Uptake Of Inorganic Ions Research Articles

Relative importance of factors controlling the leaching and uptake of inorganic ions in the canopy of a spruce forest

Sequential sampling of precipitation under mature spruce trees and time-series analysis of the data were performed in order to assess, in natural conditions, the relative importance of different factors that could influence the leaching and uptake of inorganic ions in the canopy. Eleven rain events were analyzed in order to estimate how external factors, rain intensity, H+, and ionic concentration of the incident rain influence the ionic throughfall concentrations and the net throughfall fluxes. The results led to the conclusion that leaching or uptake mostly occur by diffusion. The influence of the open rain acidity was not conclusive; however, it was shown that the tested external factors only controlled a few percent of the variation of the data. By contrast, the autocorrelation of the data always explained a large portion of the variance. It could result from the gradual changes in the course time of internal factors related to the exchange system including waxes, cuticles, apoplast and xylem sap. These constituents were known to control the exchange at the canopy surface and to be sensitive to the plant physiology and environmental conditions.

Upregulation of inositol transport mediates inositol accumulation in hyperosmolar brain cells

Attempts to understand brain volume regulation have been greatly hampered by the structural complexity of the mammalian central nervous system, indicating a need for the investigation of cultured brain cell lines whose behavior reflects that observed in situ. We demonstrate here that rat C6 glioma cells exhibit a pattern of hyperosmolar volume regulation qualitatively similar to that of the intact brain. Chronic (2-6 days) acclimation of C6 cells to high NaCl media (440 or 590 mosM) resulted in a 46-133 mM increase in cellular inositol, a known major brain osmolyte. C6 cells exposed acutely to 440 mosM medium shrank abruptly and then underwent a complete regulatory volume increase (RVI) within 4 h. Inositol levels began to increase after 10 h of hyperosmolar stress and reached maximal values by 24 h, suggesting that RVI is initially mediated by inorganic ion uptake. [3H]inositol uptake measurements revealed a sevenfold stimulation of phlorizin-inhibitable inositol transport in hyperosmotic cells. The enhancement of inositol transport paralleled the rise in cellular inositol content. Phlorizin reduced inositol accumulation in hyperosmolar cells by 44%. Our studies provide the first demonstration of RVI and organic osmolyte accumulation in a cultured brain cell line.

Water and ion balance in hydrating oocytes of the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus (L.), during hormone‐induced final maturation

Sequential changes in water content and inorganic ion concentrations occurring in intra‐ovarian oocytes of the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus L., during hormone‐induced final maturation are described. Post‐vitellogenic oocytes have a water content of 59.4%. During final maturation, oocyte water increases rapidly to a maximum of 84.8% at oviposition. Hydration is accompanied by a relatively small increase in dry matter due to the concurrent uptake of inorganic ions and an apparent uptake of organic matter.Net uptake of Ca2+ during hydration is negligible. Net uptake of Mg2 + and Na+ occurs in less than equimolar proportions. Net uptake of K+ and Cl− occurs in greater than equimolar proportions prior to ovulation, returning to equimolarity at oviposition. Hence, hydration results in a dilution of intracellular Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ to minimum concentrations at oviposition. In contrast, K+ and Cl− concentrations are slightly elevated prior to ovulation, returning to initial levels at oviposition. A 1:1 stoichiometric relationship in net uptake of K + andCl− is evident.Intracellular osmotic pressure in post‐vitellogenic oocytes is 203.4 ± 18.0 mOsmolkg−1. Osmotic pressure rises to a peak of 421.3+ 17.3 mOsmol kg−1 prior to ovulation, then declines to 313.3 ± 15.0 mOsmol kg−1 at oviposition. This rise in osmotic pressure prior to ovulation cannot be accounted for solely on the basis of inorganic ion uptake and must be attributed to changes in intracellular concentrations of organic solutes as well. An apparent increase in non‐ash dry matter during hydration suggests that a net uptake of organic solute is involved. A relatively small organic molecule with high osmotic activity (e.g., amino acids) is implicated.

Study of the uptake of inorganic ions and organic acids at theα-alumina-electrolyte interface in a colloidal system by radiochemical techniques and microelectrophoresis

The interactions of the alumina-electrolyte in the presence of inorganic ions (copper, selenium) and/or organic acids (benzoic acid, glutamic acid, phenol) have been studied. The acid-based properties ofα-alumina have been determined in NaCl media (pzc=8.5±0.3). Three types of hydroxy groups with different acidity constants have been found. The adsorption of copper and selenium have been described by the formation of the surface complexes: (=Al1−OH, CuCl) and (=Al1, SeO3)−. The interaction of copper with the surface oxygen atoms is strong and so is the interaction of selenium with the surface aluminium atoms, which involves a shift of the iep of alumina. For the three organic acids studied (HX), the adsorption equilibrium is:=Ali−OH+HX⇆(=Ali, X)+H2O. The interaction of the X− group and the aluminium atoms is strong following the order: glutamic acid > benzoic acid > phenol. The uptake of selenium is uninfluenced by the presence of organic acids with carboxylic, amino-acidic and phenolic groups. The uptake of copper is highly increased by the presence of organic acids but it is not influenced by the presence of the phenolic groups. Both of these behaviours can be extrapolated to inorganic ions of the same chemical structure.

Further Characterization on the Transport Property of Plasmalemma NADH Oxidation System in Isolated Corn Root Protoplasts

Recent experiments show that exogenous NADH increases the O(2) consumption and uptake of inorganic ions into isolated corn (Zea mays L. Pioneer Hybrid 3320) root protoplasts (Lin 1982, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 3773-3776). A mild treatment of protoplasts with trypsin released most of the NADH oxidation system from the plasmalemma (Lin 1982 Plant Physiol 70: 326-328). Further studies on this system showed that exogenous NADH (1.5 millimolar) tripled the proton efflux from the protoplasts thus generating a greater electrochemical proton gradient across the plasmalemma. Trypsin also released ubiquinone (11.95 nanomoles per milligrams protein) but not flavin or cytochrome from the system. Kinetic analyses showed that 1.5 millimolar NADH quadrupled V(max) of the mechanism I (saturable) component of K(+) uptake, while K(m) was not affected. Diethylstibestrol and vanadate inhibited basal (ATPase-mediated) K(+) influx and H(+) efflux, while NADH-stimulated K(+) uptake was not or only slightly inhibited. p-Chloromercuribenzene-sulfonic acid, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, ethidium bromide, and oligomycin inhibited both ATPase- and NADH-mediated H(+) and K(+) fluxes. A combination of 10 millimolar fusicoccin and 1.5 millimolar NADH gave an 11-fold increase of K(+) influx and a more than 3-fold increase of H(+) efflux. It is concluded that a plasmalemma ATPase is not involved in the NADH-mediated ion transport mechanism. NADH oxidase is a -SH containing enzyme (protein) and the proton channel is an important element in this transport system. Fusicoccin synergistically stimulates the effect of NADH on K(+) uptake.

Uptake of inorganic ions from the maternal circulation during development of the embryo of a viviparous lizard, Sphenomorphus quoyii

1. 1. Inorganic ion content of developing follicles and of whole eggs and separated embryos and yolk sacs of the viviparous lizard, Sphenomorphus quoyii has been measured. 2. 2. There is a net increase in calcium, sodium and potassium in whole eggs during gestation. Magnesium and phosphorus content remains constant. 3. 3. The additional ions are incorporated into the developing embryo. 4. 4. Calcium content of the yolk is compared with that of the fowl and other species of reptile.

Proton electrochemical gradient and phosphate potential in submitochondrial particles

1. The aerobic uptake of inorganic ions, such as 86Rb + or 125I −, by submitochondrial particles, is about one order of magnitude lower than the uptake of organic ions, such as acridines or 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulphonate. The values of ΔpH, the transmembrane pH differential, and Δψ, the transmembrane membrane potential are between 60 and 100 mV when calculated on the inorganic ions and between 150 and 240 mV when calculated on the organic ions. The discrepancy between the ΔpH and Δψ values from organic and inorganic ions is large at high but not at low ion/protein ratios. 2. In the absence of weak bases and strong acids the values of Δ \\ ̃ gm H , the proton electrochemical potential difference, are close to 100 mV and the magnitude of ΔpH and Δψ are similar. Weak bases decrease ΔpH and enhance Δψ. Strong acids decrease Δψ and enhance ΔpH. Interchangeability of ΔpH with Δψ occurs at low concentrations of weak bases and strong acids. High concentrations of weak bases and strong acids cause depression of Δ \\ ̃ gm H . 3. Concentrations of weak bases capable of abolishing ΔpH, do not affect ATP synthesis. Concentrations of strong acids capable of abolishing Δψ affect only slightly ATP synthesis. Concentrations of weak bases and strong acids capable of causing a decline of ΔpH + Δψ inhibit ATP synthesis. 4. Depression of Δ \\ ̃ gm H is paralleled by inhibition of ATP synthesis and decline of ΔGp, the phosphate potential. Abolition of ATP synthesis occurs only when Δ \\ ̃ gm H is below 20 mV. The ΔG p/Δ \\ ̃ gm H ratio increases hyperbolically with the decrease of Δ \\ ̃ gm H .

Specificity of Cycloheximide in Higher Plant Systems

Although cycloheximide is extremely inhibitory to protein synthesis in vivo in higher plants, the reported insensitivity of some plant ribosomes suggests that it may not invariably act at the ribosomal level. This suggestion is reinforced by results obtained with red beet storage tissue disks, the respiration of which is stimulated by cycloheximide at 1 microgram per milliliter. Inorganic ion uptake by these disks is inhibited by cycloheximide at 1 microgram per milliliter while the uptake of organic compounds, by comparison, is unaffected. Ion uptake by all nongreen tissues tested is inhibited by cycloheximide, but leaf tissue is unaffected, indicating that the ion absorption mechanism in the leaf may differ fundamentally from that in the root. It is concluded that cycloheximide can affect cellular metabolism other than by inhibiting protein synthesis and that the inhibition of ion uptake may be due to disruption of the energy supply.

The Uptake of Inorganic Ions by Plant Leaves

The Uptake of Inorganic Ions by Plant Leaves

Calcium Uptake and Transport by Wheat Seedlings as Affected by Aluminum

AbstractUptake and distribution of Ca was studied with excised roots and intact seedlings of wheat. Patterns characteristic of inorganic ion uptake by roots were obtained, namely a rapid initial adsorption phase followed by a linear rate of accumulation. The former was relatively large compared to the latter. It also was reduced to a greater extent by increasing acidity from pH 6 to pH 4. The Ca accumulation phase was reduced by modest restrictions in aerobic metabolism. Treatments resulting in severe reductions in metabolism produced a loss of internal inorganic cations and an increase in influx of external Ca indicating serious objections to the sole use of isotopic procedures for ion uptake studies under such extreme conditions.Aluminum treatments reduced both the adsorption and accumulation phases of Ca uptake. The reduction in the accumulation phase could not be overcome by supplying additional Ca. Increasing the Al concentration from 10‐4N to 10‐3N at constant Ca did not alter the extent of inhibition, suggesting that a portion of the Ca accumulation mechanism was inactivated completely by Al at 10‐4N or less.Transport of Ca to shoots of intact seedlings also was restricted by Al although appreciable transport still occurred when root uptake was inhibited completely.

Osmotic Regulation in the Green Toad (Bufo Viridis)

ABSTRACT The osmotic and ionic regulatory abilities of adults of a freshwater population of the green toad (Bufo viridis) have been studied. These toads tolerated environmental salinities as high as 19%,, at temperatures near 25°C. Two individuals of another population of this species tolerated salinities as high as 23 ‰. Changes in body weight of toads transferred to different environmental salinities indicate that the skin of this form is permeable to water. Rapid return to control levels of body weight indicate that drinking of external medium may be an important part of the initial adjustment to high salinities. Above salinities of about 8%0 plasma Δ rises with increasing environmental Δ. Marked hypertonicity of the plasma is maintained in low salinities, but isotonicity with the medium is approached in higher salinities. Increases in plasma concentration above freshwater levels are due primarily to increased NaCl concentration (about 84%), partly to increased concentrations of urea (5–10%) and other osmotically active substances. Urinary Δ is much lower than plasma Δ in dilute media, but becomes identical with plasma Δ above salinities of about 15 ‰. Increases in urine concentration above freshwater levels are also due primarily to NaCl increase (74%). Considerable quantities of salt are lost via the urine. The kidneys seem to lose much of their ability to regulate urinary salt concentrations in high-salinity media. Measurements of electrical potential and short-circuit current indicate that active uptake of inorganic ions by the skin continues in concentrated media, but at reduced rates. Changes in muscle water, Na and K contents indicate the occurrence of some redistribution of water and salts between various body-fluid compartments as part of the salinity adaptation process. In preference experiments, B. viridis chooses the land over any aquatic environment. Among aquatic environments it prefers those with salinities below 8‰. When combined with some earlier data by other workers who studied other populations of B. viridis, the present data indicate great uniformity of ionic and osmotic regulatory abilities among populations of this species. The marked differences between salinity tolerances of different populations are indicated to be due to differences in tissue tolerance of high body-fluid salinities.

THE EFFECT OF RHIZOPLANE FUNGI ON THE UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF NUTRIENTS BY TOMATO PLANTS

The effects of infestation of the roots of tomato seedlings with naturally occurring rhizoplane fungi on the uptake of various nutrients has been studied. Fusarium sp. suppressed the uptake of radioactive phosphate, sulphate, bicarbonate, and glucose by the varieties Bonny Best and Geneva 11. Trichoderma viride Pers. suppressed the uptake of inorganic ions but increased the uptake of glucose in the varieties Moscow and Loran Blood. Marked differences were observed in the distribution of radioactivity among soluble compounds of the shoots of infested and noninfested plants after the supply of C14-labelled glucose or bicarbonate.Rhizoplane fungi appear to have a complex influence on the metabolic activities not only of the root but of the whole plant. This indicates the importance of being aware of the biological aspects of root environment in experimental studies with plants.

Further Studies on Incubation of Turtle (Malaclemys centrata Lat.) Eggs

Previous article No AccessShorter Articles and DiscussionFurther Studies on Incubation of Turtle (Malaclemys centrata Lat.) EggsBert Cunningham, M. W. Woodward, and Janis PridgenBert Cunningham Search for more articles by this author , M. W. Woodward Search for more articles by this author , and Janis Pridgen Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 73, Number 746May - Jun., 1939 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/280839 Views: 3Total views on this site Citations: 6Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Andrew M. Grosse, Brian A. Crawford, John C. Maerz, Kurt A. Buhlmann, Terry Norton, Michelle Kaylor, Tracey D. Tuberville Effects of Vegetation Structure and Artificial Nesting Habitats on Hatchling Sex Determination and Nest Survival of Diamondback Terrapins, Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 6, no.11 (Oct 2014): 19–28.https://doi.org/10.3996/082014-JFWM-063GARY C. PACKARD, MARY J. PACKARD, THOMAS J. BOARDMAN An experimental analysis of the water relations of eggs of Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 75, no.11 (May 2008): 23–34.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1982.tb01940.xJane Thompson Uptake of inorganic ions from the maternal circulation during development of the embryo of a viviparous lizard, Sphenomorphus quoyii, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 71, no.11 (Jan 1982): 107–112.https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(82)90374-7G. C. PACKARD, M. J. PACKARD, T. J. BOARDMAN, M. D. ASHEN Possible Adaptive Value of Water Exchanges in Flexible-Shelled Eggs of Turtles, Science 213, no.45064506 (Jul 1981): 471–473.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.213.4506.471GARY C. PACKARD, C. RICHARD TRACY, JAN J. ROTH THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF REPTILIAN EGGS AND EMBRYOS. AND THE EVOLUTION OF VIVIPARITY WITHIN THE CLASS REPTILIA, Biological Reviews 52, no.11 (Feb 1977): 71–105.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1977.tb01346.x Bert Cunningham Effect of Temperature Upon the Developmental Rate of the Embryo of the Diamond Back Terrapin (Malaclemys centrata Lat.), The American Naturalist 73, no.747747 (Sep 2015): 381–384.https://doi.org/10.1086/280848