Innovation Input Research Articles

Spatial Pattern of Technological Innovation in the Yangtze River Delta Region and Its Impact on Water Pollution.

The impact of technological innovation on water pollution is an important parameter to determine and monitor while promoting and furthering a region’s economic development. Here, exploratory spatial data analysis was used to analyze: the spatial patterns of technological innovation and water pollution in the Yangtze River, the changes in technical innovation and the resulting changes in water pollution, and the impact of technological innovation on water pollution. The following major inferences were drawn from the obtained results: (1) The spatial pattern of innovation input has a single-center structure that tends to spread. The patent innovation output has evolved, from a single spatial pattern with Shanghai as the core to a diffusion structure with three cores-Hangzhou, Shanghai, and Nanjing. (2) The aggregation mode of water pollution has evolved from the original “Z” mode to a new mode of core agglomeration, and water pollution is constantly being reduced. (3) The trends of change in patent innovation output and innovation input are roughly the same, while the trends of both and that of water pollution are contrary to each other. (4) The correlations between innovation input, patented innovation output, and water pollution are relatively low. From the perspective of spatial distribution, the number of cities with medium and high levels of gray correlation with water pollution is the same.

Spatial-temporal differentiation and convergence analysis of marine fishery innovation ability in China

The marine fishery innovation ability (MFIA) is a powerful engine for China’s marine fishery transformation and development under the background of the “new normal” of economy. It is of great significance to scientifically understand the spatial-temporal differentiation and evolution mechanism of MFIA. In this paper, an evaluation indicator system for the MFIA was constructed from four aspects of input, output, environment and potential of innovation. On this basis, the levels and spatial-temporal differentiation of MFIA were examined with panel data from 11 coastal provinces and cities in China during 2009–2019 with entropy method and Dagum Gini coefficient. Furthermore, the characteristics of convergence in three regions of Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta and Pan-Pearl River Delta in China were analyzed with a spatial econometric model. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) The overall level of China’s MFIA was low with large spatial differences among 11 coastal provinces and cities. (2) The main source of overall regional difference was intensity of transvariation even though the overall regional difference was in a state of fluctuation. The sources of overall regional difference from large to small were intensity of transvariation, intra-regional differences and inter-regional differences. (3) There were characteristics of absolute and conditional β convergences in 11 provinces and cities and in the three regions of China. From the national perspective, the important factors promoting the convergence of MFIA were the economic development level, education funds, foreign trade competitiveness and the financial development level. The influence of basic conditions of marine fisheries and the marketization level on the convergence of MFIA was not obvious. The number of aquatic technology promotion institutions exhibited a negative influence on convergence of MFIA. From the regional perspective, the factors that affected the convergence of MFIA differed among the three regions. The research framework and results could provide reference for examining the status quo of differences in MFIA and improving the overall level of MFIA in China.

Enhanced Social Cognitive Theory Dynamic Modeling and Simulation Towards Improving the Estimation of "Just-In-Time" States.

Insufficient physical activity (PA) is commonplace in society, in spite of its significant impact on personal health and well-being. Improved interventions are clearly needed. One of the challenges faced in behavioral interventions is a lack of understanding of multi-timescale dynamics. In this paper we rely on a dynamical model of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) to gain insights regarding a control-oriented experimental design for a behavioral intervention to improve PA. The intervention (Just Walk JITAI) is designed with the aim to better understand and estimate ideal times for intervention and support based on the concept of "just-in-time" states. An innovative input signal design strategy is used to study the just-in-time state dynamics through the use of decision rules based on conditions of need, opportunity and receptivity. Model simulations featuring within-day effects are used to assess input signal effectiveness. Scenarios for adherent and non-adherent participants are presented, with the proposed experimental design showing significant potential for reducing notification burden while providing informative data to support future system identification and control design efforts.

Evolutionary game study on the governance and development of online car-hailing based on blockchain technology

Changes in the online car-hailing industry have brought new challenges to government governance. Effectively enhancing governance efficiency has become the focus of academic research. Based on the technical governance perspective, this paper introduces the consortium blockchain to construct an evolutionary game model between the online car-hailing platform and the government under blockchain technology. By solving the replicated dynamic equations and the Jacobian matrix, the influences of the change in initial conditions and decision parameters on the evolutionary stability results are revealed, and numerical experiments are carried out by using the Python programming language. This paper claims that the system presents three evolutionary stable results and a periodic stochastic state when the key parameters are located in different thresholds. The additional cost of the platform’s negative regulation and the government’s punishment intensity have a positive effect on the evolution of the system to the ideal state (active regulation, active governance). Platform technology R&D cost and government innovation input have a negative effect on the evolution of the system to the ideal state. Therefore, using blockchain to increase the additional cost of the platform’s negative regulation, appropriately increasing the government’s punishment intensity, reasonably controlling the government’s innovation input to the platform, and reducing the technology R&D cost of the platform will help the system evolve into an ideal state. This paper provides useful references to implement effective governance and the innovative and healthy development of the online car-hailing industry.

Multidimensional innovation responses and foreign competition

Abstract The dramatic increase in China’s exports after its accession to the World Trade Organization offers a window of opportunity for learning the innovative behavior of firms under competitive distress. Using manufacturing firm-level data, we quantify the effects of foreign competition on innovation in Uruguay. Our estimates show that a higher level of foreign competition reduces innovation inputs (acquisition of new machines, equipment, and software) and outputs (process and product innovations). These adverse effects are larger for firms in business groups and smaller for more productive firms and firms with more skilled labor.

Growth Targets Management, Regional Competition and Urban Land Green Use Efficiency According to Evidence from China.

Based on the panel data of 257 prefecture-level cities in China from 2010 to 2017, this paper measured urban land green use efficiency (ULGUE), incorporating undesirable outputs, via the super efficiency slack-based model (SBM). It also explored the effect, mechanism, and heterogeneity of growth targets management and regional competition on ULGUE via the time-varying gravitational spatial weight matrix and the spatial self-lagging model. The results show that growth targets management and regional competition have significant positive effects on ULGUE, and enhance the ULGUE by promoting local investment attraction, increasing innovation inputs, optimizing environmental regulations and strengthening commercial activities. Additionally, growth targets management has a more significant effect on eastern cities, non-central cities, and mature urban agglomeration, while regional competition has a more significant effect on central cities, non-central cities, and developmental urban agglomeration. Therefore, considering development as the priority, setting relatively aggressive economic growth targets and optimizing the regional competition mechanism for growth targets management can help improve the ULGUE and promote high-quality economic development in China.

Green finance reform and corporate innovation: Evidence from China

This study explores how a place-based green finance policy in China, pilot zones for green finance reform and innovations, affects corporate innovation. Our difference-in-differences (DID) estimation documents that the green finance reform causally enhances corporate innovation. We contend that the decreased debt cost, and the increased innovation input and foreign investment are the potential mechanisms at work. The promoting effect is more pronounced for local SOEs and firms with lower network attention. Our study provides evidence for the positive consequences of the green finance reform.

Are Family Firms Doing More Innovation Output With Less Innovation Input? A Replication and Extension

The role of family firms in innovation and the question of whether family firms show differences in innovation investments and outcomes are intensely debated. To address these issues, Duran, Kammerlander, van Essen, and Zellweger (2016) published a meta-analytic structural equation model showing that family firms produce more innovation output with less innovation input. In the present article, we present the results of two empirical studies. Study 1 replicates the original methodological approach and study 2 provides an extension by using an updated and enlarged sample of 290 papers, adopting a more advanced multilevel approach, and controlling for firm age. The results show that while we could successfully replicate the original results of DKEZ in study 1, study 2 revealed only a weak negative effect of family firm status on innovation input and no effect on innovation output. Our results suggest that family firms are not producing more innovation output with less innovation input and that further research should focus on the heterogeneity within the group of family firms rather than simply comparing family to nonfamily firms. We close with a discussion of the methodological implications for meta-analyses in entrepreneurship research and a call for future research on family firm innovation. Our dataset and analytical procedures are publicly available.

SMALL INNOVATIVE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS IN GEORGIA

The sustainable development of small innovative entrepreneurship is quite a difficult task and requires systematic work, which must involve both the state, academic and industrial circles. It is necessary to create connecting rings between these areas. Based on these trends, a whole set of measures should be developed and implemented, which should be aimed at the mass acquisition of innovations. It should be noted that only with the fruitful interaction of science, entrepreneurship, society, and state and municipal bodies will it be possible to ensure the rapid pace of economic development of the country and the establishment of an innovative economy. Georgia has a positive attitude towards expected innovations along with the development of the country's economy. The relationship between income level (GDP per capita) and innovation is positive. A positive trend line indicates expected innovations in terms of revenue levels. Georgia's performance is in line with expectations of its level of development, the relationship between the input and output of innovation is negative. Georgia produces less innovative products compared to the level of innovative investments.

The Effect of Cultural Orientations on Country Innovation Performance: Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Revisited?

Purpose. One of the perspectives that receives the most attention from studies in international business is cultural dimensions. This is due to the greater complexity and incidence of cultural aspects in economic performance. This paper explored the moderation effect of cultural orientations on the creation of innovation trajectories related to levels of innovation and their outcomes in countries from various geographical areas between 2011 and 2021. Design/Methodology/Approach. A growth trajectories model is conducted to achieve the research’s aim, considering the country’s cultural orientation, innovation inputs (institutions, human capital and research, infrastructure, market sophistication, and business sophistication), and impact on innovation output. The Global Innovation Index, Globe Project, and Global Entrepreneurship Index databases used this analysis, containing data from nations on different continents. The trajectories’ analysis approach is utilized to achieve the desired goal, which allows for the assessment of the variations in innovation trajectory across countries with cultural tendencies towards performance and humane orientation from 2011 to 2021. Findings. The literature affirms positive results for various innovation inputs, but the results show differences in innovation outputs. The difference is related to their inputs (institutions, human capital and research, infrastructure, market sophistication, business sophistication), institutions, and market sophistication. Additionally, a difference depends on the country’s performance culture, generating options to obtain higher outputs, such as knowledge and creative results. Research Limitations/Implications. Based on the results achieved, an attempt is made to provide a different perspective on innovation, especially evaluating the results over time and identifying decreasing trajectories that affect the innovation results in countries with different economic development conditions and cultural characteristics. Practical Implications. The results achieved make it possible to strengthen the analysis of the countries’ strategies regarding innovation, especially in the permanent evaluation of the results, which encourages changes in the execution of innovative activities to maintain their performance over time. Social Implications. The contributions allow us to understand the dynamics of innovation in countries’ knowledge and creative outputs over time. Originality/Value. The trajectory analysis used in the data analysis is perhaps one of the most robust techniques for a time series analysis. This allows for identifying trajectories for the study’s independent variables and their influence on a country’s innovation.

In the name of national security: Foreign takeover protection and firm innovation efficiency

AbstractResearch SummaryThis study investigates the influence of foreign takeover protection triggered by investment‐related national security screening laws and regulations on firm innovation efficiency. Drawing on agency theory, we argue that an increase in foreign takeover protection can lead to a reduction in innovation efficiency—the amount of innovation output relative to innovation input—by encouraging managerial entrenchment that can result in ineffective allocation and use of R&D resources. Such effects are weaker in the presence of monitoring from external governance actors—dedicated institutional investors and financial analysts. Using the enactment of the Foreign Investment and National Security Act in the United States as our empirical context, we find support for our arguments.Managerial SummaryMany countries have enacted investment‐related national security screening laws and regulations to protect domestic high‐tech firms from foreign acquisitions. Although the goal of these laws and regulations is to retain the country's leadership position in global innovation, it may unintendedly lead to a reduction in firm innovation efficiency—the effectiveness in transforming innovation input to output—by encouraging managerial entrenchment that can give rise to ineffective allocation and use of R&D resources. Such effect is weaker when other external governance actors, such as dedicated institutional investors and financial analysts, impose stronger monitoring on managers. Our arguments are supported by empirical analyses in the context of the enactment of the Foreign Investment and National Security Act in the United States.

Environmental regulation, market demand, and green innovation: spatial perspective evidence from China.

This paper used a dynamic spatial panel model to empirically analyze the effects of environmental regulation, market demand, and the associated spatial spillovers on regional green innovation in China, from which the following was found. (1) The environmental regulations had a positive "U-shaped" effect on local green innovation and a positive neighborhood spillover effect, and market demand had a significant positive effect on local green innovation and a "ripple effect." (2) The mechanism analysis found that the environmental regulations tended to inhibit regional green innovation input through a "cost compliance" effect, and market demand had a stronger incentive effect on innovation input than the environmental regulations, thus promoting the improvement of green innovation level. (3) The environmental regulation and market demand effects on green innovation had obvious spatial and temporal heterogeneity. The results of this study could help to promote regional green innovation by formulating reasonable environmental policies and stimulating the vitality of green technology market.

Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Green Innovation in China

Sustainable development has become a global consensus, and green innovation is the key to promoting transition to sustainable development. The study on green innovation contributes to develop and implement green innovation policies. This paper investigates the spatio-temporal characteristics and driving mechanism of green innovation 2009–2019 in China from the perspective of economic geography based on a variety of methods such as GIS tools and Geodetector, in two dimensions of green innovation power (GIP) and green innovation growth ability (GIGA). The findings show that (1) The GIP and GIGA in China continue to increase, with obvious decreasing gradient characteristics from eastern to central and western China, extreme polarization, and obvious spatial aggregation, and the high-value regions show a change from coastal and riverine distribution to coastal distribution, with Shandong and Yangtze River Delta as the centers of high-value regions. (2) The power of the 18 driving factors on green innovation varies widely across time, and the 7 factors such as green area in urban completed area and investment in urban environmental infrastructure facilities are super interaction factors. Besides, the 5 variables of innovation input, foreign connection, economic environment, market environment and environmental regulation have different driving forces on green innovation, suggesting that the driving mechanism has changed in different periods. (3) Core factors of GIP were identified as R&D intramural expenditure and R&D personnel equivalent; important factors were identified as 5 factors such as R&D intramural expenditure in high-tech industry and FDI. Core factors of GIGA were identified as R&D intramural expenditure and added value of financial industry; important factors were identified as 4 factors such as R&D intramural expenditure in high-tech industry and GDP. (4) The 31 provinces in China were classified into 4 types of policy areas by BCG model, and proper policy suggestions were put forward. The research methods and conclusions of this paper can provide reference for green innovation policy optimization in China and other countries under similar conditions.

Focusing on what you know will narrow your horizon? The role of knowledge base cohesion in learning from brokering

ABSTRACT Structural holes are believed to be a source of good ideas, important inputs for exploratory innovation. Nevertheless, firms that span structural holes may not always be good learners, as their learning orientation also matters. Drawing upon organisational learning theory and the knowledge recombination perspective, we argue that cohesive knowledge base plays a contingent role in the association between spanning structural holes (SSH) and new knowledge exploration (NKE). Based on panel data of Chinese automakers, our results indicate that global cohesion of knowledge base positively moderates the relationship between SSH and NKE. In contrast, local cohesion of the knowledge base negatively moderates the positive effect of SSH on NKE. These findings advance our understanding of the nuanced role of cohesive knowledge base in learning from brokering.

Board industry expertise and innovation input: evidence on the curvilinear relationship and the moderating effect of CEO

PurposeThe study empirically investigates whether the board of directors' expertise in the focal firm's industry has implications for innovation input. Additionally, it explores how this relationship is shaped by the CEO's educational level and background in the technology area.Design/methodology/approachThe article tests the hypothesized relationships through the Arellano–Bond generalized method of moment estimators, proxying innovation input by R&D to total sales. Moreover, it analyses a sample of privately-held Italian medium and large high-tech companies observed over four years by relying on a unique hand-collected dataset.FindingsThe research documents an inverted U-shaped relationship between board industry expertise and innovation input and shows that such curvilinear effect is moderated by the CEO's educational level and technology background. Specifically, while the curvilinear slope is less steep for highly educated CEO, it becomes steeper in the presence of technology trained CEO.Practical implicationsThe paper recommends how to shape the board human capital as a meaningful driver of board effectiveness and innovation. Additionally, it calls the managerial attention towards the interaction and the interplay between board industry expertise and CEO education as able to influence the above-mentioned outcome.Originality/valueWhile previous studies have focused on the linear and positive effect of board industry expertise on innovation, this research advances current knowledge in innovation management literature by testing the presence of a curvilinear relationship. Moreover, by exploring the moderating effect of CEO education, the paper provides a comprehensive picture on the interplay among board industry expertise, CEO educational training and innovation input.

Do Listed Companies' Technological Innovations Make Institutional Investors' “Group Holdings” More Favorable?

This paper constructs a dynamic panel threshold model with a sample of firms in the Chinese A-share market. We analyse the non-linear relationship and the mechanisms between the two. The study found that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between corporate technology innovation and institutional investors’ group holdings, and an inverse N-shaped relationship between corporate technology innovation output and institutional investors’ group holdings. And when we add the innovation input to a lag operator, the model calculations are similar to the inverse N-type non-linear model of innovation output, and the two innovation indicators are consistent. When institutional investors feel the sentiment and the “pass the parcel” in the market, they will exit the group because of the risk factor. Although technological innovation in companies will contribute to their long-term development, it is important to be more aware of the risks involved. Excessive levels of investment will still be subject to external financing constraints.

SME efficiency in transforming regional business research and innovation investments into innovative sales output

ABSTRACT Based on data provided by the Regional Innovation Scoreboard on 23 capital and 184 non-capital regions in Europe, slacks-based models of data envelopment analysis (DEA) reveal that the efficiency by which business research and innovation inputs are converted at regional-level aggregated innovative sales output in small and medium-sized enterprises was significantly lower in capital regions in the period 2006–14. In view of efficiency maximization, a majority of the capital regions overinvest in non-research and development innovation activities, are over-specialized in knowledge-intensive industries, and fall behind in converting research and innovation inputs in intermediary intellectual property outcomes.

ARMA analysis of the green innovation technology of core enterprises under the ecosystem – Time series data

Abstract From the perspective of innovation ecology, the green innovation of core enterprises is a key to high-quality economic development. This paper researches BYD, makes a discussion on the evolution and characteristics of green innovation, and clarifies the driving force of green innovation of core enterprises in the green innovation ecosystem. In addition, the 2002–2019 green patent authorisation data of BYD is selected as the green output indicator of the core enterprise. And through testing the data, the findings are that the perturbation term ε is white noise, which meets the zero expectation E(εt ) = 0, and the same variance Var(εt ) = σ 2 and that there is no autocorrelation Cov(εt , εs ) = 0, t ≠ s. The ARMA model is hence constructed for analysis. Through analysis, conclusions are drawn that when the core enterprises and other entities in the green innovation ecosystem collaborate to innovate, the complexity and dynamics could be found in the green innovation evolution process and that as an important driving force for green innovation, innovation input not only raises current green output but also facilitates future green output.

Technology innovation and the duration of export competitiveness

ABSTRACT On the basis of CEPII-BACI trade data from 2001 to 2018, this study examined the impact of technology innovation on the duration of China’s manufacturing export competitiveness by using the discrete time model. Results showed that the innovation behaviour can effectively improve the duration of export competitiveness of the manufacturing industry. An increase in the innovation input by 1% can reduce the risk of decline in manufacturing export competitiveness by 9.3%, and an increase in innovation intensity by 1% can increase the duration of manufacturing export competitiveness by 6.4%. Evidence on innovation output also supports this conclusion.

Evaluation of the innovation ability of China's marine fisheries from the perspective of static and dynamic

Marine fisheries innovation ability (MFIA) has been considered as a key factor to promote the modernization and sustainable development of fisheries. In this study, an evaluation index system was constructed from three dimensions: innovation input, innovation output and innovation environment. Using a static evaluation model involving a combined evaluation method based on the Gini criterion and a dynamic evaluation model with speed characteristics, the comprehensive evaluation of the MFIA was firstly conducted from both the static and dynamic perspectives based on 2009–2018 data from 11 coastal provinces and cities of China. The static evaluation results showed that the overall level of the MFIA in China was low with slight growing trend. The 11 provinces and cities could be divided into three levels according to the MFIA, and the stronger the MFIA, the greater the ascent degree. The dynamic evaluation results displayed changing state of the MFIA was closely related to policy orientation in China, and both the time entering the upgrading stage of the MFIA and growing stability of the MFIA were different among the 11 provinces and cities. The dynamic evaluation results were basically consistent with the static evaluation results, which indicated the reliability of the conclusion. The evaluation of the MFIA could provide an insight for regional innovation development level of marine fisheries, and provide a basis for regional governments to formulate more reasonable policies of marine fisheries development.