Jet Injection Research Articles

A new lymphedema treatment using pyro-drive jet injection.

Lymphedema, resulting from impaired lymphatic drainage, causes inflammation, fibrosis and tissue damage leading to symptoms such as limb swelling and restricted mobility. Despite various treatments under exploration, no standard effective therapy exists. Here a novel technique using the pyro-drive jet injection (PJI) was used to create artificial clefts between collagen fibers, which facilitated the removal of excess interstitial fluid. The PJI was used to deliver a mixture of lactated Ringer's solution and air into the tail of animals with secondary skin edema. Edema levels were assessed using micro-CT scanning. Histopathological changes and neovascularization were evaluated on the injury-induced regenerative tissue. Regarding tissue remodeling, we focused on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C. PJI markedly diminished soft tissue volume in the experimental lymphedema animals compared to the non-injected counterparts. The PJI groups exhibited a significantly reduced proportion of inflammatory granulation tissue and an enhanced density of lymphatic vessels and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive small vessels in the fibrous granulation tissue compared to the controls. In addition, PJI curtailed the prevalence of CTGF- and VEGF-C-positive cells in regenerative tissue. In a lymphedema animal model, PJI notably ameliorated interstitial edema, promoted lymphatic vessel growth, and bolstered αSMA-positive capillaries in fibrous granulation tissue. PJI's minimal tissue impact post-lymph node dissection indicates significant potential as an early, standard preventative measure. Easily applied in general clinics without requiring specialized training, it offers a cost-effective and highly versatile solution to the management of lymphedema.

Needle-Free Jet Injection of Poly-(Lactic Acid) for Atrophic Acne Scars: Literature Review and Report of Clinical Cases.

Acne scars, particularly atrophic ones, present a persistent challenge in cosmetic medicine and surgery, requiring extended and multifaceted treatment approaches. Poly-(lactic acid) injectable fillers show promise in managing atrophic acne scars by stimulating collagen synthesis. However, the utilization of needle-free injectors for delivering poly-(lactic acid) into scars remains an area requiring further exploration. In this article, a summary of the latest advancements in needle-free jet injectors is provided, specifically highlighting the variations in jet-producing mechanisms. This summary emphasizes the differences in how these mechanisms operate, offering insights into the evolving technology behind needle-free injection systems. The literature review revealed documented cases focusing on treating atrophic acne scars using intralesional poly-(lactic acid) injections. The results of these clinical studies could be supported by separate in vitro and animal studies, elucidating the feasible pathways through which this treatment operates. However, there is limited information on the use of needle-free jet injectors for the intradermal delivery of poly-(lactic acid). Clinical cases of atrophic acne scar treatment are presented to explore this novel treatment concept, the needle-free delivery of poly-(lactic acid) using a jet pressure-based injector. The treatment demonstrated efficacy with minimal adverse effects, suggesting its potential for scar treatment. The clinical efficacy was supported by histological evidence obtained from cadaver skin, demonstrating an even distribution of injected particles in all layers of the dermis. In conclusion, we suggest that novel needle-free injectors offer advantages in precision and reduce patient discomfort, contributing to scar improvement and skin rejuvenation. Further comprehensive studies are warranted to substantiate these findings and ascertain the efficacy of this approach in scar treatment on a larger scale.

Features of the precessing vortex control in the Francis turbine model via jet injection

The study elucidates the mechanisms involved in actively controlling vortex phenomena within hydraulic turbines, particularly prevalent during partial load operations, leading to severe pressure fluctuations within the draft tube. Employing laser Doppler anemometry alongside acoustic sensors, the research delves into the flow structure and pulsation characteristics within the conical section of a Francis hydraulic turbine model under the influence of supplementary control jets injected through the runner streamline body. It was observed that orientation of the control jet has a discernible effect on reduction in pressure pulsations emanating from the precessing vortex core (PVC). An optimal injection strategy for diminishing pressure fluctuations while maintaining high turbine efficiency is identified. The findings align with earlier theoretical predictions derived from linear stability analysis of flow perturbations.

LES study of the precessing vortex core mitigation by radial injection in a Francis turbine air model

This work is devoted to a numerical study of the precessing vortex core (PVC) mitigation in a Francis turbine air model. The approach utilized to suppress the PVC, injection of radial jets, was based on influencing flow zones that are most susceptible to control. The analysis of the time-averaged velocity fields revealed extending of a recirculation zone. The time-averaged pressure pulsations in the flow decreased significantly, that indicates a mitigation of the PVC dynamics. Spectra of the azimuthally decomposed pressure pulsations signal demonstrated a suppression of the m = 1 mode by 25% and m = 2 by 40%, however, it does not coincide with the control efficiency in experimental work of I. Litvinov et al. In further investigations it is planned to vary the spatial orientation of the injection jets in order to achieve more effective PVC suppression.

Laser beam properties and microfluidic confinement control thermocavitation

Thermocavitation, the creation of a vapor bubble by heating a liquid with a continuous-wave laser, has been studied for a wide range of applications. Examples include the development of an actuator for needle-free jet injectors, as the pumping mechanism in microfluidic channels and nanoparticle synthesis. Optimal use in these applications requires control over the bubble dynamics through the laser power and beam radius. However, the influence of the laser beam radius on the bubble characteristics is not fully understood. Here, we present a way to control the beam radius from an optical fiber by changing the distance from the glass–liquid interface. We show that the increase in the beam size results in a longer nucleation time. Numerical simulations of the experiment show that the maximum temperature at nucleation is 237 ± 5 °C and independent of laser parameters. Delayed nucleation for larger beam sizes results in more absorbed energy by the liquid at the nucleation instant. Consequently, a larger beam size results in a faster growing bubble, producing the same effect as reducing the laser power. We conclude that the bubble energy only depends on the amount of absorbed optical energy and it is independent of the beam radius and laser power for any amount of absorbed energy. This effect contrasts with pulsed lasers, where an increase in the beam radius results in a reduction of bubble energy. Our results are of relevance for the use of continuous-wave laser-actuated cavitation in needle-free jet injectors as well as other applications of thermocavitation in microfluidic confinement.

Needle-Free Injection of Metformin Ameliorates Skin Photoaging Through Inhibition of Ferroptosis and Oxidative Stress.

Skin photoaging is a complex process of skin aging caused by continuous exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation through oxidative stress and other pathways, yet effective treatments are scarce. Metformin is a drug with both anti-senescence and antioxidant functions; however, there are fewer studies on photoaging. The study aimed to investigate the role of needle-free injection of metformin in alleviating ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) induced skin photoaging, and to explore the mechanisms through which metformin alleviates fibroblast photoaging by inhibiting ferroptosis and oxidative stress. In our study, we initially performed bioinformatic analysis on the gene expression profile (GSE38308), and our RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) found that photoaging is associated with ferroptosis. We investigated the potential skin-protective mechanism of metformin by utilizing a UVB-induced rat skin photoaging model and human skin fibroblasts (HSF) treated with UVB. For in vitro experiments, cellular senescence was detected using SA-β-galactosidase staining and p16 in western blot. Ferroptosis and oxidative stress were assessed via western blot (glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, transmission electron microscope, Lillie's staining, and immunofluorescence staining. During in vivo experiments, metformin was administered by needle-free jet injectors injected into the backs of rats. The effectiveness of metformin was detected using the Masson staining and western blot. We found that the ferroptosis pathway was closely associated with photoaging through bioinformatics analysis. In the UVB-induced photoaging HSF cells, treatment with metformin exhibits the following effects: a reduction in blue-stained granules in SA-β-galactosidase staining and a decrease in the expression of p16, indicating a reduction in cellular senescence. Moreover, metformin leads to decreased ROS levels and increased expression of the oxidative stress-related protein Nrf2, suggesting inhibition of oxidative stress within the cells. Additionally, metformin results in an elevation of GPX4 expression, a decrease in blue-stained granules in Lillie's staining, and a reduction in ferroptosis-associated mitochondrial damage, indicating a decline in ferroptosis. Needle-free injection of metformin could directly achieve therapeutic effects by affecting HSF cells in the dermis. The needle-free injection of metformin treatment effectively improved the photoaging skin in rats compared to the photoaging group, ameliorated oxidative stress, and reduced ferroptosis. Our data highlights a novel needle-free injection of metformin that improves photoaging and has good therapeutic potential.

Influence of the cutting edge preparation of carbide punching tools for punching of ultra-high strength steel strips

In order to ensure a robust punching process of ultra-high strength steel spring strips using carbide punching tools, a high stability of the cutting edge is required. Here the cutting edge preparation process has a significant influence. In the presented study, high-pressure abrasive water jet technology for cutting edge preparation was designed, investigated and analysed. For defining the optimal cutting edge shape regarding stresses, a numerical analysis using LS-DYNA was conducted. Within this analysis, the influence of the cutting edge rounding and symmetry was numerically tested and evaluated. Based on the results, two cutting edge shapes were selected and prepared using the high-pressure abrasive water injection jet technology. The tools were applied in the punching process up to 50,000 strokes in order to analyse the cutting performance and tool wear. With regard to a highly wear resistant tool for punching, a combination of the abrasive water injection jet preparation routine and a CVD diamond coating are under further investigation and first insights are presented additionally.

A numerical study on the optimization of the slit shape of a jet injection propeller

The shape of the slit that injects the jet from the surface of the propeller was optimized through numerical computations. The high-pressure drop on the propeller surface caused by jet injection could be improved by modifying the hydrofoil geometry of the propeller. As the cover length increased and the slit was located at the center of the propeller, the volume of jets leading to the trailing edge increased, and the propulsion performance was improved. As the height of the slit increased, the thrust increased due to the Coanda effect, and the torque decreased because of the thrust of the jet. The jet injection pattern differed according to the area of the slit and tunnel, which caused a difference in the propeller performance. The jet pattern changed according to the area of the slit and tunnel, leading to a change in propeller performance. It was effective in improving the efficiency by injecting from as wide an area as possible, and the efficiency was improved by approximately 2 % considering the pump efficiency through optimization of the slit shape.

Needle-Free Jet Injector-Assisted Triamcinolone Treatment of Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars is Effective and Well Tolerated in Children.

Keloids and hypertrophic scars can cause severe pain, pruritus, and psychological distress. Conventional intralesional corticosteroid treatment with needle injections remains challenging, especially in children with needle phobia. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness, tolerability, and patient satisfaction of intralesional treatment with triamcinolone acetonide using a needle-free electronic pneumatic jet injector in children with keloids and hypertrophic scars. A retrospective study was performed in children with keloids and hypertrophic scars who received intralesional triamcinolone acetonide treatments using an electronic pneumatic jet injector. Effectiveness was evaluated using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale and Global Aesthetic Improvement Score at follow-up versus baseline. Tolerability was assessed with reported adverse effects and injection-related pain using a visual analog scale. Satisfaction questionnaires were used to evaluate treatment-related patient satisfaction. Six female patients and five male patients aged 5-17 years, with a total of >118 keloids or hypertrophic scars were included. Electronic pneumatic jet injector treatment led to a significant reduction in the total Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale observer and patient scores compared with baseline, with a median reduction of 28.9% and 23.8%, respectively (p = 0.005; p = 0.009). Median visual analog scale pain scores for electronic pneumatic jet injector treatment were significantly lower compared with needle injections, 3.0 versus 7.0, respectively (p = 0.027). No severe adverse effects were reported. Overall, 6 patients were 'satisfied' and five patients were 'very satisfied' with the treatment. Electronic pneumatic jet injector-assisted intralesional triamcinolone acetonide is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for keloids and hypertrophic scars in children. It should be considered as an alternative non-traumatic delivery method, especially in children with needle phobia or severe pain during previous needle injections.

Doping-induced assembly interface for noninvasive in vivo local and systemic immunomodulation.

Peripheral neural interfaces, potent in modulating local and systemic immune responses for disease treatment, face significant challenges due to the peripheral nerves' broad distribution in tissues like the fascia, periosteum, and skin. The incongruity between static electronic components and the dynamic, complex organization of the peripheral nervous system often leads to interface failure, stalling circuit research and clinical applications. To overcome these, we developed a self-assembling, tissue-adaptive electrode composed of a single-component cocktail nanosheet colloid, including dopants, conducting polymers, stabilizers, and an MXene catalyst. Delivered via a jet injector to designated nerve terminals, this assembly utilizes reactive oxygen species to catalytically dope poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), enhancing π-π interactions between nanosheets, and yielding a conductive, biodegradable interface. This interface effectively regulates local immune activity and promotes sensory and motor nerve functional restoration in nerve-injured mice, while engaging the vagal-adrenal axis in freely moving mice, eliciting catecholamine neurotransmitter release, and suppressing systemic cytokine storms. This innovative strategy specifically targets nerve substructures, bolstering local and systemic immune modulation, and paving the way for the development of self-adaptive dynamic neural interfaces.

High-Pressure Delivery of Oncolytic Viruses via Needle-Free Injection Preserves Therapeutic Activity

Intratumoural delivery of oncolytic viruses (OVs) to solid tumours is currently performed via multiple percutaneous methods of needle injections (NI). In this study, we investigated the potential use of a novel delivery approach, needle-free injection (NFI), to administer OVs to subcutaneous tumours. The stability and genetic integrity of several RNA and DNA viruses exposed to high-pressure jet injectors were first evaluated in vitro. We demonstrate that replication competence and infectivity of the viruses remained unchanged after NFI, as compared to traditional NI. Using the oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus expressing luciferase (VSVΔ51-Luc) in the syngeneic CT26 subcutaneous tumour model, we show that NFI administration not only successfully delivers infectious particles but also increases the dissemination of the virus within the tumour tissues when compared to NI. Furthermore, mice treated with VSVΔ51-Luc by NFI delivery showed similar reduction in tumour growth and survival compared to those with needle-administered virus. These results indicate that NFI represents a novel approach to administer and potentially increase the spread of OVs within accessible solid tumours, highlighting its usefulness in virotherapy.

Large volume subcutaneous delivery using multi-orifice jet injection

Needle-free jet injection is an alternative drug delivery technique that uses the liquid drug itself to penetrate through the skin. This technology is not only a promising alternative to hypodermic needles but also has the potential to replace intravenous delivery with rapid, needle-free subcutaneous delivery for large-volume treatments. In this work we propose a parallelised, ‘multi-orifice’ approach to overcome the volume constraints of subcutaneous tissue. We present a prototype multi-orifice nozzle with up to seven orifices and use this nozzle to perform injections into samples of ex vivo porcine tissue. These injections demonstrated the rapid (<0.15 s) delivery of up to 2 mL into the tissue using both three and seven orifices. Delivery success (measured as the percentage of fluid deposited in the tissue relative to the total volume that left the device) was very similar when using three versus seven injection orifices. A computational fluid dynamic model of multi-orifice jet injection is also presented. This model predicts that jet production is largely unaffected as the spacing between orifices is changed from 3 mm to 48 mm. This finding is supported by measurements of the speed, volume, and shape of the jets produced by the prototype nozzle that showed very similar jets were produced through all seven orifices. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of multi-orifice jet injection for needle-free delivery of large volumes. This promising technique has the potential to improve patient experience and reduce healthcare costs in large volume parenteral delivery applications.

Flow Instability Control in a Model Swirl-Stabilized Combustor with Central Jet Injection

Swirling flows often occur in nature and industrial applications. With an increase in swirl intensity, such rotating flows are known to become unstable and undergo a sudden breakdown of the vortex core, resulting in unsteady flow dynamics with intensive pressure fluctuations. In particular, swirling flows are organized in combustion chambers to stabilize the flame around the central recirculation zone, formed due to the vortex core breakdown. However, the impact of large-scale vortex structures, including the precessing vortex core and secondary helical vortices, on unsteady combustion regimes is still unclear. The present paper demonstrates experimentally that for the swirling flow of a model swirl combustor, the injection of a central jet may be used to alter the configuration of coherent flow structures, including helical vortices. In particular, the asymmetric hydrodynamics mode, associated with the precessing vortex core, is suppressed, whereas the symmetrical one becomes dominant. This effect demonstrates the importance of central jet injection to control the dominant mode of flow instability for the design of swirl combustors.

Systematic Review: Teknologi Needle Free Jet Injection Insulin (NFJI) Efektif Mengontrol Konsentrasi Glukosa Pada Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2

Needle-free jet injection (NFJI) is a needleless method for insulin delivery in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This study evaluates NFJI's effectiveness in controlling blood glucose. In this study, we conducted a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines, searching six databases (EBSCO Host, ProQuest, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science). The search yielded a total of 379 articles. We used the following keywords: "Jet injection," "Injection Ject," "Needle-Free Injection," "Insulin," "Diabetes Mellitus Type 2," "Diabetes Type 2," "Type 2 Diabetes," and "Blood Glucose" to identify relevant studies. The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of insulin jet NFJI in controlling blood glucose levels in T2DM patients. We assessed the risk of bias using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools checklist. Out of the 379 articles identified, only seven met the inclusion criteria. Among these, six articles employed the Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) method, while one article used a quasi-experimental design. Respondents in the study consisted of T2DM patients who were divided into two research groups: the intervention group and the control group. The results indicated a significant difference in blood glucose control values between the two groups. NFJI insulin method significantly improves glucose control. It offers advantages like painless, scar-free, low drug preparation, reusability, ease of use, and minimal disease transmission. Recommended for long-term T2DM treatment.

Bubble fragmentation characteristics during the injection of subcooled water jet into hot liquid pool

Bubble fragmentation and size distribution in hot and cold fluid jet interaction are fundamental for industries such as energy and metallurgy, especially for safety analysis after steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) accidents in lead-cooled fast reactors. The opaqueness to light of the molten lead pool makes it difficult to capture the gas-liquid interface behavior and thus lacks relevant data. In this paper, silicone oil was used instead of lead to simulate the injection process of the SGTR accident. Then the jet visualization experiments were carried out to investigate the bubble fragmentation characteristics. The visualization results show that the jet between the hot and cold fluids process is accompanied by strong thermal interactions, eventually leading to many bubbles dispersed in the high-temperature liquid pool. Secondly, four mechanisms of action affecting bubble size were elaborated in this paper, among which local vapor explosion is the primary mechanism of bubble fragmentation. Finally, the data revealed that bubble size presented a lognormal distribution, and the fragmented bubble size distribution was modeled. This study is promising to provide guidance for the bubble behavior characteristics after SGTR accidents in lead-cooled fast reactors.

Needle-free electronically-controlled jet injector treatment with bleomycin and lidocaine is effective and well-tolerated in patients with recalcitrant keloids.

The treatment of recalcitrant keloids is challenging. Although intralesional bleomycin using conventional needle injectors (CNI) is effective, it has important drawbacks, such as the need for repetitive and painful injections. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness, tolerability and patient satisfaction of intralesional bleomycin with lidocaine administered with a needle-free electronically-controlled pneumatic jet-injector (EPI) in recalcitrant keloids. This retrospective study included patients with recalcitrant keloids who had received three intralesional EPI-assisted treatments with bleomycin and lidocaine. Effectiveness was assessed using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) at baseline and four to six weeks after the third treatment. Additionally, treatment related pain scores numeric rating scale, adverse effects, patient satisfaction and Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) were assessed. Fifteen patients with a total of >148 recalcitrant keloids were included. The median total POSAS physician- and patient-scores were respectively 40 and 41 at baseline, and reduced with respectively 7 and 6-points at follow-up ( p < 0.001; p < 0.001). The median pain scores during EPI-assisted injections were significantly lower compared to CNI-assistant injections, (2.5 vs. 7.0, respectively ( p < 0.001)). Adverse effects were mild. Overall, patients were "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with the treatments (14/15, 93.3%). The GAIS was "very improved" in one patient, "improved" in nine patients and "unaltered" in four patients. EPI-assisted treatment with bleomycin and lidocaine is an effective, well tolerated, patient-friendly alternative for CNI in patients with recalcitrant keloid scars. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm our findings and improve the clinical management of recalcitrant keloids.

Wind tunnel experimental study of aerodynamic characteristics of co-flow jet wing with built-in air source

To further investigate the aerodynamic characteristics and control mechanisms of co-flow jet wings, this study presents the design of a co-flow jet wing (CFJ-CLARKY18) with an embedded micro centrifugal compressor. The CFJ-CLARKY18 wing, based on the CLARKY18 airfoil, incorporates a miniature centrifugal compressor positioned horizontally within the wing's cavity, with its rotor axis perpendicular to the wing chord line, thus alleviating geometric constraints and the compressor's exhaust swirl. The integration of the co-flow jet device with the wing is achieved through a split-flow channel design to ensure uniform co-flow jet injection, followed by verification of jet uniformity and calibration of six jet momentum coefficients. Subsequently, static and dynamic control experiments of the co-flow jet wing are conducted in an open-return wind tunnel, utilizing force measurement systems and high-speed particle image velocimetry tools to investigate its aerodynamic characteristics and control mechanisms. Static stall tests indicate that, compared to the original wing, the CFJ-CLARKY18 wing exhibits a significant increase in lift and a noticeable delay in stall angle. At low angles of attack, an increase in co-flow jet momentum leads to a reduction in drag coefficient, with the possibility of achieving negative drag (thrust) even at high co-flow jet momentum coefficients. The results of dynamic stall tests with force measurements indicate that, while keeping the reduced frequency constant, an increase in co-flow jet momentum coefficient results in higher maximum lift and average lift coefficients, accompanied by a significant reduction in average drag coefficient and the hysteresis loop area of the lift coefficient. Despite the increased reduced frequency exacerbating the wing's stall effect, the stall effect weakens significantly once the co-flow jet momentum coefficient is increased.

Effect of unsteady supersonic flow on detonation under different hot jet initiation conditions

To understand the actual operation of detonation engines, it is of great significance to simulate the detonation characteristics after being affected by unsteady supersonic flow. Adaptive mesh refinement method and single-step chemical reaction model were used for simulation calculations. The Navier–Stokes equations and hybrid sixth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory centered difference scheme was adopted in this study. Three different amplitudes of disturbances (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) and two hot jet injection times were analyzed. The results showed that a moderate disturbance can improve the stability of detonation wave under the ideal hot jet injection time. It allows detonation wave to stay in the combustion chamber for a longer time, which is beneficial for the release of thrust performance. Although the stability of detonation wave is significantly different between the low and high-amplitude disturbances, the residence time of detonation wave is close to the steady flow case under ideal initiation conditions. When the ignition time is insufficient, successful detonation can occur with low and medium-amplitude disturbances. However, the ignition delay was significantly prolonged with medium-amplitude disturbance. There was also greater instability, which is detrimental to the thrust release. When the inflow has a high-amplitude disturbance, the detonation wave fails to ignite due to insufficient energy.

Needle-free electronically controlled jet injection with corticosteroids in recalcitrant keloid scars: a retrospective study and patient survey

First-line treatment of keloids consists of intralesional needle injections with corticosteroids, but generally entails multiple painful sessions, resulting in variable clinical outcomes. Novel needle-free jet injectors may facilitate more effective and patient-friendly dermal drug delivery. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness, tolerability and patient satisfaction of intralesional triamcinolone-acetonide (TCA) treatment in recalcitrant keloids using an electronically controlled pneumatic injector (EPI). A retrospective study was conducted in recalcitrant keloid patients with a history of severe pain during needle injections who received three sessions of EPI + TCA. Outcome measures included Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS), Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS), treatment-related pain (NRS), adverse effects, and patient satisfaction (survey). Ten patients with in total 283 keloids were included. The POSAS score significantly improved at follow-up and GAIS was reported as ‘(very) improved’ for all patients. EPI + TCA was well-tolerated with a significantly lower NRS pain score compared to needle + TCA (pilot treatment). Only minor adverse effects occurred, and 90% of patients preferred EPI over needle treatment. EPI + TCA is an effective and tolerable treatment for patients with recalcitrant keloids. The minimal treatment-related pain and high patient satisfaction makes it a promising treatment for patients with needle-phobia and/or severe pain during needle injections.

Numerical Simulation of the Injection of High-Speed Plasma Jets into a Vacuum

Numerical Simulation of the Injection of High-Speed Plasma Jets into a Vacuum