event study methodology, with data from 42 A-share listed banks in China spanning the years 2012–2022. The findings reveal a delayed effect of climate risks on commercial banks. Hydrological disasters such as floods significantly reduce the returns of large state-owned, national joint-stock, and city commercial banks. Additionally, the launch of China’s carbon emissions trading market leads to a short-term decline in returns for national joint-stock banks, while rising loan exposure and weakening market sensitivity (MS), induced by climate change, reduce the returns of commercial banks. However, bolstering credit risk management proves effective in enhancing profitability. This study provides insights at the market level into the financial implications of climate change for banking institutions, supplementing existing evidence.

Judicial institutional design and corporate litigation: Evidence from a natural experiment in China

AbstractThe judicial institutions of a country impact corporate litigation. From 2003 to 2010, China allowed the appointed secretaries of the Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs to hold concurrent administrative roles (CAR) as directors of the Police Departments in their respective provinces. Such a policy provides a natural experiment on the change of the judicial environment. In this paper, we employ a Staggered Difference‐in‐Differences method to study the effect of changes in judicial institution on corporate litigation using data on publicly traded corporations from 1998 to 2010. We find corporations engage in fewer corporate litigations during the time period of China's CAR policy (i.e., when judicial justice was likely weaker). Further analysis shows that the probability of winning lawsuits increases for non‐state‐owned enterprises. Mechanism analysis shows that the CAR policy heightens the uncertainty of economic policies by changing companies' perceptions of the status of political and legal institutions in the judicial system, thereby reducing corporate judicial participation.

Awarding academic titles as a public service: Optimization of administrative procedures and transition to a digital model

The transition to a digital model of providing the public service of conferring academic titles implies fundamental changes in this public institution, which are associated with both the need to make a technological map for digitizing the service and optimization of the very procedure for awarding academic titles. The paper discusses technological and institutional aspects of providing the public service of conferring academic titles in a digital form. The theories of public administration and public services, digitalization, jurisprudence and project management constitute the methodological framework of the article. The classical research methods, such as analysis and synthesis, are used. The empirical data are obtained through integration of the legal acts regulating the principles and mechanisms for rendering public services and conferring academic titles with the project documents of the Department of Scientific and Scientific-Pedagogical Workers Certification of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. We indicate the need to legalize the procedures for initiating the nomination of an applicant for academic titles and justify the attribution of academic titles to the academic rights of scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers. Special focus of the study is on the reorganization of the academic titles institution and its role in assessing scientific qualifications and developing academic career. We address the controversial issue of granting the leading universities the right to independently confer academic titles (transition to a hybrid format) and emphasize the importance of balance between local and centralized regulation. In prospect the initiative to update the quantitative requirements and criteria for applicants for academic titles should be a key tool in revising the content of academic titles.

한국전통혼례과정의 대례행례고(考)

The purpose of this study is to examine the inherent meaning of the structure and ritual of Haengrye (An Act of Conducting a Ceremony) of Daerye, in the traditional Korean wedding ceremony process. ‘Daeryehaengrye’ refers to Chinnyeong (親迎, Bridegroom Personally Inducting the Bride into His Home), one of the rituals, Uihon-Napchae-Nappye-Chinnyeong, in Karye of Seongni daejeon (Great Collection of Neo-Confucianism). For the purpose of the research, the changes in the wedding institution were first examined, followed by an exploration of the inherent meaning of structure and ritual of Daeryehaengrye. The examination of the changes in the Korean wedding institution revealed that the traditional Korean wedding system was Seoryubugahon persisting from the Three Kingdoms period (Samguk) for over 1000 years. The traditional Korean wedding ceremony was ritualized, influenced by the Chinese wedding ceremony tradition of ｢Karye(嘉禮)｣ passed down from ancient times to the late Joseon Dynasty. The analysis of the inherent meaning of the structure and ritual of Daeryehaengrye reveals that it consists of three main parts: Jeonanrye(奠雁禮), Kyobaerye(交拜禮), and Hapgeunrye(交拜禮). Jeonanrye involves conducting a ceremony with a goose as a symbol, wherein the groom makes a promise to the bride. Kyobaerye includes the first formal big bow, conduct Jaeju(祭酒), and the drinking of the rice wine. Yi Hwang introduced Kyosoorye(交手礼) between Kyobaerye and Hapgeunrye. There are three methods of bowing in the first formal big bow. Of these, the method where the bride first bows four times and then the groom responds with bowing two times aligns with the custom where men with two bows and women with four bows are considered propriety, although it is only found in only 12 out of 65 surveyed books of propriety (18%). The positioning of the bridegroom and bride was predominantly Seodongbuseo(壻東婦西). However, the reason for this ‘Seodongbuseo’ positioning can be seen as a horizontal shift of the bridegroom and bride's positions during Dongrweyeon of Karye. On the other hand, positioning them in Seoseobudong can be attributed to a vertical shift according to the female-centric wedding customs in Korea. Jaeju(祭酒) is the most crucial ritual in Daeryehaengrye. It can be seen as an act formed through the ethos and thought process of Koreans. It is an act of praying to the heavens and earth by a person of high virtue or the marriage officer in the process of a wedding ceremony. Initially performed by clan elders or village leaders then by family elders, it is assumed to had evolved to be performed by the bridegroom and bride. Hapgeunrye is an oath ceremony. There are various methods of Hapgeun, but when drinking rice wine, pouring it and each drinking it was considered symbolize the essence of mutual exchange. Thus, they do not exchange the Hapgeun gourd. While some Koreans in the modern age may hold negative views on traditional wedding ceremonies, there is a high level of pride in Korean culture. To preserve and uphold the wedding ceremonies designed in Korean way, it is essential to standardize the rituals and meanings of Daeryehaengrye, thereby ensuring that traditional Korean wedding ceremonies continue with a theoretical framework.

Using the TPB model to determine factors affecting e-learning adoption in Jordanian higher education

The purpose of this study was to use the TPB Model to identify the variables influencing the adoption of e-learning in Jordanian higher education. The worldwide trend towards e-learning has resulted in considerable operational changes for Jordan's higher education institutions (HEI). There were 850 students in the sample. The proportionate stratified random sample approach was used to select them at random from the general population. To gather information, a questionnaire was developed. The tool's validity and dependability were guaranteed. An analysis of regression was done to evaluate the associations between the constructs. The findings demonstrated that attitude (AT), subjective norm (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) significantly influence behavioral intention (BI). In light of the results, the researchers proposed rerunning the study in various contexts (such as additional Jordanian universities) in order to assess the validity of the enlarged research model. The sample could comprise both actual users of online learning and non-users in order to compare the findings and ascertain why e-learning is being adopted or not. The study's findings provide a framework for understanding the factors influencing faculty members' and students' intents to use e-learning at Jordanian institutions, which can be useful for students, policymakers, and system developers.

Changes in institution for mental diseases (IMD) ownership status and insurance acceptance over time.

State Medicaid programs are prohibited from using federal dollars to pay institutions for mental diseases (IMDs)-freestanding psychiatric facilities with more than 16 beds. Increasingly, regulatory mechanisms have made payment of treatment in these settings substantially more feasible. This study evaluates if changing financial incentives are associated with increases in for-profit ownership among IMD facilities relative to non-IMD facilities, as well as greater increases in Medicaid acceptance among for-profit IMD facilities relative to for-profit non-IMD facilities. We used data from the 2014-2020 National Mental Health Services Surveys and examined 11 945 facility-years. Relative to non-IMDs, the increase in for-profit ownership among IMDs was 6.6 percentage points greater. The largest proportional change in Medicaid acceptance occurred among for-profit IMD facilities relative to for-profit non-IMDs (18.5 percentage points). Existing research is mixed on the quality of inpatient and residential psychiatric care provided in for-profit vs nonprofit and public facilities, as well as in IMD relative to non-IMD facilities. As payment policy increasingly incentivizes for-profit facilities to enter the psychiatric care space, we should be mindful of the impact of these decisions on patient safety.

Retainment of U.S. Orthopaedic Surgeons in Academia from 2016 to 2022.

Academic medical centers greatly benefit from retaining their physicians; that ensures continuity in patient care, enhances resident education, and maintains a pool of experienced clinicians and researchers. Despite its importance, little research has been published on the retainment of academic faculty in orthopaedics. To address this gap, this study investigates the demographic trends of academic orthopaedic surgeons from 2016 to 2022. By analyzing data pertaining to gender distribution, years of practice, research productivity, and institutional rankings, we aimed to gain insights into the factors influencing faculty retainment, institution changes, and new entrants into academic orthopaedics. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of U.S. academic orthopaedic surgeons affiliated with programs under the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) in 2016 and 2022 was performed. Faculty present in both the 2016 and the 2022 data were classified as being "retained" in academia; those present only in 2016, as having "left" academia; and those present only in 2022, as being "new" to academia. The retained group was then divided into movers (those who moved to other institutions) and non-movers. Retained orthopaedists had fewer years of practice, a higher h-index (Hirsch index), and more publications. Non-fellowship-trained orthopaedists had less retainment in academia, and orthopaedists with fellowships in oncology had more retainment in academia. Additionally, movers also had fewer years in practice but an equal level of scholarly productivity when compared with non-movers. Lastly, higher-ranked academic programs retained a greater proportion of orthopaedic surgeons. Over the study period, a majority of orthopaedists (56.99%) chose to remain in academia. Those retained tended to be in the earlier stages of their careers, yet demonstrated higher research output. Notably, the representation of female orthopaedists in academic orthopaedics is on the rise. Conversely, lower-ranked programs faced higher turnover rates, highlighting the challenges that they encounter in retaining faculty members. Academic medical centers benefit from retaining orthopaedic surgeons by maintaining patient relationships, having consistency in resident education, and building on clinical and research expertise. Likewise, orthopaedists benefit from understanding the trends in current academic employment, in order to optimize career planning decisions.

Improving the scientific literacy of primary school students from the perspective of double reduction: practical inspiration

Higher standards for elementary and secondary school students' education have emerged in response to the expansion of the education sector, which has intensified educational competitiveness. Once implemented, the "double reduction" program successfully manages macro society as a whole and pushes for educational institution change. One of the biggest challenges that elementary and secondary school students have when trying to improve the quality of their education is determining whether or not the institutions that teach these subjects are being adequately transformed. A student's natural talent is only one of several contextual elements contributing to their scientific achievement. This article aimed to find high-achieving students' most salient contextual traits in scientific literacy. This article looks at how the "double reduction" strategy has affected educational institutions from both the student and parent points of view. According to the findings, schools will again be the centre of attention under the "double reduction" program, which aims to improve education. The expectations of schools, parents, and students continue to limit the transformation of elementary and secondary educational institutions even though the government and educational institutions have implemented some steps to alleviate the "double reduction" strategy. According to the research, the factors that were found to have the greatest impact on the target students' exceptional accomplishments in science were the following: the quality of teachers' educational materials practices, the disciplinary climate, the amount of time and effort put into learning; the resources available to students through school media; the number of teachers on staff; and students' belief in their abilities. The knowledge gained from this study may be useful in future research on students' scientific literacy abilities

Analisis Peran Dan Dampak Bantuan Hukum Oleh Lembaga Yayasan Harapan Riau Sejahtera Dalam Mewujudkan Keadilan Bagi Masyarakat

This research evaluates and enhances the effectiveness of legal aid provided by the Legal Aid Institution of the Yayasan Harapan Riau Sejahtera, which focuses on economically disadvantaged communities. The research methodology involves causal analysis, interviews, informal dialogues, and participatory observations. The author examines the case handling process, the sustainability of legal solutions, as well as client satisfaction and understanding. While the institution makes a positive contribution to access to justice, the research identifies implementation challenges. The evaluation encompasses case handling efficiency, resource availability, and efforts to improve legal understanding within the community. This study provides in-depth insights and recommendations to improve service effectiveness, with implications as a basis for changes in the legal aid institution and related stakeholders to optimize legal services for those in need.

754. Utilization of Internal Special Program Review to Institute Change in an Academic ID Fellowship

Abstract Background Fellowship accreditation is crucial to ensure adequate clinical education for physicians in training, yet there is limited data on use of accreditation survey results for program quality improvement. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) administers annual surveys to trainees and core faculty to monitor education and identify potential non-compliance with ACGME accreditation standards. Our purpose is to describe the creation of an internal program review process for program improvement based on results of nationally implemented accreditation surveys. Methods We collected data from standardized ACGME survey responses administered to core faculty and fellows at our academic Infectious Diseases fellowship program. The identification of areas scoring lower than 20% in comparison with national average prompted creation of a Special Program Review (SPR) committee comprised of a program director, a program coordinator, and a trainee from programs outside of the program under review. This committee met separately with core faculty, trainees, and program leadership to compile an assessment of each survey component and opportunities for improvement. This review process of survey results was completed annually from 2020-2022. Results Between 2020-2022, surveys were completed by 100% of fellows (7/7 or 8/8) and up to 92% of core faculty (11/12). Key findings raised concerns involving clinical education, faculty supervision, patient safety, and teamwork. Actions taken in response to the SPR included the creation of: an updated backup and weekend coverage system, new didactic curricula, a morbidity and mortality conference, documentation limits, informal fellow/faculty dinners, opt out counseling, and a division culture committee. Conclusion A non-punitive internal review process mimicking accreditation standards is valuable for program assessment and improvement as means to identify areas of risk for accreditation issues at a national level. This review process is generalizable, as all accredited programs complete the survey annually. The quality improvement interventions taken will differ depending on survey findings and areas to be addressed. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

OGBN P23 Diagnosing and mapping Barrett's oesophagus: a need to be better

Abstract Background The diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus is made by endoscopic assessment of the oesophageal epithelium and histopathological confirmation of intestinal metaplasia on oesophageal biopsies. There are clear standards for the diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus described by the British Society of Gastroenterologists (BSG). It is vital to maintain these standards to ensure accuracy of diagnosis (to prevent both over-diagnosis and under-diagnosis) and to ensure that conversion to dysplasia or neoplasia is not missed. This study aimed to assess the quality of Barrett's surveillance at our institution and implement changes in our service to improve diagnosis. Methods All patients who were due to have Barrett's surveillance endoscopy in 2022 were identified from our electronic hospital waiting lists. Initial endoscopy reports, where the Barrett's was diagnosed, were obtained and assessed for quality of adherence to BSG standards, such as image capture, number of biopsies, recording of Prague classification, use of high-definition screens and use of adjuncts (such as infacol or acetic acid). Histopathological reports were obtained and assessed for correlation with endoscopic findings. Results 192 patients were identified for this study. All had Barrett's oesophagus diagnosed between 2016 and 2020, either on endoscopic grounds, histopathological suggestion of intestinal metaplasia, or both. A total of 29 different endoscopists (including consultant gastroenterologists, surgeons, trainees, nurse endoscopists and endoscopists from outsourcing companies) had performed the primary diagnostic scope in this cohort. 55 patients (29%) did not have any images captured and recorded on their endoscopy report. 36 patients (19%) did not have a Prague classification recorded. Only 127 patients (66%) had intestinal metaplasia on biopsies. p53 status was not recorded in any case. Conclusions This study highlights several deficiencies in the current practice of diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus and these findings may be replicated in other units. These data have been used to develop a wide-ranging quality improvement programme for Barrett's surveillance, including dedicated Barrett's lists shared amongst a small number of experienced endoscopists, use of a high resolution scope and camera system, image capture and appropriate 'pointing' of procedures to allow enough time for accurate mapping and use of endoscopic adjuncts.

Eğitim Sürecinde Öğrenme Teorilerinin İncelenmesi

Learning is a relatively constant change in human abilities that is not a result of the growth process. These abilities are associated with certain learning outcomes. At the end of the learning process, verbal knowledge, mental and motor skills, as well as attitudes and cognitive strategies are formed or developed. In an environment where knowledge is constantly changing, the competencies needed in educational life are also constantly differentiating. A competence that is valid and sought-after for today may lose its importance tomorrow. Therefore, the competencies that are possessed should be able to turn into the competencies that are needed in the future. Learning competence is a competence that is effective in gaining new competencies and transforming existing ones. Learning theories have been developed by a number of researchers in this regard in parallel with learning competence and processes. The purpose of developing these theories is to shed light on how learning processes are formed and how they develop through research, study and research. Because improving the abilities and learning capacities of employees in educational institutions is an indispensable condition for the institution to continue to exist. In the current period, it is becoming more difficult to find and hire human resources with the necessary qualifications and competencies every day. For this reason, organizations carry out training activities by determining the training needs of their existing employees. With the training activities, it is aimed to create changes in the work-related behavior of employees through learning. As the responsibilities and work areas of the employees participating in the training in an institution or organization change, the content and form of the training program will change accordingly. All these developments and initiatives are evaluated within the scope of learning processes. Key Words: Education, Learning, Learning Theories

Effects of National Institutions on Corporate Brand Ability Associations During the Pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, consumer behavior and brand preferences changed. However, surprisingly little is known about how or why corporate brand associations differ and change across countries during such black swan events, especially for multinationals with a specific expertise and ability, for example, to offer vaccines. The authors use institutional theory to fill this gap. They contribute to international business research by analyzing the roles of national institutions in consumers’ corporate brand ability associations (CBAA) in 20 countries over time. They find generally different roles of regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive institutions in consumers’ CBAA. Moreover, those roles changed and varied for Pfizer, as a multinational corporation that offered the first vaccine in Western countries, and its competitors before and during the pandemic. Institutional theory strongly complements signaling theory in cross-national studies on CBAA. This study shows, for the first time, which institutions drive CBAA cross-nationally and why the role of each institution changes during a black swan event, such as COVID-19. It has direct implications for managers interested in cross-national consumer responses.

26 Audit of osteoporosis treatment in patients undergoing Orthogeriatric rehabilitation

Abstract Background There was a perceived under-prescribing of osteoporosis treatment in this population. The transition from acute hospital to rehabilitation unit presented an opportunity to check medications and institute change. Methods Retrospective audit of patients’ medication charts. All patients on the rehabilitation ward under the care of an Ortho-geriatrician were included. Data was anonymised and recorded in an excel file. Prescription of calcium and vitamin D (single agent or combination) and targeted osteoporosis medications were recorded. Data collection performed by the specialist registrar on a ward round with the consultant. Interventions included education of Non-Consultant Hospital Doctors (NCHDs) to encourage proactive prescribing and documentation of the bone protection plan on the transfer summary. A re-audit was undertaken at a two month interval using the same methodology. Results 12 medication charts were examined as part of the initial audit. 10/12 had a neck of femur fracture and 2/12 had fragility fractures of the tibia/fibula requiring surgery. Zero patients were prescribed calcium alone, two vitamin D alone and 9/12 were on combination calcium and vitamin D. No patients were prescribed targeted osteoporosis treatment. 1/12 patients had a documented plan regarding bone protection. Re-audit examined 10 medication charts. 9/10 had a neck of femur fracture, 1/10 had a fracture of both the distal femur and the proximal humerus. Zero patients were prescribed calcium alone, three vitamin D alone and 6/10 were on combination calcium and vitamin D. 2/10 were prescribed oral bisphosphonate, 5/10 denosumab and 1/10 intravenous bisphosphonate. The remaining two patients did not yet have osteoporosis treatment prescribed. Conclusion Despite all of the initial patients being >14 days post-operative the majority did not have a plan or prescription for bone protection representing a missed opportunity to prevent further fractures. Re-audit post education demonstrated an 80% improvement in prescription of osteoporosis treatment.

Factors influencing drug switching and changes in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels with atorvastatin: a real-world observational study

BackgroundAlthough generic drugs have been approved with the assurance of interchangeable applications with original drugs, some physicians, and patients still view their efficacy and interchangeability negatively. Using real-world data, we aimed to determine factors that impact switching between drugs that contain the same active ingredient, i.e., atorvastatin, and, in turn, whether this ‘switch’ could alter clinical outcomes.MethodsUsing the National Health Insurance Service senior cohort, a retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess patients who had newly started atorvastatin 10 mg and had at least two records of national health examinations from 2010 to 2014. Drug switching, which was defined as a change in the atorvastatin product administered 90 days before the first and second examinations, was assessed. Greedy propensity score matching (1:2) was performed between switchers and non-switchers to control for potential confounders. Factors influencing switching were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Changes in low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels attributable to drug switching were evaluated using difference-in-differences regression.ResultsA total of 1,588 patients were included, of whom 25.3% switched drugs (1,187 non-switchers and 401 switchers). Compared to patients taking generics before the first examination, those taking the original drugs had a lower odds ratio (0.31; 95% CI [0.21, 0.46]) for subsequent drug switching. A change in medical institution was associated with a significantly higher odds ratio (6.83; 95% CI [4.66, 10.02]). There were no significant differences in LDL-C alterations between switchers and non-switchers (0.42 mg/dL; 95% CI [-2.29, 3.13]).ConclusionThe type of first-time drug administered and changes in medical institution can influence drug switching. No significant changes in LDL-C values were observed in the various switching scenarios between the original and generic drugs, suggesting their interchangeable application in real-world clinical practice.

Victoria’s change-model to TAFE: building a framework for tertiary education

ABSTRACT This thesis presents the findings of research into institutional change and how structural re-modelling of TAFEs in Victoria may be assessed as fit-for-purpose for institutions operating in tertiary education. Technical and Further Education (‘TAFE’) in Australia developed a distinctive identity during the twentieth century, yet institutional arrangements were not static: this involved the reorientation of vocational education in Australia to be funded and regulated under the auspice of micro-economic reform national policy. This institutional change triggered incremental transformation across Australia’s complex federalism and shared institutional structures and ultimately impacted TAFEs as state organisations. The thesis applies gradual change theoretical modelling to these TAFE Institutes, adopting an empirical research method that records the insights and reflections of that leadership through this change. This intra-organisational analysis seeks to explore the challenges of organisational leaders through changing institutional dynamics and the extent (or otherwise) of strategic change modelling while also reviewing outcomes including suitability of TAFE governance. The research question is to explore if, or to what extent, does the conceptual framework of gradual institutional change assist to explain (and model) the policy changes at the Victorian TAFEs during this changing environment. The thesis contends that this may be a viable framework that may enable predictive modelling of change for TVET institutions, as public and private sector organisations manage their sustainability in a broader competitive tertiary education sector.

Complexity leadership in action: a team science case study.

This team science case study explores one cross-disciplinary science institute's change process for redesigning a weekly research coordination meeting. The narrative arc follows four stages of the adaptive process in complex adaptive systems: disequilibrium, amplification, emergence, and new order. This case study takes an interpretative, participatory approach, where the objective is to understand the phenomena within the social context and deepen understanding of how the process unfolds over time and in context. Multiple data sources were collected and analyzed. A new adaptive order for the weekly research coordination meeting was established. The mechanism for the success of the change initiative was best explained by complexity leadership theory. Implications for team science practice include generating momentum for change, re-examining power dynamics, defining critical teaming professional roles, building multiple pathways towards team capacity development, and holding adaptive spaces. Promising areas for further exploration are also presented.

Promoting Life Competences in the Knowledge Society: The Contribution of Knowledge Building Model for Educational Systems

This article analyzes the possibility of using the Knowledge Building model in schools to promote the skills and abilities indicated by the LifeComp framework. After placing the LifeComp framework in the current social and cultural context of the knowledge society, the principles of the Knowledge Building model are examined and the technological infrastructure to support it, Knowledge Forum, is presented. A hypothesis on how the design of a Knowledge Building community can promote the competences of the LifeComp Framework is proposed and research evidence to support the hypothesis is provided. Some implications of this analysis and recommended changes for educational institutions to pursue this perspective are then discussed.

Motivational Theories and Their Relevance in Military Motivation

Motivation is an important aspect that determines human behaviour and various studies have been carried out to establish the determinants of human behaviour and its motivational aspects. Military profession offers a different set of working conditions where the magnitude of challenges is well above those found in commercial and other business organisations. The aspects of motivation are peculiar to the military profession and Military motivation is in a league of its own. Militaries across the world face physical and psychological challenges at work that most other people don't. Being armed with the right set of motivational techniques is critical for rising to the demands of such challenges and ensuring the best performance from the soldiers.
 This study aims to review the different motivational theories and determine their relevance in the context of military motivation. Four of the primary motivation theories in practice today have been reviewed for this purpose. These motivational theories include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Herzberg’s Motivation-Maintenance Theory, McClelland’s Theory of Need Motivation and McGregor’s Theory X/ Theory Y. These theories show how employees can be motivated to achieve tasks set upon them in the workplace.
 The relevance of these theories to Military motivation is analysed. Given the peculiarities of the working conditions of the military and the challenges faced therein, these motivational theories can be suitably adapted to modify the functional aspects of military and institute suitable changes in the leadership styles and working mechanisms to improve motivation and enhance task achievement. It has been found that all these motivational theories are still relevant in military environment and can be factored in effectively in the Armed forces.

Conceptual Approach to an AI-Based Adaptive Study Support System for Individualized Higher Education

In the context of the digital transformation, the targeted implementation of AI-based or AI-supported technologies in "teaching & learning" as well as "administration & service" holds considerable potential for organizational change and quality enhancement for higher education institutions. The use of AI in higher education teaching and services lags behind the level in research. Therefore, holistic solutions must be planned and implemented in unity of teaching and research for the AI-based support of the stakeholders’ inclusive administration, the further development or the establishment of new digital study programs and offers as well as the prospective qualification of university staff in the field of AI. The solutions must be analyzed, systematized, and structured to generate a conceptual approach via an integrated architecture with adaptive services.
 This paper is an evolution of the concept presented at the Learning Ideas Conference 2022 and includes, in addition to explanations of the current state of the arts, the presentation of a systems-oriented approach for AI in higher education as well as the conception of the student lifecycle management at the author’s university. The paper ends with the presentation of a concept regarding a decision support system for individualized studying.