Raw Material Inputs Research Articles

Constructing hybrid gridshells using bending-active formwork

Aiming to promote a more sustainable approach to material utilization in architecture, this article presents an alternative construction method for lightweight and efficient concrete structures. The strategic focus is placed on building wide-spanning roof structures like vaults, domes, and freeform shells with the lowest possible input of raw materials and energy. To achieve this objective, the article explores the novel idea of using bending-active structures, made from millimeter-thin carbon fiber strips, as lost formwork and structural reinforcement for the production of hybrid gridshells. After a general introduction to the state-of-the-art in concrete construction, the authors discuss opportunities and challenges related to flexible formwork designs and their possible impacts on the building industry. Relying on the example of a built prototype, the authors present a promising design methodology and analyze the gridshell’s geometrical and structural characteristics throughout different stages of the construction process. The article concludes by discussing the added value of this research and identifying the key aspects that need to be considered in the further development of this construction method.

Leaching of Gold from Fine-grained Flotation Tailings

This study focuses on leaching of gold from fine-grained waste materials from flotation. The input raw material is the waste product after flotation containing about 1–2.5 g/t of Au. This paper makes part of wider research to identify all available methods and select the most appropriate technology to obtain residual gold from fine-grained waste materials. An alternative method to conventional cyanide methods, which have negative environmental impacts [1], has been tested under laboratory conditions, namely thiourea leaching. We observed the effect of the grain size of input raw materials with concentration of thiourea and Fe3+ ions in dependence on temperature and pH during research. The pH values were maintained low during all experiments to avoid dissociation of the leaching solution. In optimal condition of leaching we achieved 85% success rate of gold recovery. The data may be useful to improve the processes of recovery of useful constituents from unused wastes with the content of gold. Keywords: Flotation; Gold; Leaching; Thiourea. DOI 10.35180/gse-2020-0036

ANALISIS INDUSTRI OTOMOTIF DI PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA, JAWA BARAT, JAWA TENGAH, DAN JAWA TIMUR

The automotive industry is one of the most important driving forces of economic growth. The development of the automotive industry in the provinces of DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java and East Java is very strategic, so the purpose of this study is to test and analyze the inputs that have a significant effect on the output of the automotive industry in the area. The method used is panel data regression for the period 2010-2014 because it follows the 2009 KBLI. The automotive industry ISIC code is 29100-29300 and 30911-30912. Estimation results show that capital, labor, raw material and energy inputs have a significant positive effect on the output of the automotive industry. This means that Cobb Douglas's theory can be used to explain automotive production in the area.

Evaluation and improvement of the production system in deli pastry with discrete simulation

This document describes the work done at the Reposteria Deli company, analyzing the production system, in its input of raw material for its main cakes and the different ingredients required for its preparation, this in order to find a solution to delays and bottleneck that are generated in a production plant due to the lack of organization and control in the processes, evaluate and simulate every detail in Flexsim and Promodel to achieve an improvement.

Single facility siting involving allocation decisions

Single facility siting is often viewed as the most basic of location planning problems. It has been approached by many researchers, across a range of disciplines, and has a rich and distinguished history. Much of this interest reflects the general utility of single facility siting, but also the mathematical and computational advancements that have been made over past decades to support better decision making. This paper discusses a recently rediscovered form of Weber's classic single facility location problem that is both important and relevant in contemporary planning and decision making. This form of the Weber problem involves locating a production plant where there are multiple sources of each needed raw material (input) distributed throughout a region. This means that the selection of a given raw material source may vary depending on the plant location. In essence, this makes the problem non-convex, even when locating only one production plant. We review elements of the Weber problem that have been addressed in the literature along with proposed solution techniques. In doing so, we highlight elements of the problem originally noted by Weber, but to date have not been operationalized in practice––allocation selection among multiple sources of given raw material inputs. A problem formulation involving allocation decisions for this generalization is derived and an optimal solution approach is developed. Application results demonstrate the significance of addressing important planning characteristics and the associated nuances that result.

COBIT 5 for Improving Production Performance using DSS Domain

An information system audit is a way to check and assess needs and assess the extent to which information systems can answer a need in the production process. Production is the core activity of a company. In the production system occurs an input of raw materials, raw materials processing, and output of the process of making these raw materials. In this research object selected is PT. Tunas Alfin Tbk. PT. Tunas Alfin Tbk is a manufacturer of printing and packing for food and no food products that stood since 1977. Dives more than 25 years old and supported by technology and capabilities with attention to and improve product quality, hygienist, and food safety the production process at PT. TUNAS ALFIN TBK utilizes information technology to run its business, and the company realizes that using IT in business operations will assist in their production management process to produce maximum output. Therefore, the need for Information System evaluation to be a benchmark. Whether the application of IT in production has been applied correctly or not. The information audit method to be used is COBIT 5 with the DSS domain (Deliver, Service, and Support). where the COBIT 5 model of management standards has received full recognition, developed by the Information Technology Governance Institute (ITGI) and the Information System Audit Control Association (ISACA).

Downscaling the planetary boundaries (Pbs) framework to city scale-level: De-risking MENA region’s environment future

Modern cities are considered as the most harmful artifacts created by mankind since 5400 BCE within the Sumerian civilization (Eridu). Since then, cities have continued to proliferate and expand across the world accompanying homo sapiens revolutions and becoming the origin of many environmental disruptions. Indeed, modern societies’ behaviors and lifestyle patterns are pushing the urban system dynamics to be more complex and more dependent on the global economic market. Likewise, redesigning modern cities and industrialized societies to cope up with the contemporary environmental challenges is inevitable for maintaining Earth’s life-support system. Our study provides the first glimpse estimations of different footprints (CO2; Harvested primary corps; Raw Material Inputs; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Cropland pasture land and Freshwater) for big cities in the MENA region broken down into five major consumption categories using an Extended-Environmental Input-Output (EE-IO) analysis which shed light on the relation between urban economic consumption and associated environmental impacts. Down-scaling the planetary boundaries indicators (Pbs) to city scale level can be used to reinforce the operational scope of existing urban sustainability agendas or in designing new urban tools to better orchestrating growing economies into the global environment sustainability issues. To our knowledge, this study is the first on downscaling the Pbs framework to city scale level and providing first footprints insights on a part of the world that is not enough scientifically explored.

Chemical footprint of textile and apparel products: an assessment of human and ecological toxicities based on USEtox model

In the life cycle assessment framework, the comparison and assessment of chemical footprint (ChF) can be performed to identify the chemical categories with large toxic effect, including the initial inputs of chemical raw materials and the final emissions of chemical pollutants. In this study, the ChF methodology of textile and apparel products was demonstrated using the USEtox model with jeans production as a case study. Several chemical pollutants with large contribution to human and ecological toxicities were identified during the life cycle of the wet treatment process. The logarithmic plot and the cluster analysis indicate that dimethyl siloxane, reaction product with silica and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one in the warp dyeing phase are two major contributors to human and ecological toxicities respectively. In the weft bleaching phase, magnesium chloride has high toxicity to humans, and sulfuric acid and nonylphenol ethoxylate have high toxicity to ecological environment. Therefore, these pollutants must be given much attention. The ChF results of chemical materials show that antifoaming agent in the warp dyeing phase has high toxicity to humans. In the weft bleaching phase, peroxide stabilizer has high toxicity to humans, and wetting/penetrating and sequestering agents have high toxicity to ecological environment. These findings can provide a practical guidance for the effective reduction in the toxic impact of textile industrial chemicals on humans and ecological environment.

Modele biznesowe gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym

Przedmiot badań: Koncepcja gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym, skupiająca coraz większą uwagę nie tylko środowiska naukowego, ale i biznesowego, stanowi alternatywny sposób gospodarowania dla obecnie dominującego systemu liniowego. Tradycyjny model konsumpcji „weź-zużyj-wyrzuć” nie może utrzymać się w dłuższej perspektywie, a przedsiębiorstwa muszą dostosować swoje modele biznesowe do zgodnych z zasadami GOZ sposobów tworzenia, dostarczania i przechwy­tywania wartości. Aby osiągnąć pozytywne korzyści gospodarcze, środowiskowe i społeczne przedsiębiorstwa muszą tworzyć nowe modele biznesowe, które oddzielą wzrost gospodarczy od nakładów surowcowych przy zastosowaniu podejścia kołowego. W gospodarce o obiegu za­mkniętym produkty i zasoby wykorzystywane są tak długo, jak to możliwe, na przykład poprzez ponowne wykorzystanie lub naprawę produktów – w gospodarce liniowej zostałyby wyrzucone.
 Cel badawczy: Celem niniejszego opracowania jest przedstawienie koncepcji gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym i proponowanych przez nią potencjałów biznesowych wraz z przykładami tego, jak przedsiębiorstwa na całym świecie sprzedają obecnie produkty i usługi w oparciu o powstające okrągłe modele biznesowe. Przedstawione przykłady najlepszych praktyk mają na celu wykaza­nie różnorodności okrągłych modeli biznesowych wdrażanych przez przedsiębiorstwa i ukazanie możliwości biznesowych w gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym, które obecnie są wykorzystywane.
 Metoda badawcza: Niniejszy artykuł jest wynikiem przeglądu oraz analizy piśmiennictwa i ra­portów dotyczących założeń GOZ i okrągłych modeli biznesowych.
 Wyniki: Przejście na okrągły model biznesowy jest przykładem fundamentalnej zmiany, która wymaga nowego sposobu myślenia i prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej. Przedstawiona typologia okrągłego modelu biznesowego daje możliwość wdrożenia idei obiegu zamkniętego na poziomie praktycznym. Należy zauważyć, że opisane w artykule typy wraz z przykładami nie­koniecznie przedstawiają pełne innowacje w modelu biznesowym, ale raczej kluczowe elementy strategii, które przyczyniają się do działalności o obiegu zamkniętym. Posiadają one odrębne cechy, ale dokładnie nie istnieją między nimi granice. Aby wspierać przedsiębiorstwa w osiągnięciu jak najwyższej produktywności zasobów naturalnych, można je stosować pojedynczo lub łącznie.

İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİNE ETKİ EDEN FİZİKSEL RİSKLER: KARO ÜRETİMİ ÖRNEĞİ

The aim of this study is to investigate the physical risks which affects occupational health and safety in ceramic tile production and to present solutions to the identified health and safety risks. Ceramic tiles are floor or wall coverings obtained by mixing the inorganic raw materials such as clay, quartz, feldspar, marble in certain proportions and after shaping in desired sizes, fired glazed or unglazed, patterned or un-patterned. The ceramic tile production is in a very hazardous class according to the Hazardous Class List on Occupational Health and Safety with the production processes and input raw materials. The risk of occupational diseases is very high in the sector. Therefore, it is important to take preventive and preventive measures to investigate the specific risk factors of the sector in order to protect employees from occupational diseases. Within the scope of the study, the physical risk factors such as dust, noise, thermal comfort, lighting and vibration encountered in the ceramic production processes are explained and their effects on health and safety are emphasized and protective measures are addressed. When the physical risk factors are evaluated in the ceramic tile sector, it is seen that raw materials such as quartz and marble are important source of dust and cause occupational diseases, and production departments such as mass production, pressing and rectifying are the sources of noise and vibration.

Reliability Evaluation for Manufacturing System Based on Dynamic Adaptive Fuzzy Reasoning Petri Net

Due to failure, partial failure, or maintenance, the capacity of each machine is multi-state. Therefore, the limited relationship between the capacity of each machine and the input raw materials has to be considered. Additionally, in order to utilize the machine more effectively, the capacity of the buffers cannot be ignored, too. In this paper, a dynamic adaptive fuzzy reasoning Petri net is proposed to evaluate reliability of a manufacturing system with multiple production lines. Firstly, the model of manufacturing system is conducted, and from the perspective of demand, the minimum capacity vector and loading vector of each machine are determined. Secondly, knowledge representation and rules are formulated to establish weighted fuzzy petri nets. And the weighted fuzzy Petri net is adaptive based on the real-time level of buffers, the minimum capacity vector and loading vector. Moreover, the efficiency of product production can be improved while ensuring system reliability by adjusting the buffer level. Finally, a numerical experiment is used to demonstrate the application of our method.

Influence of the prime hard coking coal in stamp charge cokemaking: true or false

The production of hot metal through the blast furnace route is stilled the most cost-effective and highly productive process and probably remains the coming decades besides developed many alternative ironmaking technologies. In the recent past, the working volume of the blast furnace has been increased drastically to increase the blast furnace productivity. This means the blast furnace performance is more correlated to specific productivity which measures the efficiency in terms of ton hot metal. These modern blast furnaces favour high quality of coke, i.e. high coke CSR and M40 value, high iron content sinter and pellets. These high quality of input raw materials increased blast furnace efficiency and productivity. Generally, cokemakers increases the ratio of prime hard coking coal in the coal blend to achieve the high quality of coke. This increase in prime hard coking coal is not desirable for coke oven batteries because it creates high oven wall pressure and high coke cost and also not suitable for raw material security. The present investigation highlights few cases which clearly show that the high quality of coke (coke CSR: 69–71) may be easily produced with the optimal proportion of prime hard coking coal in the blend if the selection of coals is proper. Results confirmed that upto 30% primary hard coking coal with 15% non-coking coal in the coal blend produce an excellent quality of coke which naturally requires a careful selection on the blend component. The optimum composite coking potential (CCP) value of 4.6–4.9 is the ideal value for producing coke CSR in the range of 69–71 in recovery stamp charge cokemaking process in the real-time plant operation. Therefore, it is necessary to select the right coals for the coal blend based on the adopted cokemaking technologies to conserve the reserve of prime hard coking coal, oven health and cost-effectiveness.

ANALISIS PRODUKSI USAHA AMPLANG DI DESA TABANIO KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT

Fitria Audina (2019), Analysis of Amplang Production in Tabanio Village, Tanah Laut Regency. Advisor: M.Rusmin Nuryadin, SE, M.Si.This study was conducted to (1) analyze what factors influence the amount of production in the Amplang business in Tabanio Village, Tanah Laut Regency; (2) analyze the scale of the amplang roduction business in Tabanio village, Tanah Laut Regency; and (3) analyzing the level of efficiency of the amplang production business in Tabanio Village, Tanah Laut Regency. By using the Cobb-Douglas model.The results of this study indicate that simultaneous production factors (main raw material 1, main raw material 2, supporting raw materials 1, supporting raw materials 2 and labor wages have no significant effect. The results of the envelope production scale in Tabanio Village, Tanah Laut Regency are decreasing return ti scale with a production elasticity of 0,936. While the efficiency of input use is the main raw material 2 and supporting raw material 1 is still inefficient, while the efficiency of raw material input main 1, supporting raw material 2 and labor wages are inefficient. Keywords : Factor of Production, Return To Scale, Marginal Product Value

The development of trade of biomass in Spain: A raw material equivalent approach

Biomass is a key element within the Europe's Bioeconomy Strategy. This paper aims at contributing to a better knowledge of the evolution and current state of biomass trade in Spain by adopting a raw material equivalent approach. Instead of measuring trade flows in actual physical quantities, this approach expresses international trade flows in terms of the raw material needed to produce the traded products. The results obtained show that while raw material input of biomass increased by 3560 thousand tonnes over the period 2008–2016, raw material consumption decreased by 15,086 thousand tonnes. This is explained by the different pace of growth registered by raw material equivalent of exports and of imports: while raw material equivalent of exports rose from 49,485 thousand tonnes in 2008 to 68,131 thousand tonnes in 2016 recording a double digit growth of 38%, the increase in raw material equivalent of imports was considerably lower: from 64,560 thousand tonnes to 66,106 thousand tonnes, an increase of 2%. By categories, biomass from agriculture was the main driver of overall trade of biomass. Two groupings deserve special mention: fodder crops, which accounted for one quarter of raw material equivalent of exports, and cereals, which represented almost one third of raw material equivalent of imports in 2016.

Sustainability through combined development of energy, water and environment systems

Abstract Energy, water and environment systems should be further developed on the principles of circular economy, and cleaner production which decreases environmental burden through interconnection of different industries in a way that by-products are reused and waste is minimised together with raw material input The aim of the present work is to give a short overview of the most important recent trends in the combined development of energy, water and environmental systems. Special emphasis has been put on sustainable practices in the construction sector, and agriculture, forestry, and other land use are responsible for the largest share of waste in the EU and for 22% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Highlighted scientific work can be used to pave the road for new research insights.

Looking for the Inverted Pyramid: An Application Using Input-Output Networks

Herman Daly's view of the economy as an “inverted pyramid” sitting on top of essential raw material inputs is compelling, but not readily visible in monetary data, as the contribution of primary sectors to value added is typically low. This article argues that “forward linkages”, a classical development theory concept capturing the relevance of a sector for downstream activities, is an informative and complementary measure to identify key sectors. Using Input-Output (IO) data from eighteen European countries, we identify mining as the sector with the highest average forward linkages, and confirm the consistency of this result across countries via cluster analysis. By treating IO tables as the adjacency matrix of a directed network, we then build and visualise national inverted pyramid networks, and analyse their structure. Our approach highlights the role of natural resources in providing the necessary inputs to modern European economies.

Dimensioning a stockpile operation using principal component analysis

Mineral processing plants generally have narrow tolerances for the grades of their input raw materials, so stockpiles are often maintained to reduce material variance and ensure consistency. However, designing stockpiles has often proven difficult when the input material consists of multiple sub-materials that have different levels of variances in their grades. In this paper, we address this issue by applying principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensions of the input data. The study was conducted in three steps. First, we applied PCA to the input data to transform them into a lower-dimension space while retaining 80% of the original variance. Next, we simulated a stockpile operation with various geometric stockpile configurations using a stockpile simulator in MATLAB. We used the variance reduction ratio as the primary criterion for evaluating the efficiency of the stockpiles. Finally, we used multiple regression to identify the relationships between stockpile efficiency and various design parameters and analyzed the regression results based on the original input variables and principal components. The results showed that PCA is indeed useful in solving a stockpile design problem that involves multiple correlated input-material grades.

PRODUCTION OF WOOD ENERGY BY CHIPPING

Increasing demand for using renewable energy resources is strongly emphasized during the last decades. On the international level it is recognized through a series of conventions, conclusions and recommendations. Forests are energy source through conversion of wood biomass into solid, fluent and gaseous fuels for industrial and household use. Wood chips is a form of biomass, size of 5-50 mm, which is obtained by chipping of lower quality logs, trees, brushwood and wood residues. Some investigation showed that choosing the right chipper is crucial in a projection of chipping system. In this study, chipping at the landing site was compared with the Jenz HEM 700 and Pezzolato PTH 1300/1500 chippers. The subject of chipping was beech long fuelwood and stacked fuelwood. The investigation was done with the time and work-study method. Cost calculation was performed according to FAO methodology, slightly modified for local conditions. Also, in simulations, Jenz HEM 561 DQ was included in order to cover a wider range of chippers by the capacity, but data for this chipper were undertaken from other research. Unit costs of chipping were calculated on the basis of raw material input and chipper output. Unit costs were expressed for factory projected chippers productivity also, in order to compare obtained unit costs with costs when chippers are working below full capacity. Results of the productivity and cost calculation of chippers showed that bigger chippers had lower unit costs, but because of inability to achieve full capacity at the forest landing site and because of their dimensions which hinder the manipulation, it can be recommended using of chippers of smaller capacity like Jenz HEM 561 DQ or even smaller.

Evaluating the performance of honeycomb briquettes produced from semi-coke and corn stover char: Co-combustion, emission characteristics, and a value-chain model for rural China

Abstract A honeycomb briquette made from semi-coke and corn stover char was developed as a possible heating fuel in rural China. In this study, the co-combustion characteristics of semi-coke and corn stover char combined in different proportions were tested and analyzed. It was determined that adding 20% corn stover char (BS28) effectively improved the combustion performance of semi-coke, and this proportion was regarded as the ideal mixing ratio. Thus, the integrated combustion characteristics of the blend improved to 15.08 × 10−12 K−3 min−2 compared to 5.44 × 10−12 K−3 min−2 for semi-coke alone. The emission test results revealed that SO2 and PM2.5 emissions decreased with corn stover char addition; however, NOX emissions increased and the combustion efficiency decreased slightly with corn stover char addition. The SO2 concentrations resulting from the combustion of BriqCK, Briq28, and Briq46 (honeycomb briquettes with ratios of char to semi-coke of 0:10, 2:8, and 4:6, respectively) under different experimental conditions were 24.9–26.3, 9.5–16.7, and 5.2–15.4 mg/Nm3, respectively, and the NOX concentrations were 63.1–149.7, 54.3–175.4, and 57.7–168.4 mg/Nm3, respectively. A value-chain model for the new heating fuel was developed and possible benefits were analyzed. If either the new investment cost or raw material input costs ($25 USD/t of straw char) were subsidized by national public finance, then the project would be profitable and run sustainably. This study provided an important technical basis for the development and application of new heating fuels in China.

Design of 3D filament extruder for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing

Filament extruder produces plastic filaments with specified diameter by using corresponding dies. Input materials (thermoplastics) are used in the form of granules and pellets and waste plastic materials can be used. Rod heaters are used to melt the input materials and Screw is used to feed the input raw materials longitudinally along the barrel. Screw is consisted of three zones namely feed, melt, and transition zone. Input raw material is melted by using rod heater. Two temperature zone with six rod heaters are used to acquire maximum efficiency. Analog temperature controller is used to control the temperature of the two heaters zone. This article describes a filament extruder, which is a plastic extruder capable of making commercial quality 3D printing filament. Specifically, this paper describes the design, fabrication and operation of a filament extruder. A 2.5 mm die was used to extrude the filament at the diameter of 1.75mm. Diameter of the filament can be further reduced by using DC-motor to draw the filament coming out of the die. Production can be further increased by increasing the barrel diameter above 45mm and screw diameter above 16 mm. Mechanical and thermal properties were improved by adding different fillers to the input raw material