Inorganic Iodine Compounds Research Articles

Full latitudinal marine atmospheric measurements of iodine monoxide

Abstract. Iodine compounds destroy ozone (O3) in the global troposphere and form new aerosols, thereby affecting the global radiative balance. However, few reports have described the latitudinal distribution of atmospheric iodine compounds. This work reports iodine monoxide (IO) measurements taken over unprecedented sampling areas from the Arctic to the Southern Hemisphere and spanning sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of approximately 0 to 31.5 ∘C. The highest IO concentrations were observed over the Western Pacific warm pool (WPWP), where O3 minima were also measured. There, a negative correlation was found between O3 and IO mixing ratios at extremely low O3 concentrations. This correlation is not explained readily by the O3-dependent oceanic fluxes of photolabile inorganic iodine compounds, which is the dominant source in recent global-scale chemistry transport models representing iodine chemistry. Actually, the correlation rather implies that O3-independent pathways can be similarly important in the WPWP. The O3-independent fluxes result in a 15 % greater O3 loss than that estimated for O3-dependent processes alone. The daily O3 loss rate related to iodine over the WPWP is as high as approximately 2 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) despite low O3 concentrations of approximately 10 ppbv, with the loss being up to 100 % greater than that without iodine. This finding suggests that warming SST driven by climate change might affect the marine atmospheric chemical balance through iodine–ozone chemistry.

Synthesis of Organic Iodine Compounds in Sweetcorn under the Influence of Exogenous Foliar Application of Iodine and Vanadium.

A human’s diet should be diverse and rich in vitamins, macro- and microelements essential for the proper functioning of the human body. Globally, a high percentage of the human population suffers from malnutrition, deficiencies of nutrients and vitamins also known as the problem of hidden hunger. This problem it is not only common in poor countries, but also occurs in developed countries. Iodine is a nutrient crucial for the proper functioning of the human and animal body. For plants, it is referred to as a beneficial element or even a microelement. The design of the biofortification experiment was determined on the basis of the interaction of iodine and vanadium (synergistic interaction in marine algae), where vanadium-dependent iodoperoxidase catalyzes apoplastic oxidation of iodine, resulting in high efficiency of iodine uptake and accumulation in brown algae (Laminaria digitate). Three independent experiments (Exp.) were carried out with the foliar application of vanadium (V) and iodine (I) compounds. The main differences between the experiments with the adapted proper corn biofortification method were the different application stage between the individual experiments, the application intervals and the dose of the iodine–vanadium compound. In each experiment, the accumulation of iodine and vanadium in the grain was several times lower than in the leaves. The combination iodine and vanadium significantly increased the accumulation of iodine in the grain in the case of applying V with inorganic iodine compounds, and a decrease in the accumulation of I after applying V with organic iodine compound —especially in Exp. No. 3. In grain, the highest content of I−, IO3− was in combination with the application of 2-iodobenzoic acid (products of its metabolism). In most of the tested combinations, vanadium stimulated the accumulation/synthesis of exogenous/endogenous 5-iodosalicylic acid (5ISA) and 2-iodobenzoic acid (2IBeA), respectively, and decreased the content of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (2,3,5-triIBeA) in leaves and grains. The tested compounds I and V and the combinations of their application had a diversified effect on the vitamin C content in the grains. Vanadium in the lower dose of 0.1 µM significantly increased the sugar content in the grain.

Biofortification of Sweetcorn with Iodine: Interaction of Organic and Inorganic Forms of Iodine Combined with Vanadium

Around the world, maize cultivation is an essential part of food systems for humans and animals. Effective reactions against the occurrence of diseases related to the deficiency of elements in the human diet are related to the biofortification of plant species of broad importance, including maize. The enrichment of maize with iodine is difficult due to the poor transport of this element to the plant’s generative organs. In marine algae, vanadium is part of the structure of the enzyme iodine-dependent peroxidase (vHIPO) that catalyzes the uptake of cellular iodine (I) and its volatilization as I2. The relationship between iodine and vanadium in higher plants, however, is not well-known. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of vanadium fertilization and the interactions of organic and inorganic iodine compounds with vanadium under soil application. In the pot experiment, NH4VO3 was applied to the soil in two doses of 0.1 and 1 μmol·dm−3 both separately and in combination, with the following iodine compounds: 5-iodosalicylic acid (5-ISA), 2-iodobenzoic acid (2-IBeA), potassium iodide (KI), and potassium iodate (KIO3). The iodine compounds were also applied independently to vanadium, while in the control combination, fertilization was performed without I and V. Iodine compounds were applied with doses calculated using the molar mass of this element (i.e., 10 μmol·dm−3 I). The highest level of iodine accumulation in grains (regardless of fertilization with V) was obtained after the application of organic compounds 5ISA and 2IBeA. A lower dose of vanadium (0.1 μmol·dm−3) in combination with KI and KIO3 increased the accumulation of iodine in leaves, roots, and grains compared to the combination without the additional application of vanadium. The combined application of vanadium in both doses with 2-IBeA most effectively stimulated the transport and accumulation of iodine to the maize grain. Under the combined application of 5-ISA and vanadium (10 μmol·dm−3), we observed the stimulating effect of this organic iodine compound on the accumulation of vanadium in the roots as well as the antagonistic effect of vanadium in combination with 5-ISA on the accumulation of iodine in the roots, leaves, and maize grain. Vanadium accumulated mainly in the roots, where the content of this element increased proportionally to its dose. The soil application of 5-ISA increased the total sugar content and vitamin C content in the grain.

Effect of Vanadium on the Uptake and Distribution of Organic and Inorganic Forms of Iodine in Sweetcorn Plants during Early-Stage Development

Iodine and vanadium are elements that are closely related to organisms in water environments. Iodine and vanadium are known as “beneficial elements” that stimulate the growth and development of higher plants. Iodine is an essential element for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine in the human body, with vanadium also known to be involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. The cooperation of both elements in the human body and in algae presents a question regarding the impact of vanadium interaction on iodine uptake in higher plants. The absorption of iodine from seawater in algae is known to be more efficient in the presence of vanadium, with key role in this process played by the iodoperoxidase enzyme, with vanadium acting as a cofactor. The study of the nature of the absorption of iodine by higher plants, and in particular by crops such as corn, remains insufficiently studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vanadium on iodine uptake via vanadium-dependent iodoperoxidase (vHPO) activity in sweetcorn plants (Zea mays L. subsp. Mays Saccharata Group) “Złota Karłowa”. The experiment was carried out with organic and inorganic iodine compounds, namely potassium iodide (KI), potassium iodate (KIO3), 5-iodosalicylic acid (5-ISA), and 2-iodobenzoic acid (2-IBeA), each used in a dose of 10 μM. These compounds were applied with and without vanadium in the form of ammonium methavanadate (NH4VO3) at a dose of 0.1 μM. A double control was used, the first without iodine and vanadium and the second with vanadium but without iodine. Root length, root mass, and above-ground weight were significantly higher after iodine and vanadium compared to controls. Plants were collected at the five true leaf stage. vHPO activity level was much higher in the roots than in the leaves, but greater variation in the leaves was observed between treatments in terms of vHPO activity. Vanadium was shown to accumulate in the roots. The use of a relatively low dose of vanadium may have caused changes in the accumulation of this element in the aerial parts of the plant, leaves, and shoots. Fertilization with iodine and vanadium compounds decreased the accumulation of most minerals, macroelements, and microelements compared to controls. The obtained results of iodine accumulation in individual parts after applying iodine and vanadium fertilization testify to the stimulating effect of vanadium on iodine uptake and accumulation.

Weight of the thyroid, adrenal glands, and the liver of white rats in the conditions of hyperthyroidism: the possibility of applying indices changes as screening-markers for determining body status effected by organic and inorganic iodine.

Despite the available information on the interaction between the thyroid gland activity and that of the adrenal glands, and the liver involvement in their hormones metabolism, the study of the connection existing between these organs in hyperthyroidism is still incomplete. Changes in the weight indices values of the thyroid and adrenal glands and the liver of 90 non-linear white male rats were studied. Animals received histologically verified minimally active (21 μg iodine per kg body weight), moderate (50 μg iodine per kg body weight), and significant (100 μg iodine per kg body weight) doses of organic and inorganic iodine during 30 days under the model hyperthyroidism conditions. It was found that consumption of organic and inorganic iodine at a minimal dose approximates the digital values of adrenal gland and those of the liver of the intact animals. Consumption of a moderate organic iodine dose is accompanied by a decrease in the previously achieved values of the thyroid weight index by 17.28%, and the increase in the liver weight index by 19.66%. When consuming a moderate amount of inorganic iodine, the largest change in the values achieved was the liver weight index which increased by 13.76%. Consumption of organic and inorganic iodine compounds in a significant dose is accompanied by further changing in the studied parameters. When consuming organic iodine the thyroid weight index grows by 10.44%, that of the adrenal glands – by 13.33%, the liver – by 34.52%. Сonsuming of inorganic iodine is accompanied by a rapid increase in the thyroid glands weight index by 21.25%, that of the liver – by 34.31%. The established indicates the existence of functional communication between the studied organs; the effect depends on the chemical nature and dose of iodine consumed. The existing functional dependence gives grounds to apply changes in the weight index of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and the liver as screening-markers to determine the body’s condition in hyperthyroidism.

Production of Molecular Iodine and Tri-iodide in the Frozen Solution of Iodide: Implication for Polar Atmosphere.

The chemistry of reactive halogens in the polar atmosphere plays important roles in ozone and mercury depletion events, oxidizing capacity, and dimethylsulfide oxidation to form cloud-condensation nuclei. Among halogen species, the sources and emission mechanisms of inorganic iodine compounds in the polar boundary layer remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the production of tri-iodide (I3(-)) via iodide oxidation, which is negligible in aqueous solution, is significantly accelerated in frozen solution, both in the presence and the absence of solar irradiation. Field experiments carried out in the Antarctic region (King George Island, 62°13'S, 58°47'W) also showed that the generation of tri-iodide via solar photo-oxidation was enhanced when iodide was added to various ice media. The emission of gaseous I2 from the irradiated frozen solution of iodide to the gas phase was detected by using cavity ring-down spectroscopy, which was observed both in the frozen state at 253 K and after thawing the ice at 298 K. The accelerated (photo-)oxidation of iodide and the subsequent formation of tri-iodide and I2 in ice appear to be related with the freeze concentration of iodide and dissolved O2 trapped in the ice crystal grain boundaries. We propose that an accelerated abiotic transformation of iodide to gaseous I2 in ice media provides a previously unrecognized formation pathway of active iodine species in the polar atmosphere.

Photochemical aspects of the behavior of the atmospheric radioiodine after the Chernobyl accident

A hybrid stable iodine/radioiodine (131I) atmospheric photochemistry box model, including 27 reactions, has been developed and solved using algorithmic programme with the application of the Runge-Kutta method of the order 4(5). This modelling offers a clearer view of relationship among aerosol-associated (inorganic iodine compounds, mostly I2O2), gaseous inorganic (mostly IONO2, HOI) and organic (CH3I) iodine compounds in ambient atmosphere. Summing up the data of the Chernobyl accident, the problem of the standardised method for atmospheric aerosol-associated and gaseous (inorganic and organic) radioiodine activity measurements in the case of the nuclear power plant accident is discussed.

Preparation of di(n‐butyl) tin and di(n‐octyl) tin dihalides by the direct synthesis method

AbstractThe direct synthesis of the two industrially important organotin intermediates, di(n‐butyl)tin and di(n‐octyl)tin dihalides, has been investigated by reacting the appropriate alkyl halide with metallic tin undervarying conditions. Observations were made on the influences of temperature, pressure, reaction time, nature of the tin metal, organic halide/tin reactant ratios and the presence of catalysts on the extent of tin conversion and yields of the organotin products. The efficacy of the onium halides, notably n‐Bu4NI, Me3SI and Ph3MeAsI, either singly or in binary combinations with iodine or inorganic iodine compounds, in catalysing the synthesis of the above dialkyltins as well as higher di(n‐alkyl)tin analogues is described.

Radiolysis of iodine compounds in model systems of PWR

The paper gives a survey of experimental results concerning the chemical behaviour and radiation chemical reactions of inorganic iodine compounds in a model WWER coolant, the reactions of iodine with methane taking place in the gas phase on irradiation and the radiolysis of inorganic iodine compounds as well as of CH 3I in the spray solutions.

Radiolysis of inorganic iodine compounds in aerated borate spray solution

The products of the radiolysis of aerated borate spray solution with γ-rays at room temperature are hydrogen peroxide. The dose dependence of hydrogen yields in the are hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide. The dose dependence of hydrogen yields in the range of higher doses is strongly influenced by the ratio of volumes of gaseous and liquid phase. Molecular iodine is hydrolyzed in the spray solution to I - and IO 3 -. On irradiation of solutions containing only I -, no change of its concentration was observed. The radiolysis of dilute solutions of IO 3 - results in the reduction to iodide; the yields G(-IO 3 - abd G(I -) are equal and increase linearly when the concentration of IO 3 - rises from 10 -5 M to 10 -4 M. Iodide is the only iodine-containing compound present after the irradiation of the spray solution, in which originally molecular iodine, iodate or iodide were dissolved, using doses of the order of 10 5-10 6 Gy.

Iodine: Its possible role in tropospheric photochemistry

A detailed study of the photochemistry of iodine and its oxides indicates that iodine species may play an important, but heretofore ignored, role in the tropospheric photochemical system. Methyl iodide, often observed in the marine troposphere with an average concentration of 5–10 ppt (v/v), is photolyzed and thereby produces I atoms. Chemical interactions with O3, HxOy, and NOx cause I to be converted to other inorganic compounds such as IO, HOI, IONO2, and I2. The production of these species and their subsequent recycling back to I can lead to the catalytic removal of tropospheric O3, the enhancement of the NO2/NO ratio, the destruction of HxOy free radicals, and the conversion of HO2 to OH. Ultimately, tropospheric inorganic iodine (IX) is removed by heterogeneous processes. Calculations using a numerical model to simulate tropospheric photochemistry indicate that iodine may have a strong impact upon the atmospheric O3‐NOx‐HxOy system. The magnitude of these effects is dependent upon the value of several uncertain rate constants and the primary source distributions of CH3I and other organic and inorganic iodine compounds.

The Oxidation State of 126I Arising from the (n,2n) Reaction in Inorganic Iodine Compounds

The Oxidation State of 126I Arising from the (n,2n) Reaction in Inorganic Iodine Compounds

RECOVERY OF IODIDE FROM ANION EXCHANGE RESINS.

ANION exchange resins have been used to separate organic and inorganic iodine compounds from thyroid extracts and from serum by various workers1–4. Organic iodine compounds are relatively easily eluted from resins of this type, but it has proved difficult to recover the iodide. Attempts have been made to do this with sodium bromide by Galton and Pitt-Rivers1 and with sodium sulphate by Sekino et al.5.

Localization of radioactive organic and inorganic iodine compounds in the posterior hypophysis of the rabbit

It has been found that there is a greater concentration of radioactive organic and inorganic iodine compounds in the posterior hypophysis than in the plasma of rabbits 48 hr. after the subcutaneous injection of carrier-free radioactive iodide. This localization does not occur in the rabbit's anterior hypophysis. There are indications that these results are due to a localization in the posterior hypophysis of thyroid hormone and its subsequent deiodination there.

Some reactions of inorganic iodine compounds

Some reactions of inorganic iodine compounds

Screening Tests of Organometallic and Other Heavy Metal Compounds on Horse Strongyle Larvae in Manure

The use of horse strongyle larvae in sytematic testing of possible nematocidal compounds was introduced by Parnell (1936). His technic was used by Levine (1949) for testing 70 compounds. A modification of the technic was used by Levine (1951) to screen 61 organic and inorganic iodine compounds. The literature is reviewed in the papers cited above. In addition, Ackert and Ligenzowski (1949) found that 10%o acetic acid in cat fecal cultures practically prevented the development of Ancylostoma caninum larvae. Hoerlein (1950) tested sodium borate ore (Borascu), anhydrous sodium borate (anhydrous rasonite), polybor-chlorate, calcium sodium borate (Gerstley borate), methyl bromide, urea, dichloropropene and calcium cyanamide against Ancylostoma caninum larvae in soil. He found that methyl bromide and sodium borate were the most effective, while urea solution, calcium cyanamide and dichloropropene were only fairly effective.