3-input Majority Gate Research Articles

Energy efficient neoteric design of a 3-input Majority Gate with its implementation and physical proof in Quantum dot Cellular Automata

Quantum dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the most commendable approach besides the other alternative approaches, which has the proficiency to replace a well-known CMOS approach in near future. QCA technology possess small size, high speed of operation, high integration density capacity and ultra-low power consumption at nano-scale level. Various design paradigms of logic circuits related with QCA have been extensively studied in the recent past. A basic design of an Inverter and 3-input majority gate serves the purpose of the fundamental logic gates to design most of the QCA circuits with accuracy. In this presentation, a new design prototype of 3-input majority gate has been proposed, which is best suited to design QCA based circuits in variety of ways according to one’s own need. The proposed 3-input majority gate has the flexibility to change the position of its input as well as output QCA cells location from one place to another according to the need of a particular design. Physical proof and power dissipation analysis is derived for the proposed 3-input majority gate. Simulation results have been obtained by implementing various circuits based on the proposed 3-input majority gate and their output is verified using QCADesigner 2.0.3 tool.

Proposal for nanoscale cascaded plasmonic majority gates for non-Boolean computation

Surface-plasmon-polariton waves propagating at the interface between a metal and a dielectric, hold the key to future high-bandwidth, dense on-chip integrated logic circuits overcoming the diffraction limitation of photonics. While recent advances in plasmonic logic have witnessed the demonstration of basic and universal logic gates, these CMOS oriented digital logic gates cannot fully utilize the expressive power of this novel technology. Here, we aim at unraveling the true potential of plasmonics by exploiting an enhanced native functionality - the majority voter. Contrary to the state-of-the-art plasmonic logic devices, we use the phase of the wave instead of the intensity as the state or computational variable. We propose and demonstrate, via numerical simulations, a comprehensive scheme for building a nanoscale cascadable plasmonic majority logic gate along with a novel referencing scheme that can directly translate the information encoded in the amplitude and phase of the wave into electric field intensity at the output. Our MIM-based 3-input majority gate displays a highly improved overall area of only 0.636 μm2 for a single-stage compared with previous works on plasmonic logic. The proposed device demonstrates non-Boolean computational capability and can find direct utility in highly parallel real-time signal processing applications like pattern recognition.

Design of novel carry save adder using quantum dot-cellular automata

Complex adder designs in Quantum Dot-Cellular Automata (QCA) are primary focus of researchers on lowering cell-count, delay and QCA gates. The cell count, area and delay of two input adders such as Brent-Kung, Ladner-Ficher, Han-Carlson and Kogg-Stone are at least doubles when three numbers are added, compared to adding two numbers. Besides, the interconnected QCA wires for these adders decrease the addition time. To eliminate this problem, a new 4-bit Carry Save Adder (CSA) is proposed in this paper. To design the CSA circuit, a novel design of full adder circuit using 5-input majority gate (MV) has been proposed. The proposed design has around 11.76% improvement in cell count and 33.33% improvement in latency compared to the existing QCA full-adders. Besides, when three binary numbers are added, CSA is far more advantageous compared to similar addition using two input prefix adders, in terms of QCA cell count, area and clock delay. Compared to 4-bit traditional adders, proposed CSA has around 80% decreases in overall circuit cost. The QCA layout of CSA is the first one of its kind. An improved QCA layout of a 4-bit ripple carry adder (RCA) is also proposed in this paper. The RCA has around 7.6% improvement in cell count, 33.33% improvement in latency and around 5.56% improvement in overall cost over compared to the existing layouts.

Efficient Design of Exclusive-Or Gate using 5-Input Majority Gate in QCA

Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of the emerging technology that has the capability of replacing the CMOS based technology at nano scale level. Majority gates and inverter are the principle elements in QCA to design any circuit. In this work, we propose a new 5-input majority gate. The new proposed gate reduces number of required cell, area and power consumption. The study of power dissipation is also explained using power estimator tool QCAPro. QCA designer 2.0.3 is used to validate the majority gate layout and their functionality. Furthermore, an XOR gate based on QCA are designed using proposed majority gate. Layout and simulation results show the improvement of proposed circuit over previous designed circuits.

An iterative structure for synthesizing symmetric functions using quantum-dot cellular automata

In recent years, majority-logic received significant attention as a synthesis approach for large Boolean functions. This logic is easily implemented in Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology which is emerging as an alternative to CMOS technology. In fact, majority logic gate serves as the basic logic unit in the digital design of QCA circuits. This paper introduces a synthesis technique for implementing totally symmetric Boolean functions using majority logic. First, a simple regular module is designed to synthesize unate symmetric functions. The structure uses 3-input majority gates. General symmetric Boolean functions are then realized following a unate decomposition method. We study the synthesis of some well known benchmark symmetric functions using the proposed method. Comparison with existing synthesis approaches confirms the efficacy of our method.

A Novel Design and Implementation of 8-3 Encoder Using Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) Technology

In recent years Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) has been considered one of the emerging nano-technology for future generation digital circuits and systems. QCA technology is a promising alternative to Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Thus, QCA offers a novel electronics paradigm for information processing and communication system. It has attractive features such as faster speed, higher scale integration, higher switching frequency, smaller size and low power consumption compared to the transistor based technology. It is projected as a promising nanotechnology for future Integrated Circuits (ICs). A quantum dot cellular automaton complex gate is composed from simple 3-input majority gate. In this paper, a 8-3 encoder circuit is proposed based on QCA logic gates: the 4-input Majority Voter (MV) OR gate. This 7-input gate can be configured into many useful gate structures such as a 4-input AND gate, a 4-input OR gate, 2-input AND and 2-input OR gates, 2-input complex gates, multi-input complex gates. The proposed circuit has a promising future in the area of nano-computing information processing system and can be stimulated with higher digital applications in QCA.

In brief

PAGE 1580 A team from Centre de Developpement des Technologies Avancees in Algeria, present a high-resolution reconfigurable antenna, the antipodal Vivaldi, which can switch between UWB and tuneable, very narrowband (VNB) modes. PAGE 1618 Researchers from the University of Kentucky, USA, present their work with multiple layers in nanomagnetic logic (NML) circuits, which they use to to implement a 5-input majority gate, full adder, and subtractor. The proposed work could be a good candidate for applications such as cognitive radios and wireless communication systems. PAGE 1644 A group from Songang University, Korea, propose a probability model for the channel variations of different ‘driving scenarios’ of trains. In these monitoring systems, the sensor data is measured at the wheel, specifically near the axle, before transmission to receivers in the passenger car. The condition of the wireless channel, therefore, is critical. The proposed work has applications in ultra-low power designs for general purpose and digital signal processors. PAGE 1639 A group from National United University, Taiwan, propose an anode design for an embedded silicon-controlled rectifier. Their aim: to create a robust, electrostatic discharge protector for laterally diffused metal-oxide semiconductors (LDMOS). Practical research about railroad wireless sensor networks is presented in this study. PAGE 1622 A coalition from Kyung Hee University and Semyung University in Korea, propose run length limited (RLL) coding schemes offering superior dimming levels and bit-error rate performance. Conventional dimming control schemes are unable to support levels over 50%. These findings will be particularly useful for input/output electrostatic discharge protection in high-voltage or ultra-high-voltage integrated circuits. Possible applications include WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) in indoor environments.

An optimal design of full adder based on 5-input majority gate in coplanar quantum-dot cellular automata

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of the alternative technologies that enable nanoscale circuit design with high performance and low power consumption features. In this aspect, QCA wire crossing is a challenging task in the coplanar QCA fabrication, as defects appear to be inherent due to two cell types in single layout structure. This work showcases an extensive structural and power analysis of previous 5-input majority gates. It has been found that the existing 5-input majority gates are not power efficient and the structures are not well optimized. To overcome this, we have proposed a new low-complexity coplanar 5-input majority gate, which consumes less power compared to prior designs. To evaluate the usefulness of proposed gate a new one bit full adder circuit is presented. The proposed full adder is more robust and enjoys single layer wire crossing, via clock phasing, which requires only one type of cell. The results show that the proposed full adder performs equally well compared to existing multilayer designs and performs better in case of previous coplanar full adder designs in all aspects. Our design achieves 20% improvement in cell count and consumes 7% less area in comparison to the best single layer design. QCADesigner tool is used to validate the layout of the proposed designs and QCAPro power estimator tool is used to evaluate the power dissipation of all considered designs.

Extendable Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata Decoding Architecture Using 5-Input Majority Gate

This paper presents a decoder with enable input. This decoder is developed using quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). QCA opens a completely radical way of microelectronics development and a potential replacement of CMOS based electronics. It ensures highly compact circuits, faster processing speeds, low power consumption. The use of clock in QCA provides power gain which is an important feature and this feature is not available in CMOS electronics. The proposed decoding architecture is designed using 5-input majority gate to keep a regularity so easily extendable for 3:8 or 4:16 decoders and also easy to connect with other circuits.

A novel design of quantum dot cellular automata 5-input majority gate with some physical proofs

In a very fast growth of very large scale integration (VLSI) technology, it is the demand and necessity of time to achieve a reliable design with low power consumption. The quantum dot cellular automata (QCA), due to its small size, very high switching speed and ultra-low power consumption, can be an alternative for CMOS VLSI technology at nano-scale level. A novel 5-input majority gate for QCA is proposed in this paper which is suitable for designing QCA circuits in a simple and symmetric manner. Based on it, we have designed a full adder with some physical proofs provided for the functions of Boolean techniques to verify the functionality of the proposed devices properly. For computer simulations analysis, functionality of full adder has been checked using the QCADesigner tool. Both simulation results and physical proofs confirm the usefulness of our proposed gate design for designing any digital circuit.

Adder design using a 5-input majority gate in a novel “multilayer gate design paradigm” for quantum dot cellular automata circuits

This paper proposes a novel design paradigm for circuits designed in quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) technology. Previously reported QCA circuits in the literature have generally been designed in a single layer which is the main logical block in which the inverter and majority gate are on the base layer, except for the parts where multilayer wire crossing was used. In this paper the concept of multilayer wire crossing has been extended to design logic gates in multilayers. Using a 5-input majority gate in a multilayer, a 1-bit and 2-bit adder have been designed in the proposed multilayer gate design paradigm. A comparison has been made with some adders reported previously in the literature and it has been shown that circuits designed in the proposed design paradigm are much more efficient in terms of area, the requirement of QCA cells in the design and the input–output delay of the circuit. Over all, the availability of one additional spatial dimension makes the design process much more flexible and there is scope for the customizability of logic gate designs to make the circuit compact.

English

This paper presents the basics of quantum dot cellular automata along with the QCA logic devices such as the QCA wire, inverter and the majority gate. The four phases of the clocking have been discussed and also the implementations of the complex gate have been done using the QCADesigner tool. The logical structures such as NAND and NOR gates using a quantum dot cellular automata complex gate composed of 3 input majority gate and an inverter have been implemented.

A symmetric quantum-dot cellular automata design for 5-input majority gate

By the inevitable scaling down of the feature size of the MOS transistors which are deeper in nanoranges, the CMOS technology has encountered many critical challenges and problems such as very high leakage currents, reduced gate control, high power density, increased circuit noise sensitivity and very high lithography costs. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) owing to its high device density, extremely low power consumption and very high switching speed could be a feasible competitive alternative. In this paper, a novel 5-input majority gate, an important fundamental building block in QCA circuits, is designed in a symmetric form. In addition to the majority gate, a SR latch, a SR gate and an efficient one bit QCA full adder are implemented employing the new 5-input majority gate. In order to verify the functionality of the proposed designs, QCADesigner tool is used. The results demonstrate that the proposed SR latch and full adder perform equally well or in many cases better than previous circuits.

Majority and minority gates realized in enzyme-biocatalyzed systems integrated with logic networks and interfaced with bioelectronic systems.

Biocatalytic reactions operating in parallel and resulting in reduction of NAD(+) or oxidation of NADH were used to mimic 3-input majority and minority logic gates, respectively. The substrates corresponding to the enzyme reactions were used as the input signals. When the input signals were applied at their high concentrations, defined as logic 1 input values, the corresponding biocatalytic reactions were activated, resulting in changes of the NADH concentration defined as the output signal. The NADH concentration changes were dependent on the number of parallel reactions activated by the input signals. The absence of the substrates, meaning their logic 0 input values, kept the reactions mute with no changes in the NADH concentration. In the system mimicking the majority function, the enzyme-biocatalyzed reactions resulted in a higher production of NADH when more than one input signal was applied at the logic 1 value. Another system mimicking the minority function consumed more NADH, thus leaving a smaller residual output signal, when more than one input signal was applied at the logic 1 value. The performance of the majority gate was improved by processing the output signal through a filter system in which another biocatalytic reaction consumed a fraction of the output signal, thus reducing its physical value to zero when the logic 0 value was obtained. The majority gate was integrated with a preceding AND logic gate to illustrate the possibility of complex networks. The output signal, NADH, was also used to activate a process mimicking drug release, thus illustrating the use of the majority gate in decision-making biomedical systems. The 3-input majority gate was also used as a switchable AND/OR gate when one of the input signals was reserved as a command signal, switching the logic operation for processing of the other two inputs. Overall, the designed majority and minority logic gates demonstrate novel functions of biomolecular information processing systems.

1-Bit Full Adder in Perpendicular Nanomagnetic Logic using a Novel 5-Input Majority Gate

In this paper, we show that perpendicular Nanomagnetic Logic (pNML) is particularly suitable to realize threshold logic gate (TLG)-based circuits. Exemplarily, a 1-bit full adder circuit using a novel 5-input majority gate based on TLGs is experimentally demonstrated. The theory of pNML and its extension by TLGs is introduced, illustrating the great benefit of pNML. Majority gates based on coupling field superposition enable weighting each input by its geometry and distance to the output. Only 5 magnets, combined in two logic gates with a footprint of 1.95 μm 2 and powered by a perpendicular clocking field, are required for operation. MFM and magneto-optical measurements demonstrate the functionality of the fabricated structure. Experimental results substantiate the feasibility and the benefits of the combination of threshold logic with pNML.

Reliability Study of Single Stage Multi-Input Majority Function for QCA

Due to the physical limitations faced by CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) scaling many technologies were suggested to replace CMOS on the nanoscale. Most of the suggested technologies are not deterministic and follow the Law of Large Number LLN. So, the reliability inspection is essential to these technologies. In this paper the PTM (Probabilistic Transfer Matrix) is used to inspect the reliability of multi-input majority function for QCA (Quantum dot-Cellular Automata). This study conclude that the single-gate with multi-input Majority has the same reliability of its 3-input form. To extend the results to digital circuits, the full adder is used as a test bench. The results show the superiority of the full adder version designed with 5input majority gate upon other designs from reliability point of view. General Terms Reliability in emerging technologies

Computer aided design of single-electron nanocircuits

In this work proposed structure of field-programmable gate array based on five input majority gate

Nanotechnology based Effective Design Approach for Code Converter Circuits using QCA

scheme for reducing the number of cells in Quantum dot Cellular Automata circuit is presented. In this paper, an effective approach to analysis and design of code converter circuit using quantum dot cellular automata is explored in nanotechnology. This paper three input majority gate is the fundamental component of the QCA circuit implementation. It provides a considerable reduction in hardware cost compared to the other accessible methods. All other type of combinational circuits like adder, subtractor, decoder, and encoder etc can be constructed by the three input majority gate circuit only. The proposed code converter circuit is designed and replicated using quantum dot cellular automata designer tool for the four input levels. Finally, these proposed QCA circuits are compared with the other established and conservative circuits in terms of area and cell counts.

P-QCA

Quantum-dot cellular automata is an interesting computation fabric with many never-seen-before properties. However, no programmable fabric scheme has utilized all these properties effectively. We propose an architecture for a programmable device using molecular QCA which exploits all the specialities of the fabric. The architecture taps the flexibility provided by the clocking system of molecular QCA to build a simple tile-based programmable device with the 3-input Majority gate as the fundamental logic element. Observing how a QCA structure can behave as either an interconnect or a logic gate depending on clocking, the proposed architecture merges routing and logic elements, thus drastically changing how programmable fabrics have been designed.

Five-Input Majority Gate, a New Device for Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

Science and Research Branch of IAU, Tehran, IranQuantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is one of the most attractive technologies for computing atnano-scale. The principle logic element in QCA is majority gate. In this paper, a novel design for5-input majority gate is presented. A 5-input majority gate study has been proposed; however thisstudy has changed the scheme of basic QCA cells. The new proposed device reduces cell countsand area and uses conventional form of QCA cells. Accuracy of this design is proven by applyingsome simple physical substantiation and QCADesigner tool is used for verifying majority circuitlayout and functionality. Furthermore, a QCA Full-Adder is constructed using the new proposeddesign. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design of majority gates and Full-Adderresulted in significant improvements in designing logical circuits.