Inventive Problem Research Articles

Implementation of a novel TRIZ-based model to increase the reporting of adverse events in the healthcare center.

Underreporting of adverse events in healthcare systems is a global concern. This study aims to address the underreporting of adverse events (AE) by implementing a TRIZ-based model to identify and overcome barriers to reporting, thus filling gaps in current reporting practices and improving incident recognition. A TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) approach was adopted, integrating with SERVQUAL methodologies to design interventions. Preintervention and postintervention surveys were conducted to evaluate changes in the recognition of adverse events and barriers to reporting. Statistical analyses were performed to assess the effectiveness of the interventions. Recognition improved and barriers to reporting AEs significantly decreased. Monthly reported cases rose from 33.7 to 50.3 (p = 0.000), demonstrating the effectiveness of the TRIZ-based interventions. Implementing a TRIZ-based model significantly improved adverse event reporting by enhancing the recognition of reportable events and overcoming identified barriers. Future research should explore the long-term sustainability of these interventions and their broader applicability in diverse healthcare settings.

Networks in Born Global Firms (BGs): An Integrated Theory of Inventive Problem Solving Approach

Networks in Born Global Firms (BGs): An Integrated Theory of Inventive Problem Solving Approach

Systemic Approach in the Study of the Current State of Knowledge in the Field of University Management

Theoretical background: Analyzing the current set of publications relating to the issues of university management, one can distinguish a set of works relating to, among others, the quality of management at universities, the issues of sustainable development of universities, adapting teaching and research to the needs of industrial enterprises, concepts of university quality management, communication barriers at an academic university, and issues of human resource management in higher education. Regardless of the area of research, the work draws attention to the lack of consistency in the concepts which are used to understand the specific field of university management, the rigorous conceptual framework deficiency and valuable contribution to theory development is limited. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to organize the current research results related to the issues of university management. The work uses the integration of the concept of systematic literature review with a tool supporting systemic thinking, i.e. System Operator. The paper points to the benefits resulting from the use of a tool derived from the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) in shaping the image of the current state of knowledge, in a holistic approach. Research methods: The method of systematic literature review was used in the work. Research activities were divided into four stages, (1) determination of the purpose of the study, (2) selection of basic literature (n = 1,534), and selection of publications (n = 999) and development of a publication database, (3) biblimetric analysis, using content analysis and (4) development of a report using a tool supporting holistic thinking, i.e. System Operator. Main findings: As a result of the conducted research, six clusters relating to the issues of education and its evaluation (Cluster 1), management of human factors, including students, researchers and administrative staff (Cluster 2), shaping entrepreneurial attitudes, including knowledge and innovation management (Cluster 3), university management in the education system (Cluster 4), issues related to sustainable development and leadership policy (Cluster 5 and Cluster 6) were distinguished. As a result of content analysis, 16 thematic areas in general terms were distinguished in the scope of identifying research problems raised in the collection of the most frequently cited scientific publications. In the last one, as a result of the use of System Operator, the research problems raised in the analyzed set of publications were mapped in a comprehensive manner, i.e. determining the relations between individual elements of university management and university environment, as well as in terms of time, relating to the evaluation of past activities and strategies, research into current solutions, as well as works related to shaping the concept of future solutions in the field of university management.

Designing Ergonomic Standing Chair for Computer Numerical Control Machine Operators using TRIZ

In this research, the working hours and posture of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machineoperators were investigated to determine the physical workload that they experienced during theirdaily work. Based on our observations, the operator works 8-hour regular shifts or 12-hour longshifts for 5 – 6 days a week. During these shifts, the operators work in front of the CNC machinewhile standing upright without any tools to rest. Preliminary research was conducted to evaluatethese conditions the results show 13 out of 20 CNC machine operators complained about physicalfatigue while working the CNC machines. It can also be concluded that the operators areexperiencing excessive workload based on a workload assessment using the Quick Exposure Check(QEC) method. To solve this problem, a standing chair is designed with ergonomics in mind. Thedimensions of the standing chair are based on the anthropometry of the CNC machine operators,which was never used before. The design process is conducted using the Theory of InventiveProblem Solving (TRIZ) methodology. Need statements from the CNC machine operators anddesign requirements from the stakeholders are converted into design specifications using TRIZmethodology. Parameters are determined to increase the capability of the existing design based onthe design specifications. The result of this research is a standing chair that is suitable for theoperator’s needs. Based on the analysis of the design result and the stress analysis simulation, it canbe concluded a functional standing chair can be ergonomically designed with the TRIZmethodology.

Fostering Tech Innovation

This study aimed to interpret the value of integration of TRIZ (Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskih Zadach; Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) and ChatGPT(Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer) to enhance technological and entrepreneurial problem-solving and decision-making. TRIZ offers a structured approach to innovation, while ChatGPT excels in generating diverse and innovative responses through advanced natural language processing. From the combination of them, we tried to discover synergies that promote innovation in highly competitive business areas. Through the analysis of case studies, including "Imperfect Waterproof Zipper" and "Drilling a Hole in a Thin-Walled Tube", we discovered that this integration not only aligns with actual problem-solving outcomes but also enhances the quality of solutions, particularly benefiting developers with limited TRIZ knowledge. We identified that leveraging ChatGPT enables developers and entrepreneurs to approach challenges with enhanced creativity, yielding practical and innovative solutions through these case studies. Our approach, focusing on real-world applications, demonstrates the study's contribution by providing a novel strategy for combining structured problem-solving with AI capabilities. The primary motivation behind this research was to ascertain whether AI can amplify the problem-solving framework of TRIZ, thereby extending its utility beyond traditional domains. The findings underline the importance of AI in creative problem-solving, suggesting that even those unfamiliar with TRIZ can apply its principles effectively with the aid of ChatGPT. This research adds to the existing knowledge by showcasing how AI can be a powerful ally in the creative process, offering new avenues for problem-solving and strategic decision-making. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the collaboration between TRIZ and ChatGPT not only elevates creativity but also equips developers and entrepreneurs with competitive strategies, emphasizing the role of AI in driving forward human innovation and creativity.

Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikiri Kritis dan Kreatifitas Siswa dengan Model Problem Base Learning (PBL) pada Siswa Kelas IV Fase B di SD Negeri 12 Sungai Risap

This research aims to describe the application of the Problem Base Learning (PBL) model in improving the critical and creative thinking abilities of class IV phase B students at SD 12 Sungai Risap. As well as describing how the critical thinking skills and creativity of class IV phase B students at SD 12 Sungai Risap increased after implementing PBL. The type of research is Classroom Action Research (PTK), entitled "Improving Students' Critical Thinking Abilities and Student Creativity with the PBL Model in Class IV Phase B Students at SD Negeri 12 Sungai Risap." This research was carried out at SDN 12 Sungai Risap, Binjai Hulu District, Sintang Regency from 13 to 19 September 2024. This research was carried out using the Problem Based Learning model. The research subjects were students of class IV Phase B at SDN 12 Sungai Risap. The research object was the application of the Problem Base Learning (PBL) model in improving the critical and creative thinking abilities of class IV phase B students at SD 12 Sungai Risap. The research was carried out in two classroom actions. The activity stages include planning, implementation, observation, analysis and reflection which are carried out face to face. Data collection was carried out by making direct observations and distributing questionnaires to students. Data analysis techniques are carried out through data collection, data condensation, presentation and drawing conclusions. The research results show that the application of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model can improve the critical thinking skills of class IV Phase B students at SD 12 Sungai Risap. Overall, PBL forces students to be active in their learning process, thereby improving critical thinking skills by teaching them to analyze, evaluate, and make better decisions. The application of the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model can increase the creativity of class IV Phase B students at SD 12 Sungai Risap. Use of Innovative Ideas, Diverse Learning Outcome Products, Alternative Approaches to Problem Solving, Deeper Exploration. Overall, PBL facilitates increased critical thinking and creativity in students by placing them in learning situations that require complex and innovative problem solving.

Design of a sweeping robot based on fuzzy QFD and ARIZ algorithms

The design of a multifunctional intelligent robotic vacuum cleaner is essential for meeting user needs and replacing human cleaning tasks, thereby improving the effectiveness and convenience of human-robot interaction. Existing robotic vacuum cleaners can address the issues of small dust and hair accumulation; however, a comprehensive and integrated solution for sweeping, mopping, sanitizing, and general waste cleaning remains necessary. This paper employs the Fuzzy Quality Function Deployment (FQFD) tool and the Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving (ARIZ) algorithm to address these challenges. The research framework integrates FQFD with the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) methodology to evaluate the weights of user requirements for a robotic vacuum cleaner. Subsequently, these requirements were translated into technical specifications, thus establishing a link between user needs and technical requirements. The ARIZ algorithm is subsequently employed to resolve conflicts and inconsistencies within the FQFD model. Finally, an innovative design for a robotic vacuum cleaner was proposed by utilizing the ARIZ algorithm's problem-solving principles and qualitative and quantitative insights derived from the FQFD. The design is evaluated using the Fuzzy Order Preference Technique (FTOPSIS) method, which resembles the ideal solution. Furthermore, the operational dynamics of the critical components of the design solution that navigate obstacles are analyzed to ensure their effectiveness. The final product can effectively replace humans in complex cleaning tasks while navigating obstacles during sweeping, mopping, and sanitizing for comprehensive space cleaning. The results of this study provide valuable insights for designers to enhance user experience, improve customer emotional satisfaction, and guide future product designs in related product development initiatives.

Preparation of graphene/AlCoCrNiTiMox coatings by laser parameter optimization based on TRIZ theory and its application in extending the service life of surveying and mapping drones

During the use of surveying and mapping drones, their aluminum (Al) alloy body is prone to corrosion and has certain requirements for mechanical properties. In order to extend the service life of surveying and mapping drones, this study uses laser cladding technology to prepare graphene (Gr) reinforced AlCoCrNiTiMox high entropy alloys (HEAs) coatings on the Al alloy surface of the drone body. In order to optimize the laser preparation parameters, the Invention Problem Solving Theory (TRIZ) is introduced. By utilizing innovative tools such as physical contradictions, technical contradictions, and material field models of this theory, the preparation process parameters such as laser power, laser scanning speed, laser spot diameter were optimized. The microstructure of the coatings were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD), etc. The corrosion resistance, hardness and wear resistance of the coatings were tested. The experimental results show that the microstructure of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMox alloy is mainly composed of equiaxed grains and molybdenum-chromium (Mo-Cr) precipitates. The Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMox HEAs exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution. The corrosion resistance of alloys is related to their composition, the effects of Gr and Mo elements. Under the combined effects of solid solution strengthening, precipitation strengthening, Mo element and Gr, the mechanical properties of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMox alloys are excellent. The hardness of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMo0.1 and Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMo0.2 alloys are 685 HV and 736 HV, respectively, with average friction coefficients of 0.64 and 0.58, respectively. The effect of Mo element makes the grain size of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMo0.2 alloy smaller than that of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMo0.1 alloy, resulting in better mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The research results indicate that laser cladding of Gr/AlCoCrNiTiMox coating on the Al alloy surface of drone fuselage provides assurance for extending its service life.

Research on the Design Method of Camellia oleifera Fruit Picking Machine

Camellia oleifera fruit pickers are essential for improving picking efficiency and promoting the Camellia oleifera industry. However, it is challenging to develop pickers that meet user needs. Current design tools and methods have limitations, such as a single model, poor synergy between integrated models, and subjective bias when analysing user requirements and translating them into product attributes. To solve these problems, this study proposes a new design decision model based on the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), Function Analysis System Technique (FAST), Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ Theory), and extension transformation theory. The model was developed and applied to design an Camellia oleifera fruit picker. In this paper, an empirical investigation of an Camellia oleifera base in Wuhan was carried out, and multi-level demand analysis was used to identify the design demands in the behavioural process; FAHP was used to calculate the demand weights to clarify the design focus; expert knowledge was used to convert the demands into specific product functional features, and FAST was used to decompose these features to find the contradictory conflicts; TRIZ theory was used to determine the principles of resolving the contradictions, and the extension transformation theory were used to generate the creative design solutions for the products. By integrating FAHP, FAST, TRIZ theory and the extension transformation theory, the subjective bias in product design is eliminated, the design decision-making process is improved, and new methods and ideas are provided for the design of oleaginous tea fruit pickers and similar products. Finally, the conceptual design of an Camellia oleifera fruit picking machine was produced. However, the conceptual design has yet to be subjected to exhaustive simulation experiments and prototype testing. Future research will focus on conducting the necessary simulations, prototypes, and field tests to fully assess the feasibility and effectiveness of the design and make the required iterative improvements accordingly to commercialize the product eventually.

Innovative Design to Control Spartina Alterniflora

In order to effectively curb the rapid growth trend in Spartina alterniflora in coastal cities of China, this study proposes an innovative mechanical equipment design scheme for eradicating Spartina alterniflora. Based on literature analysis and field research, the AHP (analytic hierarchy process) model is constructed to quantify and prioritize the diverse needs of users for control equipment. Subsequently, the House of Quality (HOQ) in QFD (Quality Function Deployment) is used to analyze the key components and structure of the equipment to ensure its performance and feasibility in practical applications. Finally, combined with the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), the potential problems encountered in the structural design of the equipment are analyzed, and the corresponding creative principles are applied to solve the contradictions and complete the optimal scheme design. This study, via the acquisition of user needs and further analysis of the machinery’s structure, proposes a scheme that can address many problems related to Spartina alterniflora in China and provide new technical ideas for the field of wetland environmental protection.

Development of phase-cycling interface-specific two-dimensional electronic sum frequency generation (2D-ESFG) spectroscopy.

Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2D-ES) has become an important technique for studying energy transfer, electronic coupling, and electronic-vibrational coherence in the past ten years. However, since 2D-ES is not interface specific, the electronic information at surfaces and interfaces could not be demonstrated clearly. Two-dimensional electronic sum-frequency generation (2D-ESFG) is an emerging spectroscopic technique that explores the correlations between different interfacial electronic transitions and is the extension of 2D-ES to surface and interfacial specificity. In this work, we present the detailed development and implementation of phase-cycling 2D-ESFG spectroscopy using an acousto-optic pulse shaper in a pump-probe geometry. With the pulse pair generated by a pulse shaper rather than optical devices based on birefringence or interference, this 2D-ESFG setup enables rapid scanning, phase cycling, and the separation of rephasing and nonrephasing signals. In addition, by collecting data in a rotating frame, we greatly improve experimental efficiency. We demonstrate the method for azo-derivative molecules at the air/water interface. This method could be readily extended to different interfaces and surfaces. The unique phase-cycling 2D-ESFG technique enables one to quantify the energy transfer, charge transfer, electronic coupling, and many other electronic properties and dynamics at surfaces and interfaces with precision and relative ease of use. Our goal in this article is to present the fine details of the fourth-order nonlinear optical technique in a manner that is comprehensive, succinct, and approachable such that other researchers can implement, improve, and adapt it to probe unique and innovative problems to advance the field.

Behavioral Design in Healthcare: Synthesis of Technical Sciences and Humanities

The scientific and practical potential of behavioral economics and behavioral design in Russia is underutilized, and the use of their methods can be significantly expanded, both in the scientific field and in practice. One of the promising areas of their application, with significant experience accumulated in the West, is healthcare. Behavioral design in healthcare is an example of an effective synthesis of the achievements of the humanities and technical sciences with an interdisciplinary approach that constructively combines economic, psychological, and technological methods of scientific knowledge. The use of behavioral design technologies, including digital and neural interfaces, is a promising direction for creating competitive products and services in healthcare. The theory of solving inventive problems can help speed up the process of implementation in practice. Behavioral design technologies in healthcare can be considered from such positions as physical design – the design of medical equipment, devices, and drug labels – as well as design for error-proofing in organizing processes based on reducing the negative impact of the human factor. The behavioral design of error-proofing systems in healthcare is implemented through functions such as forced control, error failure, warning, and touch alert.

Sustainable Innovative Design of Elderly-Friendly Smart Medical Products: An Integrated Model

Under the promotion of combined medical and elderly care (CMEC) policies, the market demand for elder-friendly smart medical products as convenient intelligent healthcare devices is growing. However, most studies on elderly-friendly smart medical products focus on functional enhancement and cost control, and there is a lack of research on the sustainable innovative design of elder-friendly smart medical products from the perspective of elderly emotional needs. Therefore, this paper proposes an integrated framework based on the fuzzy Kano model, Kansei engineering, and theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) for mapping the complex and dynamic emotional needs of the elderly to product design parameters to produce innovative solutions, ensuring the sustainability of the design process and the innovativeness of the design solutions of elder-friendly smart medical devices. We verified the effectiveness and applicability of this integrated framework through a case study involving sustainable innovation design of a smart blood pressure device. The results of this study are of considerable theoretical and practical significance for promoting the development of the market for elder-friendly smart medical products under the policy of CMEC, meeting the needs of the elderly for healthcare devices and improving their quality of life.

The Evolution of STEAM-Based Programs: Fostering Critical Thinking, Collaboration, and Real-World Application

Background and Aims: STEAM education is critical because it combines technical and creative disciplines, fostering skills like critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration. This comprehensive approach prepares students to face complex, real-world challenges while also providing them with the adaptable skills required for the 21st-century workforce. This paper aims to investigate the Evolution of STEAM-Based Programs: Fostering Critical Thinking, Collaboration, and Real-World Application. Methodology: This paper employs a comprehensive methodology, including a systematic review of existing STEAM education research. It examines key trends, case studies, and educational frameworks to assess how STEAM programs have evolved and how they affect critical thinking, collaboration, and real-world applications. The article brings together findings from various sources to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness and challenges of STEAM-based approaches in education. Results: The study discovered that STEAM education combines science, technology, engineering, the arts, and mathematics to improve critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving abilities. This approach not only improves student engagement and academic performance but also prepares students for future careers by teaching them 21st-century skills. STEAM education transforms students into innovative problem solvers who are prepared to face complex global challenges by cultivating a combination of technical and creative abilities. Conclusion: STEAM education combines science, technology, engineering, the arts, and mathematics to promote critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving abilities. This integrated approach boosts student engagement and equips students with the adaptable skills required for future careers and global opportunities.

R&D&I support system for innovatively active enterprises

RDI is an important area of innovative growth of domestic economic entities. Isolation on the internal system of innovation management may not lead to the results planned within the framework of key strategic documents at the state level. Expanding its boundaries and involving external participants in solving problems of innovation will become the basis for creating a powerful integrated structure that will provide an innovation lift and scientific and technological renewal of enterprises. A scientifically based approach to the formation of a balanced system of collaborative innovation management is the key to the sustainable functioning of innovatively active enterprises. The purpose of this study is to formulate scientific and practical recommendations for creating an RDI system to support innovatively active enterprises to ensure the effectiveness of their functioning in the context of global economic challenges. In the process of achieving this goal, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: structural analysis and synthesis, system analysis, generalization and description, modeling. Based on the results of the study, a structural and functional model of the RDI system for supporting innovatively active enterprises was developed, in contrast to existing ones, which creates a platform for balanced innovative development and increased competitiveness through the coherent organization of integrated innovation chains and effective innovation management in a single synergetic environment. Scientific conclusions and proposals are of high importance for the development of theoretical and methodological principles of the theory of innovation, management of innovation activities and solving problems of innovatively active enterprises of the Russian Federation. The study is based on modern works of leading domestic and foreign economists. The RDI system of support for innovatively active enterprises creates the basis for their sustainable functioning under conditions of sanctions restrictions and economic turmoil. The author has determined the vector of development of domestic enterprises to ensure the effective implementation of the mission and achievement of strategic goals.

Enhancing cassava grater design: A customer-driven approach using AHP, QFD, and TRIZ integration

Due to consistent cassava cultivation, small-scale processing centers rely heavily on the cassava grater. However, these machines face stagnation in innovation and design evolution, leading to inefficiencies, limited capacity, and inconsistent output. Adding to these challenges is the competitive global market, demanding a focus on design enhancements. This study employs a multi-faceted approach involving the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) to prioritize customer requirements, propose technically aligned solutions, and offer innovative design options for cassava graters. A total of 10 customer requirements (CR), 21 technical solutions (TS), and 63 innovative design options (IDO) were established and prioritized, aiming for easy adoption by fabricators, engineers, manufacturers, and artisans. Implementing these insights boosts cassava grater efficiency and productivity and significantly advances knowledge. This work presents a thorough scientific framework for product design, empowering local manufacturers to remain viable and relevant in the rapidly changing field of product enhancement.

Exploring synergies between AIGC and TRIZ in the optimisation of road cone design through integrated innovation methods

Utilising the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) and Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC) models, this paper explores AI-assisted creative design and uses traffic cone design as a case. The objective is to evaluate whether AIGC can assist or potentially replace TRIZ in this field. Despite TRIZ being an established methodology renowned for its effectiveness in systematic problem solving, it faces challenges related to implementation complexity and adaptability across different cultures and industries. In contrast, AIGC, through its data-driven tools, offers automation and enhanced innovation, showing promise to overcome these limitations. Evidence from qualitative case studies and quantitative studies indicate that while AIGC enhances the efficiency and stability of creative models, its limitations in system analysis and innovative thinking prevent it from independently solving complex creative design issues, thereby not fully replacing TRIZ. However, AIGC can effectively complement the TRIZ model by enhancing the practicality of solutions through its data processing capabilities, thereby improving overall design efficiency and innovation. This synergy has the potential to accelerate the development of innovative solutions and conceptual designs, indicating that integrating AIGC with TRIZ leverages the strengths of both methodologies to produce more effective and innovative design outcomes.

Research on the Method of Practical Localization Transformation of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Curriculum

Innovation and entrepreneurship education is an important content of higher education, which is of great significance for cultivating students innovative spirit and practical ability. However, at present, there are problems in innovation and entrepreneurship courses, such as the content divorced from reality and single teaching methods, which need for practical and localized transformation. This paper puts forward the countermeasures of practical and localized transformation of innovation and entrepreneurship curriculum from four aspects of course content, teaching method, practical platform and evaluation mechanism, aiming to improve the quality and effect of innovation and entrepreneurship education.

Agricultural knowledge and innovation system in Albania: innovation performance, universities and two arguments

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to provide an assessment of the governance of the agricultural system in Albania, by analyzing the challenges for the future operation of Agricultural knowledge and innovation system (AKIS) under the influence of two main factors, such as (і) the country’s innovation performance and (іі) universities and research institutions (URIs), for the rapid and effective adaptions of innovation and new knowledge. Results. In the Balkan region, there is a rapid dynamic (according to the income group) of countries related to innovation (Bulgaria is the 2nd after China), and some of them (Slovenia, Croatia) have overtaken old members of the EU; we prove the importance of Albania’s innovation performance and URIs for competitiveness and future operation of AKIS. Innovation and the frequent variability of technologies and effects on producers, consumers and markets can accelerate growth and competitiveness but can create also undesirable effects. The economic decisions, governance of the agri-system and resources under the influence of the rapid developments require an adequate research-decision-making focus. Science-based-guided institutions are essential for improving the country’s innovation performance and the role of URIs for the efficient adaptions of innovation, new knowledge and techniques in agri-sector as two main pillars for the future of AKIS in Albania. Scientific novelty. Most studies analyze the functioning of segments of the agricultural system (e.g. crop, livestock, etc.) or the value chain (e.g. producers, consumers) and identify the low presence of social capital in Albania, using the individual as the unit of analysis (e.g. farmer level) and the company (e.g. factors, sources). It is paid little attention to the renewal of social capital, especially in the context of current migration in Albania. Therefore, we provide an aggregate analysis of agricultural governance, by suggesting the efficiency of (formal) institutions for renewing (missing) social capital, improvement of innovation performance and the role of URIs to policy solutions and future AKIS. Practical value. Through a functional AKIS, the problem of innovation, policy formulation in the agri-sector and centralization approach or centralized policies can be overcome, by creating premises for an efficient-scientific-entity and a smart-regional-approach, including new networks of researchers and the environment for business sophistication and innovation ecosystems.

Public Management Discretion and Public Management Decision to Engineering, Testing and Application of Legal Innovations

The article is devoted to the topic of the significance and complexity of the managerial decision on the engineering, testing and application of legal innovations. In the author’s opinion, many problems of legal and legal-digital innovation are reduced to the ambiguity of their functional-target load and very high difficulty of confirming that they are really needed, to the extreme difficulty of predicting their implementation. And it is this that complicates the adoption of an appropriate managerial decision. Managerial decision on legal innovations, due to the crystallization of the substrate of managerial discretion in it, always entails a high responsibility for its adoption. The author points out that there are no unified generally recognized ways of operating activities in the field of legal innovation and management of the corresponding innovation process. But there are some general management principles and requirements that are quite transferable to this sphere. The author substantiates that with all the significant differences between the private market legal sector and the public administration sector, in making a decision on the development, testing and implementation of legal and securing legal and digital innovations, both managers — the head of a public authority and the head of a commercial firm — are placed in similar conditions. The author in his article articulates the problem of time resource, objectively required for what is presented as a “legal innovation” to really become a legal innovation and a good legal innovation. According to the author, legal innovation is not a quick process, and it is not a one-time phenomenon, but a responsible discretion in making the appropriate managerial decision — it is always objectively time-consuming. The author raises the question that any innovation, and legal innovation in particular, has its own life cycle, at the end of which it outlives itself, exhausts its potential for innovation. Although there are legal innovations that have transformed into legal axiomatics and traditional legal everyday tools. But in any case, we talk about legal innovations without disconnecting from time, from its flow, from the notches on its scale. The author declares the article as posing a scientific problem, but at the same time the author offers a conceptual answer to some of such questions.