Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds Research Articles

The Szilard-Chalmers Reaction of Several Neutron-Irradiated Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds

Abstract The distribution of the chemical species containing phosphorus-32 formed by the (n,γ) reaction has been studied for several phosphates as functions of the irradiation conditions in a reactor. The variation in the distribution has been discussed in connection with the radiation annealing process during irradiation, and a comparison of the distribution of the chemical species containing phosphorus-32 by three separation methods has been made. By means of the analysis of the variation curves of the distribution of the chemical species containing phosphorus-32, the apparent rate constants have been estimated. It has been suggested that the variations in the distribution may be approximately expressed by radiation annealing processes, and that they are affected by pile factors.

The Radiation Annealing of Phosphorus-32 with Cobalt-60 Gamma-rays for Several Neutron-irradiated Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds

Abstract Radiation annealings with cobalt-60 gammarays have been investigated for several neutronirradiated inorganic phosphorus compounds. The group separation technique by one-dimensional paper-partition chromatography was adopted to separate chemical species containing phosphorus-32. The reduced species in the sodium and potassium orthophosphate salts and in the sodium pyrophosphate salt decreased upon gamma irradiation, and an increase in the retention was observed. However, the polyphosphate increased initially in the several orthophosphate salts. Three processes has been observed, the rate constants for these processes have been estimated, and two other processes have been suggested. The main process is the oxidation of the reduced species to phosphorus(V) species. Radiation annealing have been studied for phosphates as a functions of the dose rate, the total dose of irradiation, and the temperature during gamma irradiation, it has been found that annealings are dependent upon the total dose and the temperature during irradiation and are independent of the dose rate. In orthophosphates and pyrophosphate, chemical species other than the parent species are easily annealed by gamma irradiation, whereas no detectable annealing has been observed in sodium orthophosphite or sodium hypophosphite. In series of sodium and potassium orthophosphates, annealing was affected by the hydrogen content of the salts.

Applications of Gas Chromatography to Phosphorus Containing Compounds

Very little has been published on the use of gas chromatography for phosphorus containing compounds. We have found gas chromatography to be an extremely valuable aid in both the research and production of organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds. Methods have been developed for assaying finished products and for control of many of the intermediate streams for a number of processes producing phosphorus compounds. Gas chromatographic analysis of inorganic phosphorus compounds, PCI3, POCI3, and (PNCI2)3 to (PNCI2)4, have appeared in the literature. Gas chromatographic methods developed in our laboratory for these mixtures are also given in this paper. Several useful suggestions on gas chromatographic procedure when analyzing for phosphorus compounds are: direct injection on the column, the use of glass columns, careful drying of the carrier gas, special treatment of the support to reduce tailing and rearrangement on the column, and the use of temperature programming.

The Thermal Annealing of Phosphorus-32 Formed by the Neutron Irradiation of Several Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds

Abstract Thermal annealing curves given from the chemically-distributed phosphorus-32 formed by neuton irradiation in a nuclear reactor were obtained by heating several orthophosphates, sodium pyrophosphate, and disodium hydrogen phosphite samples in crystal. The separation was accomplished by one-dimensional paper chromatography. The amounts of phosphorus-32 in the chemical species different from the parent species decreased upon the heating of the salts, except in the case of sodium dihydrogen phosphite, whereas retention always increased. By the analysis of thermal annealing curves obtained from the initial distribution of activation energies, it was found that there was a difference between the thermal-annealing behavior of the polyphosphate fraction and that of the reduced species fraction. The activation energies of the polyphosphate fractions were in the range of 0.60 to 1.0 eV., but the pyrophosphate sample showed an exceptionally high value, i. e., 0.78 to 1.3 eV. Higher activation energy values were estimated for the annealing of the reduced species fraction than for those of the polyphosphate fractions.

Quantitative histological distribution of certain phosphorus compounds in the rat adrenal in various functional states.

The quantitative histological distribution of inorganic and labile-ester phosphorus compounds in the adrenal gland of the male albino rat was studied. Subcutaneous injection of 25 mg. ACTH per kg. 3 hours prior to sacrifice lowered labile-ester phosphorus (predominantly ATP) in the fasciculata and elevated this fraction in the reticular-medullary border zone and medulla. Inorganic phosphorus was more uniformly distributed throughout the zones and the ACTH treatment produced some increase in all regions except outer fasciculata. Analysis of whole-gland homogenates prepared from adrenals of untreated animals killed at noon and at midnight revealed a considerable decrease in labile-ester and a significant increase in inorganic phosphorus at midnight. Injection of ACTH largely abolished these day-night differences by decreasing the values of the former and increasing those of latter in the noon group. A series of subcutaneous cortisone injections (7 mg. cortisone acetate/kg, daily for 2 weeks) produced signif...

Thermal Annealing of Recoil Atoms in Neutron Irradiation of Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds

The recoil effects in neutron-irradiated sodium phosphate crystals are studied in terms that the distribution of recoil atoms is changed by thermal annealing. Results show that on the isothermal annealing of irradiated sodium orthophosphate crystal (anhydrous, tribasic) at 167 deg C the orthophosphate fraction increased remarkably, whereas the pyrophosphate fraction decreased appreciably, but the phosphite fraction slightly decreased. In the case of the phosphate crystal (anhydrous, dibasic) the orthophosphate fraction first increased and then decreased, whereas the pyrophosphate fraction first decressed and then increased. The polyphosphate fraction decreased monotonously and the phosphite decreased slightly. The annealing effects of sodium pyrophosphate show that the pyrophosphate fraction remarkably increased and the polyphosphate fraction decreased. The orthophospbate and phosphate fractions only slightly decreased. (N.W.R.)

Effect of various inorganic phosphorus compounds on oxidative phosphorylation

Among 13 phosphorus compounds tested as possible inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, only one, thiophosphate, could be considered as a true uncoupling agent, increasing oxygen consumption and inhibiting phosphate esterification. Pyrophosphate, triphosphate, diimidotriphosphate, and boron phosphate inhibited phosphate esterification, and to a lesser extent oxygen consumption. Isohypophosphate and diphosphate were found to be weakly inhibitory, while pyrophosphite, trimetaphosphimate, and sodium phosphate glasses of varying chain length were virtually inert. With the exception of triphosphate, none of the inhibitors produced significant inhibition of hexokinase at concentrations which interfered with phosphate esterification. Doubling the magnesium concentration partially reversed the inhibition caused by triphosphate, but not that caused by pyrophosphate.

Cultivated Rice Varieties viewed from Root Characters : (V) Phosphorus compounds in roots and varietal resistabilities against soil reduction

As already reported by many researchers, varietal differences of the resistability against soil reduction are mainly caused by the oxidizing power of roots, that is, by the energy releasing power for the maintenance of metabolic activities. Under the reductive soil conditions, it was also pointed out that the fall of the root respiration occured, accompanying with the degradation in the phosphorylation processes of sugars in roots. Therefore it is assumed that the more resistant, varieties may produce the organic phosphates much more in contrast to the inorganic ones, under both natural and abnormal conditions. From these viewpoints, the authors determined varital differences of organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds in roots, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in order to show the relationship between their conetnts and the varietal resistabilities. The experiments composing the studies and the main results obtained were as follows: 1) The absorption of 32p measured by the counting method (Tab. 1): The more resistant variety (Norin 69) absorbed the radioactive element much more in roots than the less resistant one (Norin 36), at both the 6 th an 9 th leaf stages. It was also ascertained under abnormal conditions. The abnormal condition means the plots which were treated whith hydroquinon in order to deprive the plants and the medium of oxygen. 2) Phosphate contents in roots determined by chemical analyses (Tab. 2 & Fig. 1): Contents of both organic and inorganic phosphates were more or less larger in the roots of the more resistant variety (Norin 37), as compared with the less resistant one (Norin 41), under both conditions mentioned above. It was almost always assured at every growth stages selected. Besides the ratios of the organic phosphates to the inorganic ones because higher in the normal plants than in those injured by the chemical. It was especially true in the more resistant variety (Fig. 2). 3) Organic phosphates found by the qualitative analysis (Fig. 3): The paper chromatographic method applied to the acid soluble organic phosphates in roots showed that 3-phosphoglyceric acid was never recognizable in both varieties treated. From this fact, it was inferred that some of organic phosphates to be translocated migth be vanished or not synthesized when the root respiration was checked. 4) Anatomical observations of roots treated with hydroquinon (Fig. 4): Epidermis and its neighbouring tissues wer discolored yellow or brown. It was also alike in stele, of which strands seemed to be stoppered. These phenomena suggest that nutrients migration from root to top may be largely disturbed.

Infrared spectra of inorganic phosphorus compounds

The infrared spectra of fifty-five inorganic phosphorus compounds including orthophosphates, phosphorofluoridates, pyrophosphates, imidodiphosphates, and metaphosphimates, have been examined. Particular attention has been given to an absorption band in the region near 3100 cm −1 , which is due to N—H stretching. The appearance of this band in cyclic phosphorus-nitrogen compounds indicates the structure —P(O)—NH— rather than —P(OH)⊷N—, and suggests that their nomenclature be reviewed.

Paper chromatography of inorganic phosphorus compounds

Paper chromatography of inorganic phosphorus compounds

Solubility of Phosphorus in Some Genetically Related Loess-Derived Soils1

Phosphorus solubility studies were made on five loessderived soils showing increased profile development in relation to their location along a traverse from southwestern. Iowa to northern Missouri. The pH of the extractant varied from about 2.0 to 11.0. This technique was used to determine the general chemical nature of the inorganic phosphorus compounds in each profile. The results showed the acid, near neutral, and alkaline soluble phosphorus to be a function of the position of the sample in the profile and to be further related to the degree of profile development—the A, B, and C horizons showing definite solubility patterns. The A horizons yielded about equal yet small amounts of phosphorus both in the acid and alkaline media. In the B horizons the alkaline extractions removed much more phosphorus, while in the C horizons the acid media not only solubilized more phosphorus but very much more than at any other position in the profiles. All horizons of all profiles showed low soluble phosphorus in the neutral media. The more strongly developed profiles tended to be lowest in soluble phosphorus showing the tendency of the soil development processes to fix the phosphorus compounds into less soluble forms. The study indicates that soil weathering tends to change the inorganic phosphorus from calcium forms to iron, aluminum, and adsorbed forms, but that organic matter retards this action and forms other complexes both alkaline and acid soluble.

The infra-red spectra of inorganic phosphorus compounds. Part II. Some salts of phosphorus oxy-acids

The infra-red spectra of inorganic phosphorus compounds. Part II. Some salts of phosphorus oxy-acids

The infra-red spectra of some inorganic phosphorus compounds

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.

STUDIES ON BLOOD PHOSPHORUS

Studies on blood phosphorus in children usually refer to the inorganic phosphorus of the serum or plasma. The change in blood phosphorus content in both rickets and tetany, for instance, refers to inorganic phosphorus compounds. Recent experiments, however, tend to prove that the organic phosphorus compounds of the blood play an important part in many pathologic conditions in childhood. The following papers deal with only one group of the organic blood phosphates, namely, the esters, which are mainly contained in the red cells. These intracellular phosphate esters are closely related to sugar metabolism and help to maintain the base-binding power and osmotic pressure of the red cell. Pronounced changes in the concentration of inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds have been found in many clinical conditions associated with electrolyte imbalance. Thus the inorganic blood phosphorus seems to possess other functions besides its role as the structural substance needed for bone formation.

THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

<h3>ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS</h3> The organic compounds of phosphorus present little difference in nutritive value so far as the phosphorus is concerned, since they are all decomposed in digestion and absorbed as inorganic phosphates. What differences exist depend on the differing nutritive power of the organic compounds with which they are combined. A well-known physiologic chemist says:¹"The value of the organic phosphorus compounds in nutrition entirely depends on the nature of the organic matter with which the phosphoric acid is combined." This statement may come as a surprise to many who have heard the supposed virtues of "organic phosphorus" lauded in emphatic terms. We have already pointed out²that without question the organic phosphorus compounds can be built up in the animal body from inorganic phosphate. Both organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds can therefore be utilized in the organism; but mere feeding experiments with the organic types do