Injection Of Procaine Hydrochloride Research Articles

Mushroom Bodies Are Required for Learned Visual Navigation, but Not for Innate Visual Behavior, in Ants

Visual navigation in ants has long been a focus of experimental study [1-3], but only recently have explicit hypotheses about the underlying neural circuitry been proposed [4]. Indirect evidence suggests the mushroom bodies (MBs) may be the substrate for visual memory in navigation tasks [5-7], while computational modeling shows that MB neural architecture could support this function [8, 9]. There is, however, no direct evidence that ants require MBs for visual navigation. Here we show that lesions of MB calyces impair ants' visual navigation to a remembered food location yet leave their innate responses to visual cues unaffected. Wood ants are innately attracted to large visual cues, but we trained them to locate a food source at a specific angle away from such a cue. Subsequent lesioning of the MB calyces using procaine hydrochloride injection caused ants to revert toward their innate cue attraction. Handling and saline injection control ants still approached the feeder. Path straightness of lesioned and control ants did not differ from each other but was lower than during training. Reversion toward the cue direction occurred irrespective of whether the visual cue was ipsi- or contralateral to the lesion site, showing this is not due simply to an induced motor bias. Monocular occlusion did not diminish ants' ability to locate the feeder, suggesting that MB lesions are not merely interrupting visual input to the calyx. The demonstrated dissociation between innate and learned visual responses provides direct evidence for a specific role of the MB in navigational memory.

Cyclodextrin-Modified Gold Nanoparticle Capillary Electrochromatography with Online Sample Stacking for Simultaneous and Sensitive Determination of Aminobenzoic Acid Isomers

A newly-developed method of complete separation and sensitive determination of o-, m-, and p-aminobenzoic acid isomers was achieved by combining open-tubular columns for capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) and online sample stacking. In this study, spherical gold nanoparticles were modified by a covalent attachment of mono-6-thio-β-cyclodextrin, and OT-CEC was formed by immobilizing cyclodextrin-modified gold nanoparticles (CD-AuNP) on prederivatized 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane fused-silica capillaries. Based on the theory of moving chemical reaction boundary, effects of several important factors such as the pH and concentration of running buffer and the conditions of stacking analytes were optimized. The optimized separations were carried out in 58 mmol/L HAc buffer at pH 3.0 using a capillary coated with CD-AuNP, while the optimized concentration was carried out in 50 mmol/L disodium hydrogen phosphate (pH 9.5). The linear ranges for m-, p-, and o-aminobenzoic acid were from 5.0 × 10−4–0.1, 5.0 × 10−4–0.1 and 1.0 × 10−4–0.1 mmol/L, respectively. And the detection limits (S/N = 3) were as low as 8.22 × 10−5, 8.21 × 10−5, and 3.76 × 10−5 mmol/L for m-, p-, and o-aminobenzoic acid, respectively. The run-to-run, day-to-day, and column-to-column reproducibilities of migration time were satisfactory with relative standard deviation values of less than 4.5 % in all cases. This method was successfully used in determining procaine hydrochloride injection sample with recoveries in the range of 96.1–106.6 % and relative standard deviations less than 5.0 %.

Triamcinolone acetonide vs procaine hydrochloride injection in the management of carpal tunnel syndrome: Randomized placebo-controlled study

The aim of this trial was to compare the efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide and procaine HCl with that of placebo in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. This prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial included 57 patients (90 median nerves). Ninety median nerves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: group 1 was injected with 1 ml 0.09% saline, group 2 was injected with 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide, and group 3 was injected with 4 ml 1% procaine HCl. Clinical and electrophysiological evaluations were performed at study onset, and at 2 and 6 months post-treatment. At study onset no significant differences were observed between groups with respect to clinical and electrophysiological parameters. Clinical and electrophysiological evaluations was improved significantly in groups 2 and 3 at post-treatment (p<0.05). No significant changes were observed in group 1 (p>0.05). Moreover, groups 2 and 3 had better scores than group 1 at 2 and 6 months post-treatment(p<0.05). There was no difference between groups 2 and 3 in terms of change scores of any terms at post-treatment (p>0.05). Triamcinolone acetonide and procaine HCl injections are effective regarding short- and long-term outcomes compared with placebo injections, and procaine HCl injection was as effective as steroid injection.

Simultaneous and sensitive determination of procaine and its metabolite for pharmaceutical quality control and pharmacokinetic research by using a graphite paste electrode

A simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for simultaneous electrochemical determination of procaine and its metabolite (p-aminobenzoic acid, PABA) for pharmaceutical quality control and pharmacokinetic research was developed using a graphite paste electrode. The differential pulse voltammetric results revealed that procaine and p-aminobenzoic acid, respectively, showed well-defined anodic oxidation peaks on a carbon paste electrode with a current peak separation of 155 mV at a scan rate of 100 mV s−1. This well separation of the current peaks for these two compounds in voltammetry enables us to simultaneously determine them. Good linearity (r > 0.998) between oxidation peak current and concentration was obtained in the range of 5.0 × 10−7–5.0 × 10−5 M for procaine and 5.0 × 10−7–2.0 × 10−5 M for PABA in pH 4.50 acetate buffer solution. The detection limit for both analytes is 5 × 10−8 M (S/N = 3:1). The present voltammetric method has been successfully used to determine trace p-aminobenzoic acid in procaine hydrochloride injection and procaine in plasma with a linear relationship of current to its concentration ranging from 1.0 × 10−6 to 5.0 × 10−5 M (correlation coefficient of 0.9981) with a low detection limit of 5.0 × 10−7 M (S/N = 3:1). This validated method is promising to the study of pharmacokinetics in Sprague–Dawley rat and rabbit plasma after an intravenous administration of procaine hydrochloride injection.

The Effectiveness of Triamcinolone Acetonide vs. Procaine Hydrochloride Injection in the Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Corticosteroid injection into the carpal tunnel is frequently used for the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Steroids are usually mixed with local anesthetics, which have positive effects that can aid the treatment of CTS by inhibiting the spontaneous discharge ability of excitable cells. The aim of this study was 3-fold: (1) to determine the efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide injection in the treatment of CTS, (2) to determine the efficacy of procaine hydrochloride (HCl) in the treatment of CTS, and (3) to compare the efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide and that of procaine HCl in the treatment of CTS. This prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial included 99 patients (120 median nerves) with clinical and electrophysiologic evidence of CTS. The 120 median nerves were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group 1 received 40 mg of triamcinolone acetonide, group 2 received 4 ml of 1% procaine HCl, and group 3 received both 40 mg of triamcinolone acetonide and 4 ml of 1% procaine HCl. Clinical and electrophysiologic evaluations were performed at the study onset and at 2 and 6 mos after treatment. At the study onset, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups with respect to distal motor latency, compound motor action potential, compound sensory action potential, sensory nerve conduction velocity, or visual analog scale score; however, distal motor latency, compound sensory action potential amplitude, sensory nerve conduction velocity, and visual analog scale scores improved significantly in each group 2 mos after treatment (P < 0.05), and these improvements persisted at 6 mos after treatment (P < 0.05). Significant differences were not observed between groups 1 and 2 or between groups 1 and 3 with respect to electrophysiologic findings at baseline or 2 or 6 mos after treatment (P > 0.05). Group 3 had better compound sensory action potential amplitude and sensory nerve conduction velocity scores than group 2 did at 6 mos (P < 0.05) and better visual analog scale scores than group 2 did at 2 and 6 mos (P < 0.05). Local procaine HCl injection and steroid injection effectively reduced the symptoms of CTS and equally improved electrophysiologic findings. As such, procaine HCl can be used in CTS patients in whom steroid use is contraindicated.

Electrochemistry and voltammetry of procaine using a carbon nanotube film coated electrode

A new rapid, convenient and sensitive electrochemical method is described for the determination of procaine in pharmaceutical preparations, based on the unique properties of a multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) thin film. The electrochemical behavior of procaine at the MWNT film-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was investigated in detail, showing that the MWNT-coated GCE exhibits electrocatalytic activity to the oxidation of procaine because of the significant peak current enhancement and the lowering of oxidation overpotential. Furthermore, the mechanism for the oxidation of procaine at the MWNT-coated GCE was also studied. Finally, various experimental parameters such as solution pH value, the amount of MWNT, accumulation conditions and scan rate were optimized for the determination of procaine, and a new method with detection limit of 2 × 10 − 7 mol/L was developed for procaine determination. This newly proposed method was successfully demonstrated with procaine hydrochloride injection.

Differential pulse adsorption voltammetry for determination of procaine hydrochloride at a pumice modified carbon paste electrode in pharmaceutical preparations and urine

Procaine hydrochloride was determined by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using a 6% (m/m) pumice modified carbon paste electrode in 1.25×10 −3 mol l −1 KH 2PO 4 and Na 2HPO 4 buffer solution (pH 6.88, 25 °C). The anodic peak potential used was +0.980 V (vs. SCE). A good linear relationship was realized between the anodic peak current and procaine concentration in the range of 9.0×10 −7–2.6×10 −5 mol l −1 with the detection limit of 5.0×10 −8 mol l −1. The recovery was 95.2–104.8% with the relative standard deviation of 3.2% ( n=10). The pharmaceutical preparations, procaine hydrochloride injection and the urine samples were determined with the desirable results.

Contribution of paraventricular nucleus to afferent renal nerve pressor response.

Experiments were done in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated cats to determine the effect of afferent renal nerve (ARN) stimulation on the firing frequency of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH), whose axons project directly to the neurohypophysis (NH), and the contribution of these neurons to the pressor response elicited by ARN stimulation. In the first series of experiments, 474 single units were extracellularly recorded in the PVH region. Of these units 86 were antidromically excited by stimulation of the NH. Seventeen of the antidromic units (20%) responded orthodromically to ARN stimulation; 10 responded to ARN stimulation only, and 7 units responded to both ARN and buffer nerve stimulation. All PVH-NH-projecting neurons that responded to ARN stimulation were excited. In the second series the contribution of PVH neurons to the pressor response elicited by ARN stimulation was investigated in animals with the aortic depressor, carotid sinus, vagus, and cervical sympathetic nerves cut bilaterally. The ARN pressor response has previously been shown to be due to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and to the release of arginine vasopressin (AVP). The primary and secondary (AVP component) components of the pressor response were attenuated by 51 and 69%, respectively, by bilateral injections of procaine hydrochloride into PVH or bilateral electrolytic lesions of PVH. Control injections of saline into PVH or electrolytic lesions of hypothalamic regions anterior, dorsal, or ventral to PVH did not alter the ARN pressor response. These experiments demonstrate that sensory information originating in renal receptors excites magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in PVH and suggest that this renal-paraventricular reflex loop may contribute to the elevated arterial pressure and AVP release during conditions when ARN are activated.

Effect of procaine on the pH of buffered and unbuffered cardioplegic solutions

Changes in pH values were studied in two types of cardioplegic admixtures containing procaine 0.95 meq/L: an institutional formulation based on Ringer's injection and buffered with tromethamine injection 3.6%, and Plegisol (Abbott Laboratories) buffered with sodium bicarbonate injection 8.4%. Initial pH was measured in the buffered and unbuffered solutions before the addition of procaine and after the addition of 13 mL of procaine hydrochloride injection 2% or 260 mg of procaine hydrochloride powder (reference standard). Buffered 1-L admixtures containing procaine hydrochloride injection were stored (the institutional formulations in glass and the Plegisol admixtures in flexible plastic bags) at 3-5 degrees C or 25 degrees C. Plegisol admixtures were prepared with 10 mL (10 meq or 840 mg) of buffer as directed by the manufacturer or with 3 mL (3 meq) of buffer. Admixture pH was tested after various time intervals. Of the unbuffered solutions containing procaine, pH values were lower in Plegisol than in the institutional formulation. Of the procaine-containing buffered Plegisol solutions, only the admixture containing 3.0 mL of buffer and procaine prepared from powder had an initial pH in the acceptable range of 7.30-7.60. In all the stored solutions, pH changed rapidly; solution pH changed less under refrigeration. In the stored institutional admixtures, pH was acceptable for 96 hours at 3-5 degrees C and 24 hours at 25 degrees C. In the stored Plegisol admixtures to which 10 mL of buffer was added, pH was greater than 7.6 initially and continued to increase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Response of ventral pallidal neurons to amygdala stimulation and its modulation by dopamine projections to nucleus accumbens.

It has been shown that the nucleus accumbens receives input from the amygdala and that mesolimbic dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) modulates the response of accumbens neurons to amygdala input. Since the nucleus accumbens projects to the ventral pallidum, the purpose of this study was to investigate, using electrophysiological techniques, whether or not the nucleus accumbens relays the projection from the amygdala to the ventral pallidum and whether or not the mesolimbic dopamine projection interacts with this pathway. Extracellular single-unit recordings were obtained from the ventral pallidum of urethan-anesthetized rats, and the responses of these neurons to electrical stimulation of the amygdala were investigated. Of 392 neurons tested, 36% were inhibited and 11% were excited following amygdala stimulation. Latency of onset of inhibitory responses showed a bimodal distribution with peaks in the ranges of 4-6 ms and 16-18 ms, respectively. Fifty-four percent of inhibitory responses with latencies greater than 12 ms were attenuated by 1) injection of procaine hydrochloride into the nucleus accumbens, or 2) injection of d-amphetamine into the nucleus accumbens, or 3) stimulation of VTA with a train of 10 pulses (10 Hz) prior to stimulation of amygdala. Acute administration of haloperidol intraperitoneally or injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the ipsilateral VTA, 2 days prior to the recording experiment, reduced the attenuating effects of intra-accumbens injection of d-amphetamine and VTA conditioning stimulations on the inhibitory response of ventral pallidal neurons to amygdala stimulation. These results support the hypothesis that the nucleus accumbens provides a link between the amygdala and the ventral pallidum. Since the amygdala is a limbic structure and the ventral pallidum has possible connections with the extrapyramidal motor system, it is suggested that the amygdala to nucleus accumbens to ventral pallidum projection may be a bridge between the limbic and motor systems. We also suggest that this relay of output from the amygdala to the ventral pallidum via the nucleus accumbens is under the modulating influence of the mesolimbic dopamine projection from the ventral tegmental area.

The hyoid bone syndrome.

Various causes of head and neck pain have been described in the literature. In 1954 Brown described a so-called hyoid bone syndrome, ie, tenderness at the site of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. His paper, however, did not offer any definitive treatment. In 1968 Steinmann reported the hyoid bone syndrome as a form of "insertion tendinois," for which he recommended the use of procaine hydrochloride injection with corticosteroid at the tip of the greater hyoid cornu for relief of pain. The relief, however, was temporary. The purpose of this paper is to present the symptom complex of the hyoid bone syndrome, its diagnosis by exclusion, and excision of the greater cornu in 18 patients for permanent relief of head and neck pain.

Colorimetric Determination of Procaine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparations

A new rapid, specific, and convenient colorimetric method for the determination of procaine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical preparations is described. This method is based on measurement of the intensity of the orange-red color developed when procaine hydrochloride is allowed to react with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt in aqueous solution. Beer's law is followed over 6.0–20.0 μg/ml. The method was applied to the determination of procaine hydrochloride in procaine hydrochloride, procaine hydrochloride injection with or without epinephrine, penicillin G procaine, penicillin G procaine injection, and fortified procaine penicillin injection (BP). The results were comparable to those obtained by official procedures. Because of its simplicity, sensitivity, and accuracy, this method is particularly suited for routine analysis of official preparations of procaine hydrochloride.

Stability of Hospital Preparations of Procaine Hydrochloride Injection

Stability of hospital preparations of procaine hydrochloride injection is affected by various factors such as material of container, purity of ingredient, acidity and alkalinity of injection, and sterilizing method. Stability ofprocaine hydrochloride injection prepared at the authors' pharmacy was determined in terms of the decomposition constant which was calculated on the basis of residual procaine hydrochloride just after sterilization and after storage for 12 months at 25°. The date of expiration of the agent was determined on the date after 20 months (ie, the date when the rate of residual procaine hydrochloride decreased to 93%).

EFFECTS OF NORADRENALINE INJECTED INTO THE BRAINSTEM ON REFLEX VASODILATATION IN THE PINNA OF RABBITS

Reflex vasodilation in one ear of a rabbit following radiant heating of the opposite ear was observed by measuring the heat loss by a change in the heat flux when either noradrenaline or porcaine hydrochloride was administered locally into various diencephalic or mesencephalic loci in the brain. Hypothalamic cooling resulted in less reflex vasodilatation, while no vasodilatatory effect was observed immediately after an intravenous administration of atropin sulphate (0.5 mg). Five mug of noradrenaline injected intrahypothalamically either eliminated or reduced the development of reflex vasodilatation to the same extent as did an injection of procaine hydrochloride (0.5 mg). On the other hand, the magnitude of the reflex vasodilatation increased markedly with an injection of either procaine hydrochloride (1.5 mg) or noradrenaline (10 mug) into the reticular formation of the midbrain. Increased reflex vasodilatation was also obtained with a localized administration of procaine hydrochloride into the medial forebrain bundle of the hypothalamus. The results suggest that the noradrenaline in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) area and the midbrain reticular formation exerted an inhibitory effect on the action of the neural structure in connection with the heat dissipation system.

Facilitation of two-way avoidance of the guinea pig following intrahippocampal injections of procaine hydrochloride

Guinea pigs received intrahippocampal injections of procaine hydrochloride (P-HCl) or isotonic saline and were conditioned in a two-way avoidance situation. Animals receiving P-HCl acquired the learning criterion in significantly fewer trials than those receiving isotonic saline. Following acquisition, a shifting of drug conditions resulted in no change in the rate of avoidance responses but in altered rates of intertrial crossings. Animals shifted from P-HCl to isotonic saline decreased intertrial crossings, while those shifted from saline to P-HCl showed increased intertrial activity compared to animals that continued to receive the initial treatment.

Passage of procaine hydrochloride and para-aminobenzoic acid across the human placenta

Maternal and fetal blood levels of procaine and para-aminobenzoic acid were studied following intravenous injection of procaine hydrochloride to the mother during normal delivery. Procaine under 4 mg. per kilogram of body weight did not cross the placental barrier. With larger doses, procaine was found early in th, fdal umbilical vein, reaching a peak concentration of 8.5 µg per milliliter. Para-minobenzoic acid appeared in the fetus following maternal injection of 2 mg. per kilogram of procaine; its blood levels were higher and its peak concerllralions were achieved later than procaine. The infants were born in good condition with Apgar scores ranging from 6 to 10 and unrelated to doses of procaine injected into Ihe mother. No significant signs of toxicity wert observed with the dose used.

Urine secretion during diffusion respiration following apnea induced by intracisternal injection of procaine hydrochloride.

Urine secretion during diffusion respiration following apnea induced by intracisternal injection of procaine hydrochloride.

The Therapeutic Use of Procaine Hydrochloride Injection

The Therapeutic Use of Procaine Hydrochloride Injection

Ocular penetration of procaine following subconjunctival injection.

THIS REPORT concerns one phase of a long-range investigation which has been directed toward development of more effective local anesthetic drugs and improved methods of their administration in ophthalmologic practice. In this particular study it has been our purpose to determine factors influencing the ocular penetration and distribution of procaine following subconjunctival injection. By ``subconjunctival" we refer to the issue which is under the epithelium of the bulbar conjunctiva but is external to Tenon's capsule. The distribution of anesthetic drugs following subcapsular injections will be investigated later. Subconjunctival injections of procaine hydrochloride commonly are made if manipulation of the iris is to be required during ocular surgery; however, a review of the literature reveals no unanimity of opinion regarding the efficacy of such injections. Many surgeons advocate this method of anesthesia, whereas others feel that retrobulbar injection is superior for such operative procedures as iridectomy One per cent procaine hydrochloride

ASPIRATION OF THE LACRIMAL SAC IN ACUTE DACRYOCYSTITIS

IN A RECENT publication, the use of penicillin in the lacrimal sac for the treatment of acute dacryocystitis was reported. 1 It was surprising to note that the penicillin was introduced into the sac by means of a No. 20 hypodermic needle entered through the skin over the sac, after anesthetizing it with an injection of procaine hydrochloride. The introduction of the antibiotic into the sac can usually be accomplished by means of a curved lacrimal cannula introduced through the lower canaliculus without puncturing the skin, and with relatively little discomfort. It does take longer to anesthetize the punctum and canaliculus when the tissues are acutely inflamed, but with care it can be accomplished. A cocaine or tetracaine-soaked pledget sufficiently large to fill the medial canthus and cover the lower punctum thoroughly is left in contact for five minutes, and this procedure is repeated three times for the same length