Land Transport Research Articles

Current supply status, demand trends and security measures of chromium resources in China

Chromium, a strategic mineral resource in China, is widely used in high-precision equipment manufacturing. As the world’s leading consumer and importer of chromite, China’s external dependence exceeds 99%. The significant imbalance between domestic supply and demand seriously threatens national economic security. This study discusses the state of China’s chromium resource supply from four aspects: the overview of domestic and global chromium resources, China’s chromite production and import volume, the sources of imported chromite, and risk analysis. Considering the chromium industrial chain and factors such as production, consumption, and recovery tendency of chromium-bearing stainless steel, it is forecasted that China’s demand for chromium ore will decline by 2040. This could considerably reduce the security situation of chromium resources. This study proposes five strategies for securing chromium resources: technological innovation, enhancing international cooperation and acquiring overseas resources, constructing a new pattern of “dual circulation” resource guarantee for sea–land transportation, encouraging chromium recycling, and building an emergency management system and strategic reserve mechanism for chromium resources.

March 2024 Land Transportation News [Transportation Systems

March 2024 Land Transportation News [Transportation Systems

TATA KELOLA TERMINAL TIPE A DALAM PERSPEKTIF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Implementation of the principles of Good Governance, where the state is the party that plays the most important role in realizing these principles. The implementation of Good Governance is the main prerequisite for realizing the aspirations of the community in achieving the goals and aspirations of the nation and the State, this cannot be separated from the application of the principles of good governance at the Isimu BPTD Type A Terminal in Region XXI of Gorontalo Province. This research was conducted to determine the implementation of good governance in the management of the Type A Isimu BPTD Terminal Region XXI Gorontalo Province. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with an analytical method, namely research that produces descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words from people and observable behavior. The results of this research indicate that the implementation of good governance in the governance of the Type A Isimu BPTD Terminal Region XXI Gorontalo Province has not been fully implemented optimally. This can be seen from several indicators, namely: planning that has not been optimal, namely related to track routes and output as the final result, organization that has not been maximized, namely related to the arrangement of bus parking and track routes, implementation of activities that still need to be improved, and supervision that has not been carried out optimally. The recommendation of this research is that the Land Transportation Management Center Region XXI Gorontalo Province through the Isimu Type A Terminal service unit should: 1) further maximize the terminal work plan, 2) further maximize terminal management, by continuing to improve security, cleanliness and order in the terminal, 3) need to maximize the function of the Terminal, and 4) need to increase supervision over the use of the terminal and supporting facilities according to their intended purpose, especially vehicle parking areas that are not yet neatly arranged.

Особенности создания трансформаторов судовых систем электродвижения

The necessity of new organizational and technical solutions in shipbuilding to ensure the quality of marine transformer transformers is substantiated. The analysis of the requirements of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, the current ISS for dry transformers is carried out, the experience of enterprises of related industries and foreign companies, the design features of power transformers of the ship's electric propulsion system are considered. The results of the analysis of the requirements for power transformers of marine electric propulsion systems, the features of their design and operation are presented. The main parameters of the converters in operating and emergency modes are considered and analyzed. The organizational and technical directions of ensuring increased reliability of marine converter transformers are proposed. Unlike converter transformers for land transport, there are no regulatory documents for power converter transformers in shipbuilding. The regulatory documents in force in shipbuilding do not fully take into account the specifics of marine conversion transformers. The existing main features of marine converter transformers are noted. High economic losses in the event of an accident of marine converter transformers determine higher requirements for their electrodynamic stability compared with converter transformers for land transport. In shipbuilding, there are no requirements for determining the partial short-circuit voltage and the splitting short-circuit voltage during testing of transformers necessary for the analysis of their characteristics and modes. When creating marine converter transformers, it is necessary to justify the characteristic modes of marine transformers using computer modeling, develop methods for measuring and calculating the parameters of selected modes and perform process calculations for the most likely accidents in the transformer – rectifier system. With the increase in the power of shipboard electric propulsion systems, the development of state regulatory documentation to ensure the quality of development and operation of converter transformers is becoming increasingly relevant.

Representation of the program model using predicates

The object of research in this article is the process of modeling programs and their subsequent development. The purpose of this article is to develop a methodology for describing and building software models in the form of nondeterministic finite automat. To achieve this goal, a task was set to improve the method for describing such models using predicates based on the MODEL CHECKING technology. The result of this article is a method for describing and presenting program models directly according to the chosen algorithm using predicates. If the program algorithm is chosen and described correctly, the resulting model should also be correct. The model will be a non-deterministic state machine that will not require further checking, as provided by the MODEL CHECKING technology. Structurally, the model will represent a special database, the processing of which will allow turning the model into a program in any procedural programming language. When developing parallel programs that are widely used for control in aviation, land transport, military affairs, etc., two additional states of the automaton are introduced into the model, which take into account the features of such programs. Therefore, a state monitor is provided for access to shared resources and a state protocol to process parallel branches of the program. To describe the algorithm of the program, we propose to present it in the form of a connected sequence of certain actions using predicates with the use of extended temporal logic. This description covers both the logic of the program and its branches and the specific actions at each location of the program model. With the help of this methodology, a program model of a stack algorithm was developed, which is the main component for the future automated system of processing the description of program models. The program which was created according to this technology, is currently in the testing and verification stage. The sequence of processing steps of such a model is shown in the example of a floating-point constant translation program. This program is also created using this technology in the target language assembly, has been fully tested, and has shown its functionality. This description covers both the logic of the program with its branches and the specific actions at each location of the application model. Conclusions: with a correct description of the program algorithm, an adequate model of it is built, with the help of which the program itself is created in the target procedural programming language. Note that in the conditions of the rapid development of management and control automation systems in various spheres of human activity, research on the creation of reliable based on the description of their models is an urgent problem.004.414.23:510.637

Measuring metro station area's TODness: An exploratory study of Shenyang based on multi‐source urban data

AbstractTransit‐oriented development (TOD) promotes sustainable urban growth by integrating land use and transportation systems around public transportation nodes. Many high‐density Chinese cities have effectively applied TOD. However, studies on TODness in cities with relatively less‐developed metro networks are still nascent. This study developed a new geographic information system‐based method to assess TODness utilizing data from official departments and open sources. We employed 15 sub‐indicators of “Transit (T),” “Oriented (O),” and “Development (D)” dimensions to assess the TODness of Shenyang metro station areas (MSAs). We tested the validity of this tool by examining the relationship between TODness and urban vitality using an ordinary least squares model. Each MSA was comprehensively quantified and organized by categorizing their TODness into five types. The results indicate that the TODness index was closely associated with urban vitality, thereby validating the reasonableness of the proposed tool. Furthermore, the TODness of Shenyang's MSAs presents a spatial distribution of “high, medium, and low” from the urban center to the periphery. The proposed method is expected to enhance the effectiveness of TOD planning by providing a comprehensive and data‐driven approach.

Navigating the green shipping: Stochastic hydrogen hub deployment in inland waterways

The maritime industry is shifting toward sustainability to help combat climate change, given the sector’s significant contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on the strategic integration of hydrogen fuel—a zero-emission alternative—into inland waterway transport systems. We recognize the operational characteristics of inland shipping networks and the complexities of two-stage financial planning. Consequently, we propose a two-stage stochastic framework for the deployment of hydrogen refueling hubs, taking into account financial uncertainties in the future. This approach contrasts with a myopic strategy and a two-stage deterministic framework, addressing both immediate financial constraints and future uncertainties. We focus on the Yangtze River’s shipping network as a case study, and our analysis validates the superior performance of our proposed two-stage stochastic strategy. This suggests its potential to accommodate volatile future financial uncertainties while ensuring the economic and operational viability of hydrogen integration.

Impact of the New International Land–Sea Transport Corridor on Port Competition between Neighboring Countries Based on a Spatial Duopoly Model

The development of international land–sea transport corridors has provided more convenient access to the sea for inland areas and promoted the improvement of transportation efficiency, environmental improvement, and the strengthening of international cooperation. However, the construction of international land–sea transport corridors has also intensified competition among the ports, which has extended from the local and regional to the national and even international levels. This paper explores the impact of international land–sea transport corridors on oligopolistic port competition between neighboring countries using the Hotelling model. By setting up the utility of the shipper’s port selection, the equilibrium price, market share, and profit of duopoly ports in neighboring countries are analyzed under different conditions of cross-border land transportation and maritime transportation. It is found that the high cross-border transportation cost of the international land–sea transport corridor is not conducive to increasing the market share of the overseas oligopolistic ports in the region. If the maritime transportation cost of overseas oligopoly ports is too high compared with domestic oligopoly ports, it will offset the land transport advantages brought by international land–sea transport corridors. The findings in this paper could provide support for strategic decision making in port markets and cross-border transport corridor development.

The Application Of Parachute Goods As An Alternative Logistics Distribution To Help Victims Of Natural Disasters In Isolated Areas

Facing the complexity of logistics distribution related to natural disasters in Indonesia, a geographically vulnerable country to various types of disasters, especially in isolated areas, requires an efficient and effective solution. One solution being explored is the implementation of cargo parachutes as an alternative logistics distribution to enhance the resilience of communities in those areas. This research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the potential and challenges of using cargo parachutes in the context of logistics distribution in Indonesia. Through a literature review conducted using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this study explores information regarding the advantages, challenges, and practical implications of implementing cargo parachutes. It was found that the use of cargo parachutes offers a quick and responsive solution in distributing logistics aid in isolated areas, often difficult to reach by conventional land transportation. The main advantage of implementing cargo parachutes is their ability to provide faster response times in logistics distribution. In the context of natural disasters, speed is crucial to ensure that aid arrives promptly where it is needed. Cargo parachutes can also improve the accessibility of aid, especially in isolated areas that may be challenging to reach conventionally. However, this study also identifies several challenges that need to be addressed. Landing accuracy is a critical issue, especially with weather variability, wind direction, and the topography of the area. Additionally, safety aspects, operational costs, and coordination among various stakeholders are challenges that must be overcome to ensure the success of cargo parachute implementation. Practical recommendations emerging from this research involve the use of monitoring technology, training for personnel involved in logistics distribution using cargo parachutes, and the development of clear Emergency Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). Monitoring technology, such as GPS, can help improve landing accuracy, while personnel training and emergency SOPs can enhance operational effectiveness and safety.

TRANSPORT POLICIES, TRANSIT-ORIENTED AND DEVELOPMENT REDISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION IN PERI-URBAN: LESSONS FROM KUALA LUMPUR AND JAKARTA METROPOLITAN AREA

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is the representation of a compact land-use management strategy relying on a mixture of land use and transport concepts to manage urban sprawl and population. The concept promotes high-density housing, mixed land use, and integrated mobility. Therefore, this article aims to discuss the incorporation process of TOD concept into urban policies and transport planning in Southeast Asian metropolitan cities. The effects of the policies on population movement patterns are examined, specifically in peri-urban areas, which are the most difficult parts of cities. In addition, the case studies include Jakarta and Kuala Lumpur, representing two of the most rapidly developing metropolitan areas in Southeast Asia where TOD has been progressively adopted. Data and information are collected from documentary reviews and interviews. The results show that the duration of TOD policy implementation gives rise to distinct trajectories in peri-urban population redistribution experiences within the two metropolitan areas.

Analysis Of Ramp Needs On The Citanduy River, District Pangandaran West Java Province

The Citanduy River is a shipping channel with a channel length of 110 miles that serves the Kalipucang - Majingklak Route in Pangandaran Regency, West Java with river sign facilities that do not comply with applicable regulations. The aim of this research is to determine the need for river signs and to evaluate existing river signs. The research and analysis method used is a field survey method, then descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis is carried out in accordance with the Regulation of the Director General of Land Transportation Number: KP. 4755 / AP005 / DRJD / 2020 Concerning Technical Guidelines for River and Lake Signs. The results of this research are that shipping traffic conditions in Majingklak are irregular, even though there are only 3-4 river transportation vessels operating every day, there are 33 private and fishing vessels that traffic in the channel area. The irregularities are caused by the lack of river signs as a means of regulating traffic to create safety, security, order and smooth ship traffic. Conditions in the field are that the number of signs installed is 3 units. The total need for Citanduy river signs is 19 units of Guidance signs with details of D.4 as 3 units, D.22 as many as 3 units, D.21 as many as 2 units, D.23 as many as 4 units, D.24 as many as 4 units, D.6 2 units, D.7 1 unit.

Uncovering structural characteristics of virtual water flow network in India

India plays a pivotal role in global water resource management. Existing studies have not well characterized structural characteristics of virtual water flow network in India (e.g., critical sectors, transactions, and supply chain paths) in the context of global supply chains. This may impede the efficiency of policy measures on the mitigation of India's water shortage. This study identified critical transmission sectors, intersectoral transactions, supply chain paths, and communities of India's virtual water flow network, by combining the global environmentally extended multi-regional input-output model, structural path analysis, betweenness concept, and community detection method. Results show that in addition to domestic water-intensive sectors, the transmission sectors, intersectoral transactions, and supply chain paths associated with domestic service sectors (e.g., the “Hotel and restaurant services” and “Other land transportation services” sectors) and foreign sectors (mainly chemical industries, light industries, and services in large manufacturing entities) also play important roles in transmitting India's water uses. The importance of critical transmission sectors and transactions related to foreign regions (e.g., the rest of Asia-Pacific Region and China) have increased significantly during 1995–2020. Moreover, major communities mostly involve sectors from different regions. These findings can provide hotspots for India's water resource management in terms of improving the productivity and strengthening the interregional and intersectoral cooperation.

Оценка обеспеченности территории Санкт-Петербурга наземным общественным транспортом с использованием геопространственного подхода

The authors propose a method for evaluating the public transport accessibility of a city, based on the spatial distribution of real estate and commercial property in its territory, it enables making a rating table of routes and stops. The relevance of the study is related to the high social importance of mass transit, since its accessibility creates a more comfortable urban environment and offers new opportunities to the residents. The significant growth of research on this topic is a result of the social need to improve the use of urban space. The rapid development in the field of big data processing makes it much more relevant to the real situation than any previous models. However, researchers often lack up-to-date information on the distribution of the population in a given territory, because the concept of state open spatial data in Russia is currently in its early stages, and city authorities may decide to make it confidential. The proposed quantitative approach to assessing the provision of urban areas with land transportation means is based on using spatial data available in open sources, as well as methods of geospatial analysis and modelling. It is used to study the public transport in St. Petersburg, RF; the technique has enabled identifying the main municipal routes as well as the parts of the city requiring network expansion

Cognitive land cover mapping: A three-layer deep learning architecture for remote sensing data classification

In many application domains, remotely sensed (RS) data are essential for disaster monitoring, climate forecasting, and remote surveillance. It perceives and gathers environmental, sociological, and transitional data on its own, from a distance, in increasing amounts of spatial and temporal details. While urbanization has been continued to be a worldwide phenomenon, the urban management and planning are needed to satisfy the needs of the Earth system. The operations associated with land management, urban planning, and transportation on Earth have been connected to digital maps and geographic databases. Knowledge of land cover is also significant for managing, conserving, and formulating environmental and urban development policies. Therefore, highly accurate Land Use Land Cover (LULC) assessment and monitoring are of the utmost significance for empirical studies and organizational accomplishment. In this study, we leverage remotely sensed data to formulate a sophisticated deep learning system for comprehensive Earth observation. The core of our approach involves the development of a three-layered Convolution-Convolution-Maxpooling Convolutional Neural Network (CCMCNN) model, preceded by a meticulous pre-processing stage. In the pre-processing stage, images extracted from the NWPU-RESISC dataset undergo resizing, division, and augmentation procedures before being fed into the three-layered CCMCNN architecture for the purpose of classifying them into five different LULC categories. The effectiveness of our proposed model undergoes thorough validation through a comparative examination against various pre-trained deep learning models outlined in existing literature. Presenting performance metrics, our model attains a remarkable accuracy rate of 98.4%. This advancement holds significant promise in the realm of Earth surveillance, offering a valuable tool for enhancing situational awareness and environmental monitoring.

TOD typologies for metro stations based on the butterfly model

As a promising planning strategy for urban sustainability, transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely encouraged and adopted to integrate land use and transport systems. Because of the different applications in form, function and impact, it is necessary to explore context-based TOD typologies to better map the TOD specificities and focus on strategic planning. As the best-known method, the node-place model provides a useful analytical framework to evaluate TOD typologies. However, by using two indexes to aggregate the node and place value, details of some important TOD characteristics are disregarded in this model. Proposing a multi-axial indexes system, the butterfly model can perform a more detailed evaluation of node and place. In this research, we have revised and optimized the butterfly model and taken Tianjin Metro Line 1 as a case study. We find that all stations can be divided into five TOD types with significant spatial variations. TOD principles have already been implemented in Tianjin with good integration between metro system and land use. The method demonstrated in this paper equips urban planners with a useful tool for evaluating TOD performance and adopting more targeted strategies.

Using GIS-supported MCDA method for appropriate site selection of parking lots: The case study of the city of Tetovo, North Macedonia

The provision of adequate parking spaces for vehicles has emerged as a prominent and challenging issue confronted by towns, cities, and municipal authorities in recent years. Addressing this problem necessitates a thorough examination of the prevailing physical conditions in existing parking areas, while simultaneously undertaking analyses to identify suitable locations for new parking areas or parking lots. This study focuses on the city of Tetovo, North Macedonia, investigating and assessing the available parking areas while analyzing potential sites in accordance with the city's needs and requirements. To facilitate decision-making, a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach is employed to address the parking site selection analysis problem. The weightage of criteria utilized in the analysis is estimated, and potential parking solutions or site selections for new parking areas are identified through the combined application of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques, identifying primary and sub-criteria, with a focus on Land Use and Transportation as the main criteria for selecting parking lots. The integration of GIS and AHP offers an effective and optimal methodology for site selection and identifying suitable parking locations. AHP method, applied to criteria, determined relative weights through expert opinions, while GIS facilitated spatial analysis for identifying suitable parking locations. The study identifies accessibility to main roads as the criterion carrying the greatest weight (0.517), while accessibility to cultural facilities holds the lowest weight (0.117). The study serves as a pivotal resource for sustainable urban management and decision-making, providing insights into future urban planning and the identification of suitable parking lot sites to foster sustainable development within the city.

Analysis of Fix Price Travel Tran sport Based on Vehicle Operational Costs

Transportation become an important role in a variety of human needs that are quite diverse, such as economic needs, education, health, and others. This study calculated the Operating Costs of Travel Vehicles on the Palangka Raya - Tamiang Layang City route, using the 2002 Directorate General of Land Transportation method. The method is in the form of an interview survey, analyzing Vehicle Operating Cost data from travel transport service providers with the Palangka Raya- Tamiang Layang City route, namely CV. Putra Borneo Travel, CV. New Star Travel, and CV. Trans Kalimantan Travel. This study aims to determine the Operating Cost of Travel Vehicles on the Palangka Raya - Tamiang Layang route to find out how much the basic rate set is financially feasible for service providers. The findings from the value analysis of the Operating Cost of Travel Vehicles on the Palangka Raya- Tamiang Layang route reveal that CV. Putra Borneo Travel incurred IDR 4,934.61, CV. Trans Kalimantan Travel incurred IDR 4,253.21, and CV. Bintang Baru Travel incurred IDR 4,733.95. The basic passenger rate set is financially feasible for service providers by, CV. Putra Borneo Travel at IDR 295,056/pnp, CV. Trans Kalimantan Travel at IDR 254,324/ pnp, CV. Bintang Baru Travel at IDR 283,071/ pnp. The rates issued by the three travel transportation service providers are IDR 230,000/ pnp.

The Impact of Increased Traffic and Explosion Loads on the Concrete Bridges Baniwalid Bridge - Case Study

The Baniwalid Bridge is located at the entrance of the city. This bridge was implemented during the seventies of the last century and was opened to traffic in the eighties. It is considered the main artery for traffic, linking the two sides of the city. Its length is about 500m, and its width is 20m. It has two directions; each direction is 8 meters wide. The construction system of the bridge consists of 31 average spans, each of which is 14.5 meters long, and each span consists of 18 pre-stressed beams, with a height of 0.72 meters and a width of 1.00 meters. Traffic increased within the city in previous years as a result of the closure of the coastal road, which led to a change in the movement of freight and land transport to eastern and southern Libya through the cities of Baniwalid and Gharyan, where the bridge was subjected to very high traffic loads that far exceed the design loads. In this study, the bridge was inspected, some previous reports were reviewed, and the construction status of the bridge was determined in general. There are many cracks in the bridge due to water, shells and increased traffic. The foundations were also exposed to erosion due to torrential rains. In general, the bridge needs immediate maintenance.

An Overview of TOD Level Assessment Around Rail Transit Stations

AbstractBy integrating land use and transportation systems, transit-oriented development (TOD) focuses on transit and land development, development potential, and the balance between transportation and land use. The TOD level assessment not only helps optimize existing TODs but also guides TOD planning. Based on previous literature, methods for assessing TOD around rail transit stations can be roughly divided into three categories: TOD index, the node-place model, and the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. The TOD index aggregates indicators from different dimensions into a single value for evaluation. The node-place model emphasizes transportation, land use, and the balance between them, as well as expansion factors. And the DEA model is suitable for situations without input indicator weights or consideration of different units of measurement. TOD indicators are the basis of the evaluation, and in both the TOD index and node-place models, indicator weights are mostly determined by using subjective methods. Furthermore, a limited number of studies to date have pre-evaluated the implementation of TOD at rail stations under construction or in planning. This paper aims to assess the level of TOD areas at the rail transit station level, which can help in constructing the evaluation index system, selecting TOD stations, and optimizing them.

Comparative Analysis of Different Accessibility to Transportation Stations Gap Indices

In this paper, an analytical methodology is presented for computing the accessibility of transportation stations gap (ATSG) using differences between the accessibility indices for the public and private stations within a certain travel time thresholds in the city of Mashhad, Iran. Analyzing the conceptual differences among current modal accessibility methods of transportation stations can help to evaluate ATSG more accurately and minimizes the number of gaps between the private and public transportation stations. To address this need, we conducted a comparative analysis of the different accessibility methods and developed a novel approach based on spatio-temporal analysis. Three accessibility models were analyzed—contour (cumulative) (CN), potential access (PA), and gravity metric (GM)—considering three spatial factors (land use, transportation infrastructure, and population densities). Temporal factors including three travel time thresholds (3, 15, and 60 min) and three peak time periods (morning, noon, and afternoon) were analyzed to calculate the ATSG values for the private and public modes. Resulted ATSG values indicated superior accessibility for private cars in all three time thresholds applying three methods. However, our subsequent in-depth analysis of results determined that the ATSG values fluctuated as the time thresholds changed in the CN and PA methods. In the GM method, these values systematically increased as the time thresholds increased. The consequences of the GM method were more in line with reality and showed higher accuracy compared with others.