Innovation Districts Research Articles

군집분석을 적용한 혁신교육지구 사업에 대한 교원의 성과 및 목표 인식 분석

The purpose of this study is to understand the actual status of teachers' performance perception of innovative education district projects, verify the effect of participation experience on teachers' perception, and analyze goal perception according to the characteristics of performance perception. To this end, a survey was conducted on 950 teachers in seven areas of the Incheon Education Innovation District. As a result of the study, first, the school area-linked vision and planning, sustainability, and educational cooperation system were derived as four sub-factors of teachers' performance perception of innovative education district projects. Second, as a result of analyzing the difference in performance perception according to the experience of participation in the innovative education district project, the perception of teachers with experience of participation was higher than that of teachers without participation experience. Third, based on the characteristics of teachers' performance perception of innovative education districts, it was classified into four clusters, such as; 'a cluster with very high overall perception', 'a cluster with very low overall perception', 'a cluster with high overall perception'. and 'a cluster with low overall awareness'. Fourth, according to the teacher's performance recognition cluster, the level of goal recognition showed a significant difference, and the higher the performance recognition, the higher the goal recognition. Based on the research results, policy and practical measures were proposed for the development of sustainable innovative education districts and business operation.

Innovation Districts and Community Building: An Effective Strategy for Community Economic Development?

Innovation districts are being advocated for their potential to create or revitalize communities, produce neighborhoods with housing near work, and benefit surrounding communities by creating jobs for a wide range of skill sets. However, these aspirations are often mismatched with the application of innovation districts. Analyzing four innovation districts (Boston, Detroit, St. Louis, and San Diego), we demonstrate how the direction of innovation district development determines whether community goals are realized. Promoting innovation involves prioritizing high-skilled workers. When real estate development takes center stage, market demands become the focus. The construction of high-end housing, entertainment, and retail amenities may leave affordable housing options for lower-skilled workers as secondary considerations. Surging real estate prices within and around an innovation district can eventually push out long-standing residents, further negating the innovation district as a space for a diversity of people, ages, resources, and amenities.

Coda: reflections on public and private space in a post-Covid world

ABSTRACT The decline of public life was among the biggest casualties of Covid-19, as public discourse shrank to encompass the virus and daily life retreated into the private sphere of the domestic. Hannah Arendt discussed how the distinction between the private and public sphere corresponds to the household and the political realm and located freedom in the political realm; the privation of privacy is the absence of the others, private man does not appear and therefore does not exist. In the post-industrial, privatized and securitized city public life is limited, specified individuals are excluded from privatized public places and a range of activities are restricted. Privately owned public spaces (POPS), driven by public-private partnerships, produce “ageographic” innovation districts and “googleplexi” which remove diversity, political activity and protest from public space. These undemocratic spaces undermine conceptions of citizenship and public life. Post-pandemic, the control of public space witnessed within POPS is being extended into the democratic public realm under the aegis of legislative change.

On the naming of innovation districts

Name plays a fundamental role in defining and differentiating a company within a category. In this paper we identify how the leaders of 7 innovation districts (22@Barcelona, Ann Arbor Spark, EECi, Porto Digital, Ruta N – Medellín, SK-Skolkovo and TusPark) understand the construction of the names of their innovation districts. We take an inductive approach utilizing two types of data: exploring the innovation district directors' understanding through direct semi-structured interviews and analyzing secondary data consisting of website and brochures. We show how innovation district leaders use more than one classification name for their organization and that these names either tend towards a more strategic or institutional posture. We contribute by extending existing naming theory to include innovation districts, a complex organization composed by actors of the Triple Helix. We also contribute by providing managerial guidance to assist in understanding the importance of the role of their organization's name in long-term positioning.

Early Evolution of an Innovation District: Origins and Evolution of MID and RMIT University’s Social Innovation Precinct in Melbourne’s City North

The development of an urban innovation district requires a unique, densely populated site connecting knowledge-intensive institutions with public spaces, large businesses, startups and SMEs, social hubs, and cultural institutions. Based on conceptual frameworks in the field including urban development theory, quintuple helix model, entrepreneurship and open innovation models, this paper uses a case research study approach, the Melbourne Innovation District. The context is Melbourne’s city centre immediately prior to and during Covid-19 recovery. The work analysed the vision and ambitions for the innovation district, the role of technology and enterprise in place-making and the impact of the pandemic in driving social innovation, the acceleration of demand for a ‘wellbeing economy,’ and incentives for collaboration between institutions. This work contributes to existing literature by examining the evolution and progress of Melbourne Innovation District as a case, and the influence of the 22@ district in Barcelona, highlights practical and strategic insights into how the Melbourne Innovation District formed and built capability for collective strategy in a knowledge-intensive urban settings, and the role of innovation ecosystems to develop dynamic, inclusive urban economies in the pandemic recovery era. Through this work we observed the key elements for the success in the early development of an innovation district including: the consideration of the real costs of collaboration; the establishment early on of a common vision and a long-term aspiration; the importance of achieving critical mass; the scattered evidence base; the need for ‘anchoring’ project and backbone organisation; the fragmented governance environment; the need for persistence with an integrated vision, that is connected to the overall city strategy; the identification of practical innovations that feed each other and create momentum.

Districts of Innovation in the World

The 20th anniversary of the innovation district of Barcelona, the 22@Barcelona, provides the rationale for this special issue. Key actors in the academia, organisations and institutions from several innovation districts around the world, have joined this celebration project that has materialized in the collection of articles that conform “Districts of Innovation in the World”. The result is a unique compilation of experiences, analysis and evaluations that evidence the relevance of innovation districts as tools for urban, economic and social development but also as urban cores of production of technology and innovation. Benefiting from years of exchange of ideas and mutual collaboration, this special issue offers, from an evolutionary perspective, an analysis of the transitions, adaptations and mutations that innovation districts have experienced around the world.

Measuring the development of innovations districts through performance indicators: 22@Barcelona Case

Innovation Districts are rising as the banners of the new urban, economic, and social paradigm and as a solution to the renaissance of inner cities since they expedite the creation and commercialization of new ideas which leverage the city goals and its technologic and economic attributes. The configuration of accurate indicators to measure the degree of achievement of the innovation district goals is one of the main requirements to ensure district proper development. Even when the study of innovation districts is a topic that is increasingly under study, little is still known about the insight, and it is still needed tools that favor their evolution and development. The aim of this paper is two-fold: on the one hand, it seeks to collect and analyze the indicators that have been used in literature to measure the degree of maturity over the course of the 20-year existence of the 22@Barcelona, an area of innovation that transformed an old industrial district into a knowledge-based one. On the other hand, guided by the four dimensions of the Knowledge Base Urban Development theory and the main actors that make up Triple Helix approach, the paper designs a framework of indicators in the four spheres that shape the regeneration of the district, that is, urban, economic, social and governance. As we shall see, a total of 47 indicators are proposed, indicating for each of them: the environment in which it is applied, the main purpose to which it responds, and the main actor with the greatest power of action over it.

An Evolutionary Analysis of the Development of the One North Innovation District in Singapore

First conceptualised in Singapore’s first National Technology Plan in 1991, the idea of creating a new integrated R&D and innovation hub in Singapore languished until it was incorporated into a broader Technopreneurship 21 (T21) strategy announced in 1998, and was officially launched in late 2001. In the 20 years since, the innovation district has made significant development progress, but not quite in the manner as presented in a number of prior studies that have adopted a “top-down rational planning” narrative. Taking an evolutionary view, we argue that the actual development of One-North was significantly shaped by a number of critical actors as well as external environmental factors, and its evolutionary trajectory deviated from its original plan. Our evolutionary narrative provides insights on the role of champions in large scale innovation projects, and the need to integrate physical space development within a comprehensive innovation ecosystem development strategy.

Centech, a world-class business incubator based in the Montréal innovation district, inspired by Barcelona 22@

The objective of the paper is to highlight the process behind the design and development of Centech, a world-class incubator located in Montreal and recognized as one of the most successful university incubators in the world. Centech is housed in a cultural heritage building, the old Dow Planetarium, situated in the heart of the innovative district of Montréal, the “Quartier de l’innovation” (QI). Based on a methodology using different sets of data (interviews, series of reports made for the Montréal-Barcelona Summer School on Management of Creativity and Innovation, etc.), the paper shows how the development of Centech was in large part inspired by 22@Barcelona. The conclusion highlights the importance of an iconic collaborative place in the building of a local ecosystem of innovation.

Performance Indicators for the Evolution of Areas of Innovation: Porto Digital Case

Areas of Innovation (AOIs) need urban, economic, social and governance development. Building upon the theories of Triple Helix, Knowledge-Based Urban Development, Clusters of Innovation, and the evolution phases of AOIs, this study presents in a novel way, key performance indicators (KPI) that can be used to track and monitor the progress of an innovation district in distinct phases of development towards the achievement of its goals. Using the Porto Digital Case in Recife, the most awarded project in Brazil underway for 20 years at a Triple Helix hybrid organization Núcleo Gestor do Porto Digital (NGPD), performance indicators are analysed and classified. This yields further understanding of which stage of development they have become operative (from inception to maturity), which dimensions affected (namely, urban, economic, social and governance), and who (Triple Helix agents) has been involved with the major action power over it.

Industrial lands, equity, and economic diversity: a comparative study of planned employment areas in Melbourne, Australia

ABSTRACT Cities develop innovation districts and mixed-use employment centres to grow knowledge industries and encourage sustainable urban form. However, this strategy may contribute to socio-economic inequality and uneven development. It also often relies on conversion of industrial zones, which may counter unequal urban development by supporting quality jobs and a diverse economic mix. This research aims to demonstrate the value of industrial land by comparing their employment and equity roles to other planned employment areas in Melbourne, Australia. We find that industrial zones support an overlooked source of employment and provide a more diverse employment and income base than other areas.

Gender in the Australian innovation ecosystem: planning smart cities for men

The affinity for tech-driven solutions of ‘smart cities’ has been critiqued at length, as has the gender disparity in technology firms. This paper draws these literatures together along with our own data on Australia’s innovation economy – one that includes its spaces (incubators, accelerators and co-working hubs), events (‘hackathons’), and places (innovation districts). These three components are ubiquitous among smart city strategies across all levels of government. In this paper we examine the gendered landscape of the innovation economy and the strategic urban agenda to which it is tied. The paper draws on data collected through interviews conducted with women entrepreneurs around their experiences in Australia’s innovation economy. Drawing from policy documents and further interviews, our discussion mirrors their vignettes with an examination of the three innovation economy components using case studies from Australian smart city planning. In doing so, we illuminate how the gendered experiences of women in the innovation economy are entwined with the smart urbanism imperatives of high-growth, technology-focus, and the attraction of ‘talent’. Existing attempts to grapple with discrimination in the innovation economy are shown to reinforce gendered hierarchies, resulting in ‘smart cities’ designed for men. We argue that the gendered nature of the tech industries that underpin the innovation economy has implications for who the smart city is for.

Impact of Transit Quality on Anchor-Mediated Knowledge Economies Across Large U.S. Cities

Universities, medical centers, and headquarters are the driving forces behind cities’ innovation productivity and anchor-based urban revitalization efforts, such as innovation districts. As a result, there is increasing competition for corporate anchors, as well as emerging partnerships and conflicts. In each case, transit has a major role to play. Yet we know little about precisely how transit fits into the dynamics of anchor-based revitalization. To address this empirical gap, this study employed structural equation modeling to grasp both the direct and indirect impacts of transit on the knowledge-intensive firm location in 500 large U.S. cities. We conceptualized the indirect impact of transit as mediated by anchors with a composite value that we developed to quantitatively represent the presence and size of major innovation anchors in each city. According to our findings, the positive impact of transit on a city’s overall knowledge economy occurred through its role in supporting anchor institutions, a role that, in turn, significantly increased the likelihood of knowledge-based firms locating in the city. In short, transit quality was positively associated with larger and more established anchors, as well as the availability of more employees, which expands the city’s talent pool, a critical driver of knowledge-intensive employers’ location decisions. These findings call for greater attention to be paid to transit in cities’ anchor-based urban revitalization plans and to partnerships between cities, metropolitan organizations, and anchors in planning future transit systems.

Innovation Districts – An Emerging Asset Class?

Innovation Districts – An Emerging Asset Class?

Towards a User-Centric Approach in Innovation District Planning: Insights from Brisbane's Leading Innovation Districts

Towards a User-Centric Approach in Innovation District Planning: Insights from Brisbane's Leading Innovation Districts

Changes in urban fabric – a cause or a result of an innovation district?

ABSTRACT The goal of our paper is to look at the connection between a city’s morphology and the development of innovation districts. We look at spatial planning as a strategic intervention that can affect urban morphology and help to create a better innovation district. Research in economic geography shows innovative industries (especially high-tech) have a higher tendency for spatial concentration than other types of industries. We are focusing on innovation districts that may emerge naturally within urban fabric. To demonstrate the limits and potential of the Naturally Occurring Innovation Districts (NOIDS), we focus on transformations taking place at Zabłocie, Krakow and Jeżyce, Poznan, both in Poland, and both of which can be recognized as typical examples of Polish NOIDs.

A NEW MODEL OF URBAN REGENERATION AND ECONOMIC REVITALISATION: THE I.D.E.A. DISTRICT, SAN DIEGO

In the 21st century globalized economy, innovation is a crucial factor within strategies targeted at growing and sustaining competitiveness of regions and cities. The emerging trend of innovation-led urban planning initiatives provides strong evidence of how cities are implementing strategies to promote innovation mainstreaming. Hence, these innovationoriented policies are currently translated into the creation of innovation districts, becoming part of the urban settlement dynamics towards regeneration processes. This paper intends to explore the new paradigm of urban development initiatives driven by the increasing demand of innovation. Accordingly, innovation districts will be investigated by identifying the role, as well as the influence, of the different actors who nurture and accelerate the innovation process at urban level. The I.D.E.A. District case study will be examined, by pointing out the policies and planning initiatives undertaken in Downtown San Diego. Findings from this research will evaluate the effectiveness of the new generation of urban planning initiatives in supporting urban growth strategies. Additionally, the level of public private partnership effectiveness in supporting the development of innovation districts will be highlighted. Useful lessons can be drawn in encouraging planners and policymakers towards implementing these new innovation-oriented urban regeneration initiatives within urban growth strategies, important for enhancing competitiveness and for improving liveability by providing solutions for a more efficient land use.

Renewing industrial regions? Advanced manufacturing and industrial policy in Britain

ABSTRACT The UK’s industrial strategy, with local variants, aims to support manufacturing in ‘traditional industrial regions’ (TIRs). Using novel data for advanced manufacturing (AM) industries over several decades, we examine long-term changes in their geography by regions and local authority districts. These industries have shifted away from large urban regions, and local authority districts in TIRs have lost ground relative to those in other regions, although there are variations between industries. Foreign direct investment has tended to locate in non-TIR locations. AM industries have not shifted decisively towards research-intensive regions. We consider the implications for policy initiatives seeking to spark clusters around innovation districts.

A critique of innovation districts: Entrepreneurial living and the burden of shouldering urban development

This article critically investigates the global trend toward urban innovation districts, a distinctly 21st-century spatial form. Innovation districts are a place-based, economic development strategy to concentrate the actors, entities, and infrastructure considered essential to process and product innovation. Built on the idea that today's innovation requires continuous interaction, the design of innovation districts incorporates a density of living and working amenities to accommodate a 24-7 live–work–play environment. At the heart of the innovation district strategies are the entrepreneurs meant to benefit from the built-in supports that help them scale their ideas and introduce products to the market. Despite an embrace by policymakers, to date, there has been little systematic analysis and critique of innovation district strategies or attempts to understand them as tools of neoliberal urban economic development. This article tracks how planners and other city development officials endorsed innovation districts during the Global Financial Crisis. The districts were a stopgap policy measure to accumulate economic benefits while waiting for market activity to resume. Furthermore, this paper argues that the emergence of innovation district strategy points to new governance arrangements that shift the burden of urban revitalization onto entrepreneurs who catalyze growth through their consumption and production activities. The findings are based on content analysis, site observations, and interviews with the creators, implementers, stakeholders, and users of innovation districts in Boston, St. Louis, and Dublin.

Débâcle d’urbanisme, événement de succès et future incertain: les cas jumeaux de l'Exposition universelle de 2015 et du quartier de l'innovation à Milan

More than five years after the closing of the Milan 2015 World Fair, this article examines the two projects for the Expo site and its post-event redevelopment into an innovation district. The article interprets these projects as two connected episodes within a long-term process of urban transformation and repositioning. Accordingly, their failure and success need to be measured against the backdrop of alternate periods of action and inaction. Spatial planning has determined the elements common to both projects, although apart from planning strategies for the metropolitan area. This contradiction did not prevent the development of potential; however, it has accentuated criticalities and uncertainties, which call for reflection in urban planning studies.