Inkjet Research Articles

Laser-induced in-situ electrohydrodynamic jet printing of micro/nanoscale hierarchical structure

With the rapid advancement of micro/nanoscale devices, there is a growing demand for hierarchical micro/nano porous-structure, particularly in fields of high-performance sensors, electrochemical energy storage, and photocatalysis. The fabrication methods for hierarchical micro/nano-porous structures have been limited by complex processes and high costs, making further development and application difficult. In this paper, a novel strategy of laser-induced in-situ electrohydrodynamic jet (E-Jet) printing of hierarchical micro/nano-porous structures was proposed. Based on the mechanism of high-energy laser beam induction on the jet, it successfully fabricated hierarchical porous ZnO structures from nanoscale to dozens of microns. The jet size focusing and solidification behavior were analyzed by combining experimental and simulative exploration. The resultant effects of the thermal field, flow field, and laser field on the spatial temperature distribution and the jetting morphology were examined. Furthermore, the laser-induced influence on the morphology of the printed micro/nano-porous ZnO structures was explored. Meanwhile, the performance of micro/nano-porous ZnO photoelectric sensors printed by E-Jet under different laser powers was investigated. The laser-induced in-situ E-Jet printing method provided an innovative pattern for the high-resolution additive manufacturing of hierarchical porous structures, demonstrating its potential for applications in advanced material and high-performance devices.

Heterogeneous Transfer Learning of Electrohydrodynamic Printing Under Zero-Gravity Toward In-Space Manufacturing

Abstract As we continue to commercialize space and mature in-space manufacturing (ISM) processes, there is a strong need to transfer the knowledge we learn from experiments on the ground to zero-gravity environments. Physics-motivated manufacturing processes, like additive manufacturing, experience a shift in fabrication parameters due to the absence of gravity and the change of environments. Thus, we found traditional machine learning methods are not capable of addressing this domain shift and present a transfer learning scheme as a solution in this paper. We tested a kernel ridge regression model built for heterogeneous transfer learning (KRR-HeITL) on data from the electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing (EHD printing) process. EHD printing is a process that uses electrical force to control material flows, thus achieving the fabrication of electronics without requiring gravity. Our team has successfully conducted three rounds of parabolic flights to validate this technology for ISM. We trained on multiple datasets built from on-ground experiments and tested using zero-gravity printing data obtained from parabolic flight tests. Measurements of the Taylor cone both on-ground and in zero-gravity were taken and exploited as a part of the training data. We found that our method obtains good interpolation accuracy (MAPE 3.85%) compared to traditional machine learning methods (MAPE 16.84%) for predicting the printed line width. We concluded that the KRR-HeITL method is well suited for zero-gravity domain shifts of EHD printing parameters. This study paves the way for future predictions of ISM parameters when there are only on-ground experiments or very limited zero-gravity datasets for a given process.

Bio-inspired colloidal photonic crystal pattern with multiple optical variable images

Colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs) are highly significant for display and anti-counterfeiting applications due to their vibrant structural colors and light-manipulating properties. Efficient and extensive CPC patterns is required for practical applications. Additionally, it is essential to incorporate complex optical elements or responsive qualities to the CPC patterns in order to enhance their performances for security applications. Herein, we proposed CPC patterns with alterable images revealed by changes in viewing angle or exposure to certain vapors. The CPC patterns were prepared by inkjet printing method. Through substrate modification to achieve varying wettability, angle-dependent optical adaptable images could potentially be shown by the patterns. The mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were employed as building blocks to impart vapor-chromic characteristics to the CPC patterns. The CPC complex patterns responsive optical characteristics rendered them suitable for use in public authentication and anti-counterfeiting applications.

Corrosion and stress corrosion cracking resistances of the 17-4 precipitation hardened martensitic stainless steel additively manufactured using binder jet printing

The corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) properties of an additively manufactured (AM) 17-4 PH martensitic stainless steel that was produced using the binder jet printing (BJP) technique are compared with those of the conventionally manufactured (CM) steel, to critically examine the influence of porosity and subtle microstructural variations, introduced due to sintering and hot isostatic pressing (HIP), on them. Microstructures of the BJP and HIP specimens contain porosity, δ-ferrite, and MnS inclusions, while the CM ones do not contain either, but have NbC inclusions. All the corrosion properties of the BJP alloy, investigated using the immersion, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization, and galvanostatic (GL) tests, are inferior (compared to those of the CM alloy) due to the porosity in it, while the NbC inclusions present in the CM alloy adversely affected its corrosion characteristics. Surprisingly, the CM 17-4 PH specimens subjected to the SCC tests failed, while those of the BJP specimens did not (despite the relatively large porosity in it). Detailed analyses (including the X-ray computed tomography) show that crack bridging induced by the δ-ferrite phase, which has superior corrosion resistance compared to the martensite, is the reason for the BJP alloy's SCC resistance. HIP, which reduces both the porosity and δ-ferrite content, resulted in enhanced corrosion and SCC resistances that are even superior to those of the CM 17-4 PH. These results demonstrate, emphatically, that the subtle microstructural variations in the AM alloys can have profound effects on their properties, especially those related to structural integrity and reliability.

Evaluation of cell adhesion and inflammatory response of chitin and chitosan nanofibers patterned by inkjet printing

AbstractChitin and chitosan nanofibers (ChNF and CtsNF) are promising biomaterials due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non‐toxicity. This study investigates the cell adhesion properties and inflammatory responses of CtsNF, ChNF, and their mixtures when patterned on cellophane films using inkjet printing technology, keeping in mind their potential applications as cell culture scaffolds. The viscosities of 0.1 wt% aqueous dispersions of CtsNF, ChNF, and their mixtures were confirmed to be suitable for inkjet printing. Microstructures with varying thicknesses were fabricated by adjusting the printing parameters. Mouse fibroblast cells (L929) and mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) were used to evaluate cell adhesion and inflammatory responses. The results demonstrated that CtsNF microstructures exhibited excellent cell adhesion even for those as thin as ~140 nm and low inflammatory potential. This finding provides valuable insights into the development of advanced biomaterials for medical applications and could be instrumental in optimizing dosage settings for wound healing treatments as well.

Recent Developments and Applications of 3D-Printing Technology in Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery Systems: A New Research Direction and Future Trends.

The advent of 3D printing technology has emerged as a key technical revolution in recent years, enabling the development and production of innovative medication delivery methods in the pharmaceutical sector. The designs, concepts, techniques, key challenges, and potential benefits during 3D-printing technology are the key points discussed in this review. This technology primarily enables rapid, safe, and low-cost development of pharmaceutical formulations during the conventional and additive manufacturing processes. This phenomenon has wide-ranging implications in current as well as future medicinal developments. Advanced technologies such as Ink-Jet printing, drop-on-demand printing, Zip dose, Electrohydrodynamic Printing (Ejet) etc., are the current focus of the drug delivery systems for enhancing patient convenience and improving medication compliance. The current and future applications of various software, such as CAD software, and regulatory aspects in 3D and 4D printing technology are discussed briefly in this article. With respect to the prospective trajectory of 3D and 4D printing, it is probable that the newly developed methods will be predominantly utilized in pharmacies and hospitals to accommodate the unique requirements of individuals or niche groups. As a result, it is imperative that these technologies continue to advance and be improved in comparison to 2D printing in order to surmount the aforementioned regulatory and technical obstacles, render them applicable to a vast array of drug delivery systems, and increase their acceptability among patients of every generation.

Measurement of Human and Bovine Exhaled Breath Condensate pH Using Polyaniline-Modified Flexible Inkjet-Printed Nanocarbon Electrodes.

The collection, processing, and electrochemical analysis of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from healthy human and animal subjects is reported on. EBC is a biospecimen potentially rich in biomarkers of respiratory disease. The EBC pH was analyzed potentiometrically using a disposable polyaniline (PANI)-modified inkjet-printed (IJP) carbon electrode. Comparison measurements were performed using a commercial screen-printed carbon (SPC) electrode. The PANI-modified electrodes exhibited reproducible and near-Nernstian responses for pH values between 2 and 9 with slopes from -50 to -60 mV/dec. The PANI-modified IJP carbon electrode exhibited a faster response time and superior reproducibility to the modified SPC electrode. In proof-of-concept studies, the healthy human EBC pH was found to be 6.57 ± 0.09 and the healthy bovine EBC pH was 5.9 ± 0.2. All pH determined using the PANI-modified electrodes were in good agreement with the pH determined using a micro glass pH electrode. An RTube device was used to collect EBC from humans while a modified device was used to collect EBC from calves in the field. EBC volumes of 0.5-2 mL for 5-6 min of tidal breathing were collected from healthy animals. The pH of EBC from healthy calves (17 animals) depends on their age from 1 to 9 weeks with values ranging from 5.3 to 7.2. A distinct alkaline shift was observed for many animals around 20 days of age. The bovine EBC pH also depends on the ambient temperature and humidity at the time of collection. The results indicate that the PANI-modified IJP carbon electrodes outperform commercial SPC and provide reproducible and accurate measurement of pH across various biospecimen types.

Dissipative Particle Dynamics of Nano-Alumina Agglomeration in UV-Curable Inks.

Ultraviolet (UV) ink is a primary type of ink used in additive manufacturing with 3D inkjet printing. However, ink aggregation presents a challenge in nano-inkjet printing, affecting the stability and quality of the printing fluid and potentially leading to the clogging of nanometer-sized nozzles. This paper utilizes a Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) simulation to investigate the aggregation behavior of alumina in a blend of 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). By analyzing the effects of solid content, polymer component ratios, and dispersant concentration on alumina aggregation, the optimal ink formulation was identified. Compared to traditional experimental methods, DPD simulations not only reduce experimental costs and time but also reveal particle aggregation mechanisms that are difficult to explore through experimental methods, providing a crucial theoretical basis for optimizing ink formulations. This study demonstrates that alumina ceramic ink achieves optimal performance with a solid content of 20%, an HDDA-to-TMPTA ratio of 4:1, and 9% oleic acid as a dispersant.

Transformative Potential and Healthcare Applications of 3D Printing.

Additive manufacturing, sometimes referred to as 3D printing or AM, has numerous applications in industries like manufacturing, aviation, aerospace, vehicles, and education. It has recently made considerable inroads into the healthcare industry, backed by technology breakthroughs such as fused deposition modeling, binder jetting, and inkjet printing. A variety of biomaterials, such as polycaprolactone, polycarbonate, polypropylene, and polylactic acid, have contributed to this increase. This essay delves into the revolutionary possibilities of 3D printing in healthcare, to shed light on the idea of customized medications via the improvement of efficiency and cost. Researchers are using polymers and additive manufacturing to make customized medical devices. However, obstacles including bureaucratic hurdles, technological developments, and the choice of appropriate materials and printers stand in the way of widespread implementation. To fully realize the promise of 3D printing in healthcare, these challenges must be overcome. The article highlights the revolutionary potential of 3D printing in healthcare by following its development from art and construction to customized drugs and patient-specific medical equipment. In addition to addressing issues like quality control and technological limitations, it emphasizes its wide range of applications in surgical planning, dentistry, and anatomical models. The necessity of adapting regulations and instructional programs is highlighted by discussing future trends like bioprinting and FDA-approved innovations. In order to properly utilize 3D printing in healthcare, this adaption is essential. Personalized prescriptions and increased efficacy from the incorporation of 3D printing could revolutionize the healthcare industry. But even with these advances, problems like choosing the right materials and getting over administrative roadblocks prevent widespread implementation. These challenges need to be successfully overcome for 3D printing in healthcare to reach its full potential.

Fabrication and Characterization of PZT Thick Film Microstructure and T-Shaped Generator by Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing

Fabrication and Characterization of PZT Thick Film Microstructure and T-Shaped Generator by Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing

Extreme Drop Durability of Sintered Silver Traces Printed With Extrusion and Aerosol Jet Processes

Abstract Sintered silver is a popular material for printing conductive traces in printed hybrid electronics (PHE). However, due to the novel materials and printing techniques in PHEs, reliability still needs to be adequately characterized for all types of life-cycle application conditions. This paper focuses on characterizing the reliability of printed silver traces fabricated with extrusion printing and aerosol jet printing (AJP) processes, under severe shock conditions up to 40,000 g peak acceleration, resulting in very high strain magnitudes and strain rates. This study utilizes test specimens of cantilever form factor to study the reliability of three-dimensional printed traces and substrates. Traces printed using both techniques were found to withstand repetitive drops at up to 40,000 g peak acceleration. However, extrusion-printed silver traces were found to be more reliable than their AJP counterparts, because of the extruded traces' superior adhesion to the FR4 substrate and lack of sintering shrinkage cracks. Strain gauges revealed strains in excess of 10,000 με during a 40,000 g shock event. A calibrated finite element (FE) model revealed that the strains at the trace location exceeded 15,000 με during a 40,000 g shock event.

Innovative integration of chitosan biopolymer for felt-free woolen fabric: A synergistic approach with digital textile printing

Wool, renowned for its ancient legacy and unique attributes, is a prized textile fiber with versatile applications in various domains. However, the susceptibility to shrinkage due to the scaly structure of overlapping cells (scales) in the cuticle poses a challenge, prompting the widespread adoption of chlorination to enhance resistance to felting and shrinkage. This research explores the potential of chitosan biopolymer as an effective anti-felting agent and enhancer of wool dyeability. With its non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable properties, chitosan is a promising substitute for various textile finishes. Recent innovations include chitosan’s contribution to improving the digital printing process, particularly in enhancing color strength and sharpness on cotton fabric. Identifying a research gap in exploring the synergistic potential of chitosan for anti-felting, this study introduces an alkaline hydrogen peroxide pre-treatment to enhance chitosan absorption through the pad-dry-cure method. Chitosan, acting as a binder, is strategically applied in the pre-treatment to fix pigments with reactive inks during inkjet printing. Critical process parameters, such as chitosan concentration, curing temperature, and time, were optimized for area shrinkage (%) to achieve a felt-free property for wool. Subsequent optimization focuses on color strength, print sharpness, and washing durability of digitally printed patterns. The results obtained from this research were quite promising in terms of K/S value, wettability, pilling behavior, tensile strength, edge sharpness, washing fastness, and fabric shrinkage resistance.

Enhancing the reliability of InP-based QD color conversion layer through a uniform organic encapsulation layer via inkjet printing

Quantum dot (QD) as a color conversion layer (CCL) is gaining increasing attention for use in next generation displays. However, QD CCL, especially those based on indium phosphide (InP) materials, are vulnerable to oxygen and moisture. Accordingly, even in CCL technology, encapsulation is essential to mitigate performance reduction due to the degradation of color conversion efficiency (CCE). Herein, we employed only acrylic-based resin to produce a uniform encapsulation layer on a CCL, enhancing the CCE reliability of the QD CCL under ambient conditions. To print a uniform encapsulation layer, we confirmed the significance of the minimized surface energy differences on glass, bank, and QD film through O2 plasma treatment. We also investigated coating characteristics through adjustment of the drop spacing to analyze the reliability of the CCL. Compared to the CCL without an encapsulation layer, the CCE only showed a decrease of 1.96 % at green and 3.6 % at red light, after 168 h. The T95 (time to 95 % of the initial luminance) was improved from 5.25 h to 75.02 h by applying the encapsulation layer. As a result, we enhanced the stability of the InP-based QD CCL by printing only an organic encapsulation layer using the inkjet printing process.

Inkjet‐Printed 2D Heterostructures for Smart Textile Micro‐Supercapacitors

AbstractWearable electronic textiles (e‐textiles) have emerged as promising healthcare solutions, offering point‐of‐care diagnostics while maintaining breathability, comfort, durability, and environmental stability with strong mechanical performance. However, the lack of thin and flexible power supplies hinders their practical adoption. In this regard, textile‐based micro‐energy storage devices present an appealing solution. Inkjet printing offers the capability to produce high‐quality prints with sharp details and versatile substrate compatibility, making it an ideal choice for a wide array of printing applications. Here, the preparation of a range of inkjet‐printable 2D material inks is reported for the fabrication of ultra‐flexible and machine‐washable textile micro‐supercapacitors. Then 2D material heterostructures are proposed to enhance the performance of textile supercapacitors. This study reveals that a unique combination of highly conductive graphene with an insulator hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) can enhance the areal capacitance of graphene‐based textile supercapacitors by ≈82.48%. The heterostructure‐based supercapacitors also demonstrate higher energy (≈18.06 µWh cm−2) and power densities (≈4333.33 µW cm−2) with excellent capacitance retention (≈95% after 1000 cycles). These findings on inkjet‐printed heterostructure‐based supercapacitors may herald a new era for the future application of high‐performance micro‐supercapacitors within textile‐based wearable technology.

Inkjet‐Printed Flexible and Transparent Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 Composite Films: A Strategy for Photoelectrically Controllable Photocatalytic Degradation

The 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene has a large specific surface area, abundant functional groups, and low work function, which has potential in the field of photocatalytic materials. However, the manufacturing of controllable films with high photocatalytic properties and desirable transmittance is a challenging task. Herein, low‐cost, large‐scale, and rapid preparation of Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 flexible composite films have been successfully prepared by inkjet printing technology, which can be applied in complex and special environments, as well as in photoelectrically controllable places for photocatalytic performance. With the increase of the anatase TiO2, the transmittance of Ti3C2Tx/TiO2 films increases from 55.37% to 73.27% at 780 nm, corresponding to the square resistance of 1.112–206.496 kΩ sq−1 and the figure of merit of 0.48–0.005. When the amount of anatase TiO2 is 15%, the film has the best photocatalytic effect on methylene blue (MB) dye, reaching 68.94%. After five cycles of testing, the degradation efficiency of MB dye decreases by only 5.68%, showing that the film has good cycling stability. This work provides a new research direction for photoelectrically controllable photocatalytic degradation in complex and special environments.

3D inkjet printing of hybrid electroactive ink based on molecularly imprinted polymers for lipopolysaccharides detection

A hybrid electroactive ink based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) hollow microparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and conductive carbon paste (CP) is reported herein for the first time. The MIP/ZnO NPs/CP and corresponding non-imprinted NIP/ZnONPs/CP modified inks were screen-printed on plastic substrates via 3D inkjet technology to cover around 40 working screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) pieces in a single batch. The custom-made electrochemical MIP/ZnONPs/CP@SPCE sensor was designed for the detection of bacterial endotoxins, i.e., lipopolysaccharides (LPS), derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Hollow MIP silica microparticles with specific properties for 3D printing application, in terms of granulation and morphology, were synthesized via sol-gel method using tetraethyl orthosilicate and (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane as monomers. Following the structural and morphological characterization of microparticles, the evaluation of template rebinding indicated a clear specificity of MIPs for LPS compared to the NIPs. Hybrid MIP/ZnONPs/CP and NIP/ZnONPs/CP inks were characterized using morphological and structural methods, which confirmed a viscosity of 25.000 mPa.s, a granulation of <20 µm, and a solid powder content of <27 %, as well as a homogenous incorporation of MIP particles and ZnONPs in the conductive CP. Finally, the electrochemical evaluation of the modified MIP/ZnONPs/CP@SPCE sensor revealed a good sensitivity to LPS molecules in PBS at pH 7.4, in the linear working range 1 - 100 µM, where a 0.058 µM limit of detection (LOD) and a response time less than or equal to 1 min were determined. The selectivity of the MIP/ZnONPs/CP@SPCE sensor towards LPS from Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli was also assessed, highlighting a clear difference between these structural resembling species.

Pore-Fiber Transport Dynamics of Aqueous Cosolvent Solutions in Paper.

After inkjet printing onto uncoated and unsized paper, the ink is first imbibed into the interfiber pores and subsequently absorbed by the cellulose fibers. The achievable print quality depends on the rate of this pore-fiber transport. The latter is accompanied by mechanical expansion of the fibers and the paper sheet. Therefore, we systematically monitored the swelling dynamics of several paper types as a function of ink composition by means of four different measurement techniques. Using aqueous cosolvent solutions as model inks, we found an approximately exponential relation of the time scales of pore-fiber transport with the cosolvent concentration and an approximately linear relation with its molecular weight. Addition of surfactants can substantially speed-up pore-fiber transport.

Impact of ultraviolet radiation energy curing UV primer on adhesion of bamboo lumber surfaces and colorimetry of UV inkjet coatings

ABSTRACT The application of UV digital inkjet printing technology in the home furnishing industry has greatly enriched the diversity of decorative panels. Controlling the UV radiation energy curing UV primers process has a significant impact on the performance of UV printing coatings on bamboo surfaces. The results showed that the UV radiation energy is in the range of 60∼300 mJ cm−2, the adhesion of the UV primer on the surface of bamboo is the best when it is controlled at 180 mJ cm−2, which reaches the standard of 0 level; when the radiation energy reaches 240 mJ cm−2, the content of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of the primer is higher, the surface wettability is the best, and the roughness is also relatively high. When the radiation energy reaches 360 mJ cm−2, radiation energy that is too high would reduce the adhesion performance of the UV primer on the surface of bamboo lumber. In addition, the gloss difference of the UV ink coatings between adjacent parameter samples is small, while the color difference is more obvious. The energy of UV radiation should be controlled in the range of 180∼240 mJ cm−2 in the actual production application.

High-Yield WS2 Synthesis through Sulfurization in Custom-Modified Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Reactor, Paving the Way for Selective NH3 Vapor Detection.

Nanostructured transition metal dichalcogenides have garnered significant research interest for physical and chemical sensing applications due to their unique crystal structure and large effective surface area. However, the high-yield synthesis of these materials on different substrates and in nanostructured films remains a challenge that hinders their real-world applications. In this work, we demonstrate the synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) tungsten disulfide (WS2) sheets on a hundred-milligram scale by sulfurization of tungsten trioxide (WO3) powder in an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor. The as-synthesized WS2 powders can be formulated into inks and deposited on a broad range of substrates using techniques like screen or inkjet printing, spin-coating, drop-casting, or airbrushing. Structural, morphological, and chemical composition analysis confirm the successful synthesis of edge-enriched WS2 sheets. The sensing performance of the WS2 films prepared with the synthesized 2D material was evaluated for ammonia (NH3) detection at different operating temperatures. The results reveal exceptional gas sensing responses, with the sensors showing a 100% response toward 5 ppm of NH3 at 150 °C. The sensor detection limit was experimentally verified to be below 1 ppm of NH3 at 150 °C. Selectivity tests demonstrated the high selectivity of the edge-enriched WS2 films toward NH3 in the presence of interfering gases like CO, benzene, H2, and NO2. Furthermore, the sensors displayed remarkable stability against high levels of humidity, with only a slight decrease in response from 100% in dry air to 93% in humid environments. Density functional theory and Bayesian optimization simulations were performed, and the theoretical results agree with the experimental findings, revealing that the interaction between gas molecules and WS2 is primarily based on physisorption.

Inkjet-printed flexible V2CTx film electrodes with excellent photoelectric properties and high capacities for energy storage device

Energy storage devices are progressively advancing in the light-weight, flexible, and wearable direction. Ti3C2Tx flexible film electrodes fabricated via a non-contact, cost-effective, high-efficiency, and large-scale inkjet printing technology were capable of satisfying these demands in our previous report. However, other MXenes that can be employed in flexible energy storage devices remain undiscovered. Herein, flexible V2CTx film electrodes (with the low formula weight vs Ti3C2Tx film electrodes) with both high capacities and excellent photoelectric properties were first fabricated. The area capacitances of V2CTx film electrodes reached 531.3–5787.0 μF⋅cm−2 at 5 mV⋅s−1, corresponding to the figure of merits (FoMs) of 0.07–0.15. Noteworthy, V2CTx film electrode exhibited excellent cyclic stability with the capacitance retention of 83 % after 7,000 consecutive charge–discharge cycles. Furthermore, flexible all solid-state symmetric V2CTx supercapacitor was assembled with the area capacitance of 23.4 μF⋅cm−2 at 5 mV⋅s−1. Inkjet printing technology reaches the combination of excellent photoelectric properties and high capacities of flexible V2CTx film electrodes, which provides a new strategy for manufacturing MXene film electrodes, broadening the application prospect of flexible energy storage devices.