Input Electrode Research Articles

Enhanced Detection of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Using Electric-Double-Layer FET Sensor: Rapid, Temperature-Boosted Probe-Target Binding Analysis

Klebsiella pneumoniae demonstrates versatility in its pathogenicity, leading to diverse infections in humans such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bacteremia, wound infections, meningitis, endocarditis, and sepsis. The severity of these infections is contingent upon the patient's immune status, the site of infection, and the existence of underlying medical comorbidities. A sputum or urine culture, on the other hand, typically takes between 24 and 72 hours to produce results. Over recent years, various innovative methodologies have emerged, including optical and electrochemical techniques and molecular detection via PCR. Despite the diversity of available techniques, concerns persist regarding their sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, fluorescence-based methodologies and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-based sensors have been explored for bacterial detection. However, these existing methods have drawbacks such as elevated costs, prolonged turnaround times, the need for sophisticated instrumentation, and a demand for skilled personnel. Field-effect transistor (FET) sensors have garnered considerable scientific attention since their inception due to their remarkable sensitivity, facile signal readout, and the capability for label-free assays. The aim of this research is to detect the detect Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria in blood serum by double electric layer (EDL) extended-gate field-effect transistor (FET) sensor. In this study, a preliminary investigation employed a single-step surface functionalization approach to immobilize receptor probes, specifically single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). This strategy aimed to enable the rapid detection of complementary DNA (cDNA) across varying concentrations, leveraging differential gate voltages to modulate the sensitivity of this analytical platform. The designed probes were successfully immobilized onto a disposable chip housing a pair of gold electrodes. A handheld reader, integrating enhancement-mode N-channel MOSFETs, established connectivity with a laptop via a USB port to facilitate the measurement of sensor signals. By applying pulsed gate voltage to the input electrode, which modulates the channel conductivity which behaves as a function of the charge distribution within the EDL structure, consequently influencing the drain current of the MOSFET. The immobilized probe, positioned on the gate electrode, underwent testing using varying concentrations of cDNA introduced into TE buffer. Detection of probe-target binding occurred through fluorescence alterations and electrically by assessing changes in drain current. In order to improve the response time, we elevated the temperature near the Tm enhances sensitivity and binding rates, in shorter time period of 1 minutes. Figure 1

Bioinspired iontronic synapse fibers for ultralow-power multiplexing neuromorphic sensorimotor textiles

Artificial neuromorphic devices can emulate dendric integration, axonal parallel transmission, along with superior energy efficiency in facilitating efficient information processing, offering enormous potential for wearable electronics. However, integrating such circuits into textiles to achieve biomimetic information perception, processing, and control motion feedback remains a formidable challenge. Here, we engineer a quasi-solid-state iontronic synapse fiber (ISF) comprising photoresponsive TiO2, ion storage Co-MoS2, and an ion transport layer. The resulting ISF achieves inherent short-term synaptic plasticity, femtojoule-range energy consumption, and the ability to transduce chemical/optical signals. Multiple ISFs are interwoven into a synthetic neural fabric, allowing the simultaneous propagation of distinct optical signals for transmitting parallel information. Importantly, IFSs with multiple input electrodes exhibit spatiotemporal information integration. As a proof of concept, a textile-based multiplexing neuromorphic sensorimotor system is constructed to connect synaptic fibers with artificial fiber muscles, enabling preneuronal sensing information integration, parallel transmission, and postneuronal information output to control the coordinated motor of fiber muscles. The proposed fiber system holds enormous promise in wearable electronics, soft robotics, and biomedical engineering.

Single electron charge spectra of 8-inch high-collection-efficiency MCP-PMTs

The microchannel plates (MCP) can serve as the electron amplifier of the photomultiplier tubes (PMT). The collection efficiency of the newly developed 8-inch MCP-PMT for the Jinping Neutrino Experiment is maximized thanks to the high-secondary-emission coating. The resulting single electron response (SER) charge distribution deviates from the Gaussian distribution in large charge regions. To understand the nature of the jumbo-charged SER, we designed a voltage-division experiment to quantify the dependence of the MCP gain on the energy of incident electrons. Combining the relationship with the Furman probabilistic model, we reproduced the SER charge spectra by introducing an additional amplification stage on the input electrode of the first MCP. Our results favor a Gamma-Tweedie mixture to describe the SER charge spectra of the MCP-PMTs.

Optimizing tumor treating fields for blood cancer therapy: Analysis of electric field distribution and dose density.

Blood cancer is a condition in which white blood cells grow uncontrollably. Tumor treating fields (TTF) are a modality of cancer treatment that utilizes electric fields to target malignant cells. To optimize the efficacy of TTF, it is necessary to investigate the distribution of electric field through varying electrode configurations and input parameters. This allows for enhancement of electric field intensity in targeted areas while minimizing intensity in sensitive areas. Analysis of electric field distribution was conducted through simulation of brachial models with varying electrode configurations and input parameters, utilizing the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 software. Additionally, investigations were carried out to assess tissue dose density. The dose density value at primary target for all electrode configurations and input parameters do not exceed the threshold value (770 W/m3), whereas the electric field value at the primary target satisfied the threshold value (100 V/m) on the system that used 4 plate-shaped electrodes and arm contour-shaped electrodes with an input voltage of 20 V, and at the input voltage 15 V, only 4 arm contour-shaped electrodes that satisfied the threshold value. An increase in input voltage, electrodes addition, and electrodes adjustment to skin contour shape result in an enhancement of electric field distribution and average electric field value at primary targets.

A Predictive and an Optimization Mathematical Model for Device Design in Cardiac Pulsed Field Ablation Using Design of Experiments.

Cardiac catheter ablation (CCA) is a common method used to correct cardiac arrhythmia. Pulsed Field Ablation (PFA) is a recently-adapted CCA technology whose ablation is dependent on electrode and waveform parameters (factors). In this work, the use of the Design of Experiments (DoE) methodology is investigated for the design and optimization of a PFA device. The effects of the four factors (input voltage, electrode spacing, electrode width, and on-time) and their interactions are analyzed. An empirical model is formed to predict and optimize the ablation size responses. Based on the ranges tested, the significant factors were the input voltage, the electrode spacing, and the on time, which is in line with the literature. Two-factor interactions were found to be significant and need to be considered in the model. The resulting empirical model was found to predict ablation sizes with less than 2.1% error in the measured area and was used for optimization. The findings and the strong predictive model developed highlight that the DoE approach can be used to help determine PFA device design, to optimize for certain ablation zone sizes, and to help inform device design to tackle specific cardiac arrhythmias.

Rapid and Sensitive Pathogen Detection in Serum for Early Sepsis Diagnostics Using an Electrical-Double-Layer Gated Field-Effect Transistor-Based Sensor Array

Sepsis is a major medical inflammatory response to bloodstream infection caused bypathogens. Over 30 million infections occur due to sepsis in a year throughout the globe.With over 6 million deaths, sepsis treatment demands timely diagnosis and medicalinterventions to prevent large outspread of the infection. Rapid and sensitive detection ofinfectious bacteria plays an important role in disease control. However, fast and accuratediagnosis remains highly challenging for many hospitalized patients. Among variousbacterial diseases, Escherichia coli, (E. coli) a gram-negative bacterium, is the mostfrequently and extensively researched and has become a global concern of food safetyproblems. Traditional cell culture methods are considered as most accurate method forbacterial diagnosis. But some microorganisms like Bartonella spp, Treponema pallidum, etc.are difficult to grow on a culture plate, while some other virus species are unculturable, soeventually the traditional cell culture may take several days to a week for the diagnosticresults. Hence, over several years, different novel methods have been developed, such asoptical methods, electrochemical methods, molecular detection by PCR etc. Even thoughseveral techniques exist, concerns have been raised regarding their sensitivity, specificity etc.In addition, various fluorescence-based methods, and Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR)-based sensors have also been reported for bacterial detection. However, high cost, largeturnaround time, expensive instrumentation, and requirement of skilled personnel are some ofthe disadvantages of these existing techniques.FET biosensors have previously been used in different diagnosis areas. Nowadays, severalFET-based biosensors have been developed, which primarily concentrate on improving theoverall sensitivity of FET devices. However, the charge screening effect observed in aphysiological environment, and additional sample processing increase the complexity of thesensor platform. To overcome this hurdle, an electrical double layer (EDL) gated FETbiosensor has been proposed and explored in the detection of a variety of biological entities.Here, we proposed an EDL-FET sensor platform for the detection of Escherichia coliO157:H7 strain in blood serum. A single-step surface functionalization strategy was used forimmobilizing receptor probes as ssDNA. The probes were designed and immobilized over adisposable chip containing a pair of gold electrodes. A handheld reader which consists of anenhancement mode N-channel MOSFETs was connected to the laptop through a USB port tomeasure the sensor signals. Pulsed gate voltage was applied to the input electrode and whichmodulated the EDL capacitance and potential change eventually resulting in the drain currentof the MOSFET. The probe was immobilized on the gate electrode and tested with differentconcentrations of cDNA spiked in TE buffer. The probe-target binding was observed throughfluorescence change and electrically by measuring the change in drain current. In addition,surface potential change was also examined by performing KPFM test. Similarly, the BioFETdetections were validated for E. coli O157 variants by spiking with short and long DNAtarget sequences simultaneously in serum. The test results confirm selectivity by testingvarious non-complementary sequences, which ensures the potential of this BioFET as apoint-of-care sensing device. Figure 1

Importance of ipsilateral residual hearing for spatial hearing by bimodal cochlear implant users

Bimodal cochlear implant (CI) listeners have difficulty utilizing spatial cues to segregate competing speech, possibly due to tonotopic mismatch between the acoustic input frequency and electrode place of stimulation. The present study investigated the effects of tonotopic mismatch in the context of residual acoustic hearing in the non-CI ear or residual hearing in both ears. Speech recognition thresholds (SRTs) were measured with two co-located or spatially separated speech maskers in normal-hearing adults listening to acoustic simulations of CIs; low frequency acoustic information was available in the non-CI ear (bimodal listening) or in both ears. Bimodal SRTs were significantly better with tonotopically matched than mismatched electric hearing for both co-located and spatially separated speech maskers. When there was no tonotopic mismatch, residual acoustic hearing in both ears provided a significant benefit when maskers were spatially separated, but not when co-located. The simulation data suggest that hearing preservation in the implanted ear for bimodal CI listeners may significantly benefit utilization of spatial cues to segregate competing speech, especially when the residual acoustic hearing is comparable across two ears. Also, the benefits of bilateral residual acoustic hearing may be best ascertained for spatially separated maskers.

Microfabrication of surface acoustic wave devices with AlN thin film deposited on half‐inch quartz wafer

AbstractIn this paper, we have fabricated surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices with six sets of interdigital transducers (IDTs) on half‐inch wafers of quartz with deposited thin films of aluminum nitride (AlN). Firstly, AlN thin films have been deposited by reactive sputtering in Ar‐N2 gas mixture at 400°C with the high‐power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) system which was developed for microfabrication process in the localized clean environment with half‐inch wafer (Minimal Fab). After that, IDTs of Al thin films have been prepared on the AlN thin films. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the AlN thin films shows that the AlN films have c‐axis (002) orientation. Furthermore, the frequency responses have been measured with four paired IDTs of the SAW devices, which were selected from six sets of IDTs as an input electrode and an output electrode. These results show device properties responding to the design of the IDTs and also suggest the potential of the fabricated SAW devices as the four‐paralleled frequency filter and/or sensing system.

2-D Finite-Element Modeling of Surface Dielectric Barrier Plasma Discharge Devices to Understand the Influence of Design Parameters on Sterilization Applications

In this study, voltage distribution and surface dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) of a microplasma discharge device (MDD) were modeled in 2-D domain using finite-element analysis (FEA). Initially, the voltage distribution across comb-, H-tree-, and honeycomb-structured MDD was analyzed. Then, the cross section of an MDD consisting of a polyimide-based dielectric sandwiched between two copper electrodes was used for modeling the microplasma discharge characteristics in an argon environment. A sinusoidal voltage was applied to one of the copper electrodes while the other electrode was grounded. The spatial distributions of electron temperature (ET) across the electrodes for varying input voltages were simulated to demonstrate the importance of breakdown voltage. A detailed analysis on the effect of varying electrode and dielectric barrier thicknesses on electron density and ET was also performed to understand the importance of optimizing device configurations for microplasma discharge. Moreover, MDD was also simulated in varying ambient temperature and pressure conditions to evaluate their effect on ET and density across the electrodes. The results from these simulations provide a better understanding of parameters such as varying input voltage, electrode, and dielectric thickness on ET and electron density. This enables us to optimize design parameters for fabricating MDDs and the operating conditions for effective sterilization applications.

An Electromechanical Model for Clamped-Edge Bimorph Disk Type Piezoelectric Transformer Utilizing Kirchhoff Thin Plate Theory.

In this paper, an analytical solution for a clamped-edge bimorph disk-type piezoelectric transformer with Kirchhoff thin plate theory is proposed. The electromechanical equations for transient motions are first derived, and coupled expressions for mechanical response and voltage output are obtained. For the case of excitation around the first resonant frequency, the resulting equations are further simplified. There are analytical solutions for a mechanical response, voltage, current, and power outputs. According to the analytical model, the output voltage is affected by the inner radius of the input and output electrodes, the radius of the piezoelectric transformer (PT), and the thickness ratio between the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) layer and the substrate. When the inner radius of the input electrode approaches zero (electrode becomes circular shape), it achieves maximum output voltage at the first resonance frequency excitation. On the contrary, when the inner radius of the output electrode approaches zero, the output voltage reaches its minimum value. Voltage ratios remain constant as the disk radius changes, and the first resonance frequency is inversely proportional to the square of the disk radius. The voltage ratio is fixed even with the miniaturization of the PT.

Robust Electric-Field Input Circuits for Clocked Molecular Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a paradigm for low-power, general-purpose, classical computing designed to overcome the challenges facing CMOS in the extreme limits of scaling. A molecular implementation of QCA offers nanometer-scale devices with device densities and operating speeds which may surpass CMOS device densities and speeds by several orders of magnitude, all at room temperature. Here, a proposal for electric field bit write-in to molecular QCA circuits is extended to QCA circuits clocked using the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$z$</tex-math></inline-formula> component of an applied electric field. Input electrodes, which may be much larger than the cells themselves, apply an input <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$y$</tex-math></inline-formula> field component. The input field selects an input bit on a field-sensitive portion of the circuit, and a shift register transmits the input bit to downstream logic. The circuit is sensitive to the input field, since even a very weak input field selects a bit and drives the shift register as desired. The circuit also is robust: the coupling between the field-sensitive segment and the shift register fails at input field strengths much stronger than those needed to write a bit. A simple rotation of the the shift register cells eliminates this circuit failure, even under arbitrarily strong input fields. The modified circuit also tolerates a significant unwanted <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$x$</tex-math></inline-formula> field component, which is used neither for clocking nor for input. The write-in of classical bits to molecular QCA circuits is one road-block that must be cleared in order to realize energy-efficient molecular computation using QCA. Write-in may be achieved simply by using relatively large electrodes and clocked molecular circuits that respond to a weak input field and tolerate very strong applied fields without failing.

Influence of input electrode of micro-channel plate on opening area ratio and its improvement

微通道板作为一种关键的电子倍增器件，广泛应用于诸多领域。分析了NiCr膜层作为微通道板的输入端电极时，对微通道板开口面积比的影响，建立了理论模型，计算了膜层厚度、镀膜深度等参数对开口面积比的影响。开展了2种减小开口面积比损失的镀膜研究：一是进行工艺调整，减弱合金蒸发的分馏效应，降低电极膜层的电阻率，开口面积比损失量降低约2个百分点；二是改变镀膜方式，使用Ni、Cr金属单质镀制叠层薄膜，在镀膜过程中调控镍、铬的比例，将输入端电极中镍比例升高，同样可以降低电极膜层的电阻率，在满足面电阻要求的前提下，可减薄输入端膜层至86 nm，与300 nm厚度的常规镍铬合金膜层相比，MCP输入端的开口面积比损失量降低3~4个百分点，MCP增益提升6%。

Towards a 3D-resolved model of Si/Graphite composite electrodes from manufacturing simulations

Composite graphite/silicon (Si) electrodes with low Si weight percentages are considered as a promising anode for next generation Li-ion batteries. In this context, understanding the mesostructural changes due to Si volume expansion and the complex electrochemical interplay between graphite and Si becomes crucial to unlock real-life applications of such composite electrodes. This work presents, for the first time, a three-dimensional (3D) physics-based model for graphite/Si composite electrodes, coupling electrochemistry and mechanics, using as input electrode mesostructures obtained from manufacturing-related Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics models. The slurry and dried electrode mesostructure are first generated by considering graphite and additives only, while the Si is included in an additional step. The model herein presented is a step further into obtaining a fundamental understanding of the complex processes happening in graphite/Si composite electrodes, paving the way towards their optimization. • A graphite/Si composite electrode mesostructural model was generated. • Coupled electrochemical and mechanical simulations are performed. • Complicated electrochemical interplay between Graphite and Si is analyzed. • Pressure and stresses acting on the CBD phase are studied.

Degradation of distillery spent wash using monopolar parallel and monopolar series electrocoagulation process

In waste treatment and water management issues, electrocoagulation (EC) is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly option. In the study, EC treatment of distillery spent wash was carried out using new electrodes packed with aluminium foil scraps. These metal scraps were packed in a mesh to function as anode and cathode electrodes. Electrochemical treatment was carried out for 150 minutes, and samples were analysed regularly to determine the colour and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The impact of operating parameters such as pH, applied current, electrolysis time, agitation speed, and electrode distance on colour and COD removal was investigated. The EC processes were carried out in monopolar parallel (MP-P) and monopolar series (MP-S). The MP-S connection measured the potential difference between the amplified pair of electrodes, whereas the output signals in the MP-P connection were formed by several input electrodes, resulting in a high removal rate. The results indicated that the MP-P relationships enhance the COD removal rate by 4.16 to 8.06 %. An optimum chemical oxygen demand degradation is 77.29 % at pH 3, and decolourisation is 76.55 % at pH 8.3. TDS is reduced to a maximum of 58.32 %, while sulfate and chloride are reduced to 64.72 and 20.44 %, respectively.

Robust and flexible photodetector from a solution derived nanowire networks of organometallic charge transfer complex

An organometallic charge transfer (CT) complex, viz, silver- tetracyanoquinodimethane (Ag-TCNQ) has been synthesized through solution self assembly. The as synthesized product characterized through scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy indicated that highly crystalline, unidirectional, nanostructure network of Ag-TCNQ has been grown. The thin film of Ag-TCNQ based CT complex on flexible substrate exhibited excellent photoresponse characteristics under white light illumination, which is 5-fold higher than the pristine Ag nanoparticle based photodetector (PD). The modulation in photocurrent and responsivity of Ag-TCNQ PD was controlled with variation in input optical power, electrode bias and illumination wavelength. The PD displayed highest responsitivity, ca. 13.8 mA/W and photo to dark current ratio, ca. 9.2 at an optical power of 10.2 mW/cm2. The photocurrent of the device showed insignificant degradation (2.1%) when the substrate was subjected to cyclic tensile stress with bending endurance upto 500 cycles. The device also displayed outstanding opto-mechanical and optoelectronics properties by exhibiting stable, fast and reversible photo switching behavior under various tensile stress on the flexible substrate with outward bending along the conduction channel.

Real-Time Viscoelasticity Monitoring of Cardiomyocytes Based on Love Wave Biosensor

Introduction In addition to electrophysiological signals [1-2], mechanical properties such as contraction and relaxation of cardiomyocytes are also important properties. They are essential for the evaluation of drug efficacy and toxicity, and they can change the viscoelasticity of cells, thus providing the possibility for quantitative detection. The acoustic wave sensors are able to detect this slight change in viscoelasticity, which may not be easily noticed under the microscope in the early stages. At present, it has been reported that QCM-D can be used to detect viscoelastic properties of pre-osteoblast cells [3]. Besides, shear-horizontal surface acoustic wave sensor has been applied for the monitoring of cell spreading and attachment [4]. However, no study has realized the label free, real-time and quantitative detection of cardiac viscoelasticity for drug evaluation based on acoustic wave sensors.Recently, the surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor has been greatly developed as a well-performed mass and viscoelasticity sensing device for label-free immunoassay. In particular, the Love Wave sensor has shown its advantages in biosensor applications due to its high sensitivity and stability in the liquid phase [5]. Hence, it is a promising device capable of monitoring viscoelastic properties of a population of cells in a label free and real-time way.As shown in Fig.1a, a self-designed Love Wave biosensor was used to monitor the viscoelastic properties of HL-1 cardiomyocytes in this study. Our previous studies have shown that insertion loss (IL) of Love Wave biosensor is a more suitable parameter for the quantitative detection of viscoelasticity than phase. Then, two different drugs were added to observe the effects on the viscoelastic properties of HL-1 cells. Method In this study, the Love Wave biosensor is constructed based on a piezoelectric quartz substrate. Interdigitated transducers (IDTs) with Ti/Au (20/200 nm) are deposited to generate acoustic waves. The input and output IDTs electrodes consist of 50 split-finger pairs with a preset wavelength λ=28 μm, which determines the center frequency of the sensor to be about 152 MHz. The distance between IDTs centers is 200λ and the acoustic aperture is 75λ. Afterwards, the IDTs patterned substrate is guided with a 3 μm SiO2 film deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Au layer (200 nm) is deposited on top of guiding layer to improve the cell attachment on the sensor surface. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip (Fig.1b) was designed and used as the cell culturing chamber. The height and volume of this cavity are about 10 mm and 110 μL, respectively. A portable multi-channel detection system was developed to collect both the IL and phase signals of Love Wave biosensors. Then the HL-1 cardiac cells with the density of 50,000 cells/well were seeded on the surface of Love Wave biosensor (Fig.1c). To test the function of the detection system, isoprenaline (ISO) and verapamil (VRP) with different concentrations were used to induce changes in the viscoelastic properties of HL-1 cells. Results and Conclusions In Fig.1c, HL-1 cells attach and grow well on the pre-coated Love Wave biosensor, which demonstrates the biocompatibility of the sensor. The insertion loss signals of sensor after treated by ISO and VRP are shown in Fig.1d. It can be found that the insertion loss of the control group decreases slightly, which may be due to cell proliferation. VRP is a calcium channel antagonist that blocks the L-type calcium channel and prevents calcium influx into the cell, thereby decreasing the cardiomyocyte contraction force. With the addition of VRP solutions, the insertion loss of Love Wave biosensors increases with the increase of VRP concentration within the dosage range tested. In contrast to VRP, ISO is positive inotropic drug. After ISO treatment, HL-1 cells tend to be contractive due to the traction forces. Therefore, the higher the ISO concentration, the tighter the contact of the cells with the sensor substrate. Thus, insertion loss decreases after ISO treatment which changed positively correlated with concentration. Moreover, the optical microscope photos also proved that the cells after ISO treatment seems to be smaller than control group, while the cells after VRP treatment seemed to be larger. According to our preliminary experimental results, the affection on cell viscoelasticity of different drugs can be monitored by recording the insertion loss value of the SAW biosensor. Our results demonstrated that the proposed cell-based SAW biosensor is a potential, convenient and quantitative platform for in vitro cardiac viscoelasticity evaluation, especially in the early stages. It has promising applications in cell monitoring, drug evaluation and many other fields.

Three-phase electric power driven electroluminescent devices

Current power supply networks across the world are mostly based on three-phase electrical systems as an efficient and economical way for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Now, many electrically driven devices are relying on direct current or single-phase alternating current power supply that complicates utilization of three-phase power supply by requiring additional elements and costly switching mechanisms in the circuits. For example, light-emitting devices, which are now widely used for displays, solid-state lighting etc. typically operate with direct current power sources, although single-phase alternating current driven light-emitting devices have also gained significant attention in the recent years. Yet, light-emitting devices directly driven by a three-phase electric power has never been reported before. Benefiting from our precious work on coplanar electrodes structured light-emitting devices, in this article we demonstrate proof of a concept that light-emitting components can be driven by three-phase electric power without utilizing intricate back-end circuits and can compose state detection sensors and pixel units in a single device inspiring from three primary colors. Here we report a three-phase electric power driven electroluminescent devices fabricated featuring of flexibility and multi-functions. The design consists of three coplanar electrodes with dielectric layer(s) and light emission layer(s) coated on a top of input electrodes. It does not require transparent electrodes for electrical input and the light emission occurs when the top light-emitting layers are connected through a polar bridge. We demonstrate some applications of our three-phase electric power driven electroluminescent devices to realize pixel units, interactive rewritable displays and optical-output sensors. Furthermore, we also demonstrate the applicability of three-phase electrical power source to drive organic light-emitting devices with red, green and blue-emitting pixels and have shown high luminance (up to 6601 cd/m2) and current efficiency (up to 16.2 cd/A) from fabricated three-phase organic light-emitting devices. This novel geometry and driving method for electroluminescent devices is scalable and can be utilized even in a wider range of other types of light-emitting devices and special units.

A Numerical Exploration of Signal Detector Arrangement in a Spin-Wave Reservoir Computing Device

This paper studies numerically how the signal detector arrangement influences the performance of reservoir computing using spin waves excited in a ferrimagnetic garnet film. This investigation is essentially important since the input information is not only conveyed but also transformed by the spin waves into high-dimensional information space when the waves propagate in the film in a spatially distributed manner. This spatiotemporal dynamics realizes a rich reservoir-computational functionality. First, we simulate spin waves in a rectangular garnet film with two input electrodes to obtain spatial distributions of the reservoir states in response to input signals, which are represented as spin vectors and used for a machine-learning waveform classification task. The detected reservoir states are combined through readout connection weights to generate a final output. We visualize the spatial distribution of the weights after training to discuss the number and positions of the output electrodes by arranging them at grid points, equiangularly circular points or at random. We evaluate the classification accuracy by changing the number of the output electrodes, and find that a high accuracy ($>$ 90\%) is achieved with only several tens of output electrodes regardless of grid, circular or random arrangement. These results suggest that the spin waves possess sufficiently complex and rich dynamics for this type of tasks. Then we investigate in which area useful information is distributed more by arranging the electrodes locally on the chip. Finally, we show that this device has generalization ability for input wave-signal frequency in a certain frequency range. These results will lead to practical design of spin-wave reservoir devices for low-power intelligent computing in the near future.

Radio frequency tempering of frozen pacific sauries (Cololabis saira) under batch and continuous mode: Temperature distribution and energy consumption evaluation

AbstractTo investigate the influences of modes and operating parameters on the radio frequency (RF) tempering uniformity of a pack of frozen pacific sauries, a 27.12 MHz RF equipment was employed for sauries tempering with different input power and electrode gaps under batch and continuous mode. Nine frozen sauries were placed in the RF chamber and tempered under different input power (200, 400, 800, 1,600 W), electrode gaps (7, 8, 9 cm) under batch and continuous tempering mode. With a target end‐point tempering temperature of −4°C. Results showed 200 W/9 cm resulted in the longest tempering time (16.44, 15.43 min) and 1,600 W/7 cm was the shortest (2.95, 3.54 min) under batch mode tempering, respectively. The processing conditions of 200 W/9 cm and 200 W/7 cm under batch mode, and 200 W/8 cm, 200 W/9 cm, 400 W/9 cm, 800 W/8 cm under continuous mode all produced a final sample surface temperature distribution within the range of −10°C to 20°C, which indicated a reasonable tempering process. The area of the high temperature zone (10°C &lt; T ≤ 20°C) of tempered sauries under 200 W/9 cm decreased from 0.28% to 0.23% when switching from batch to continuous mode. This implies that continuous RF tempering could reduce overheating and improve tempering uniformity of sauries.Practical applicationsTempering rate, temperature distribution, and energy consumption are the most important concerns to researchers and the industry since tempering temperature and time are highly correlated to fish product quality. Results in this study showed both batch and continuous mode RF tempering could achieve reasonable tempering effect to a pack of frozen sauries. The application of continuous tempering system is more desirable than the batch ones, which can be applied to the tempering industry with higher throughput and connect to the following continuous processing unit operations. This study will broaden the knowledge of food engineers and provide an alternative technology of aquatic product tempering, and the parameters used in this study can assist technologists for the development of commercial equipment.

A Micromechanical Mode-Localized Voltmeter

This paper reports a high-resolution voltmeter based on applying mode localization in a 3 DOF (degree of freedom) weakly coupled resonators (WCRs) system. When the input voltage is applied to the input electrode, stiffness perturbations are introduced into the two outer resonators, leading to a drastic change in mode shape owing to the mode localization phenomenon. Therefore, the input voltage can be detected by measuring the amplitude ratio shift of the WCRs. The theoretical model of the sensitivity is established and the detailed performances of the voltmeter are also given. The measured relative shift of amplitude ratio (~12549112 ppm/V) is 2918 times higher than that of the voltmeter is 3 μV/√(Hz) under the closed-loop test and errors resonant frequency (~4295 ppm/V). The noise floor of the of repeatability and backhaul are both less than 3%.