Injection Engine Research Articles

Analyzing Combustion Efficiency According to Spray Characteristics of Gas-Centered Swirl-Coaxial Injector

The momentum flux ratio (MFR) significantly affects the mixing characteristics and combustion efficiency of propellants in rocket engine injectors. The spray characteristics of three gas-centered swirl-coaxial injectors used in a full-scale combustion test were investigated according to the change in the momentum flux ratio. The difference in combustion efficiency was analyzed through the comparison with combustion test results using spray visualization and quantification. The spray cross-sectional shape and droplet distribution were measured using a structured laser illumination planar imaging technique. As the swirl effect was more apparent at a low MFR, the flow rate of the liquid that was sprayed outside was high. The flow rate of the liquid sprayed around the gas injection increased with the MFR. The Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of each injector liquid spray was obtained using the laser shadow imaging method. The SMD decreased as the MFR of all injector types increased, and the injector with a high liquid flow rate and small SMD injected towards the gas center exhibited higher combustion efficiency than the injector with a dominant liquid spray and the large SMD at a large injection angle. The outcomes of the study could help contribute to the increase in the combustion efficiency of the full-scale staged combustion cycle engine combustor.

Schlieren and mie-scattering visualization of an evaporating spray under marine diesel engine conditions

Due to the critical influence on combustion, extensive research has been carried out to deepen the understanding of diesel spray evolution. However, for the greater share of land-based diesel engines, most of the studies have focused on the injectors with small nozzle diameter and rare studies can be found on marine diesel engines, which has a larger mass flow rate and longer injection duration with large nozzle diameter. In this study, the influence of injection pressure, ambient temperature, ambient density and nozzle diameter on spray morphology for medium speed marine diesel engine injectors (with nozzle diameter up to 0.53 mm) were investigated under various non-reacting but evaporative conditions. The experiments were performed via a highly enhanced constant volume chamber (highest temperature of 900 K and highest pressure of 8 MPa) with an optical window diameter of 205 mm. Liquid and vapor penetration of sprays were recorded by Mie-scattering and schlieren optical configurations respectively. Results show that the vapor penetration velocity is mainly affected by injection pressure. Ambient temperature has the most significant effect on liquid penetration length, but less effect can be found on the vapor penetration velocity. Given the obvious deviation from heavy duty engine sprays, the empirical correlations for liquid penetration length and vapor spray evolution are updated to fit the spray characteristics of medium speed marine diesel engine injectors, which is helpful to understand the spray behavior for large nozzle diameter injector under marine diesel engine conditions.

Spray Characteristics of a Rotating Fuel Injector in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine

Spray Characteristics of a Rotating Fuel Injector in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine

Effectiveness of Butanol and Deposit Control Additive in Fuel to Reduce Deposits of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Injectors

Modern internal combustion engines are designed to meet new emission standards and reduce fuel consumption. The wide application of direct fuel injection is associated with the problem of injector contamination. It leads to a deterioration of the engine’s environmental performance. The paper aims to evaluate the effect of applying gasoline–butanol blends and appropriate additives on the formation of injector deposits. The research involved testing the engine on a dynamometer, evaluating the injector tips visually at 1000× magnification, and registering the fuel spray using high-speed imaging techniques with a laser and halogen lighting source. The effect of engine operating with the reference fuel was to coke the injector tip with a linear pattern. It increased the linear injection time to keep the engine’s operating point constant over the 48 h test. The application of 20% (v/v) butanol reduced deposit formation. The best scavenging results were obtained by extending the engine operating time by the next 24 h and using a cleaning procedure. The procedure included a cleaning additive in addition to butanol. Among the cases analyzed, a combination of butanol and DCA (Deposit Control Additive) was the best method for injector patency restoration.

Evaluation of the influence of the opening pressure of a marine Diesel engine injector on the results of numerical simulation of the working cycle and their comparison with the results of the laboratory experiment

The article presents the results of a numerical simulation of the working process carried out in a diesel engine. In the applied utility program DIESEL-RK, the laboratory engine Farymann Diesel type D10 was implemented. A selected inoperability of its functional fuel supply system - reduced opening pressure of the injector pinj - was introduced. The values of adequate diagnostic parameters were determined: working gas temperature in the cylinder Tcyl, exhaust gas temperature Texh, combustion (flame) temperature Tcomb and concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas NOx. Experimental tests were carried out on the experimental engine with the inoperative condition actually introduced, analogous to the numerical simulation, and the diagnostic parameters Texh and NOx were recorded. The results obtained by numerical simulation of the processes and during the active experiment on the experimental engine were compared.

Experimental study on high-frequency combustion instability of liquid-propellant rocket engines using off-design combustion model

Combustion tests were conducted to investigate the high-frequency combustion instability of liquid propellant rocket engines using a small experimental model. The model simulates the base space around the propellant injectors of rocket engines. In this study, we presumed that off-design combustion occurred in the base space created by the injected propellants and injector faceplate, and investigated the propagation and repetition of combustion in the base space. The model has two base spaces in which the propagation of combustion was examined. 2-Propanol and gaseous oxygen were used as propellants. 2-Propanol was used as a substitute fuel to study the injection and combustion dynamics of high-density rocket propellants. The test results revealed that (1) the pressure changed up to 20 times higher than the pressure prior to combustion within a millisecond; (2) the flame propagated from one base space to another; (3) combustion was repeated several times, and (4) the pressure outside the base space was dozens of percent to several times greater. The propagated and repeated combustions, as in (2) and (3), can produce a pressure change of a higher frequency than the frequency due to a single combustion. The experimental results indicated that off-design combustion in the base space could be a mechanism for high-frequency combustion instability.

Assessment of Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Copper Components of Diesel Engines in Waste Oil Biodiesel Environment

Copper is used in diesel engine injectors and bearings, among other places. The corrosion and mechanical characteristics of these components when they are exposed to biodiesel are still lacking acceptable information. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of data on the corrosion and mechanical qualities of these components when exposed to alternative fuels such as biodiesel. In this study, waste-oil-derived biodiesel (WBB100) was blended with diesel fuel (WBB0) in the following proportions: B100:B0–10, 20, and 40 (WBB10, WBB20, and WBB40). ASTM standards were used to determine the blends' characteristics. Copper corrosion was investigated in a biodiesel environment using a stationary immersion method. Corrosion and surface morphology differences between the corroded and unexposed copper coupons were evaluated. After 960 hours of exposure, it was discovered that copper exposed to B0 (0.147 mpy) corroded less than copper exposed to B100 (0.4601 mpy). WBB10, WBB20, WBB40, and WBB100 had Brinell hardness values of 204.319, 221.666, 245.711, 267.021, and 293.303 N/mm2, respectively, while their tensile strengths were 694.69, 753.64, 835.42, and 907.87 MPa. As a result, it can be determined that the WBB10 blend is a better substitute for WBB0 in terms of biodiesel properties and corrosion features.

Experimental investigation of a novel quaternary blend for CRDI engine: performance, emission, and combustion characteristics

ABSTRACT The shortage-inflation of fossil fuels and aggravation of pollution intensity have initiated the search for innovative biofuel blends. Binary and Ternary fuels are studied for a long time. The use of biodiesel/vegetable oil up to 5–20% can replace fossil fuel with little modification in engine. However, to replace fossil fuel dependence up to 30–40% with little or no modification in engines is a challenge to researcher. This can be approached to evaluate a novel biofuel mix pattern called optimum Quaternary Blend by the experimental investigation. The main objective of the present research is to replace conventional Diesel with biofuels 30–40% with innovative fuel mix and lesser NOx-soot emission. In view of this, experimentally investigated combustion, emission, and performance behavior of single cylinder Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engine fueled by quaternary blends combination of diesel (60–70 vol %), vegetable oil (Cotton Seed Oil – 5 vol% fixed), biodiesel (Mahua Biodiesel 5–25 vol %), and bio-alcohol (n-butanol 10–25 vol %). Further, to compare engine characteristics with D100% and D50B50%. Engine performance measures like brake thermal efficiency, specific energy consumption, emissions, and combustion characteristics such as rate of pressure rise (RPRR), combustion duration, CA50, CA90, mean gas temperature, combustion-chamber pressure, and net heat release rate are studied. It is noted that Diesel 60%, cotton seed oil 5% with mahua biodiesel 15–20%, and n-butanol 20–15% showed superior quaternary blend among all fuels. This optimum quaternary blend QB3-QB4 showed relatively higher brake thermal efficiency 8% more at lower specific energy consumption 10 MJ/kg about 29% less compared to other blends. Also, controlled combustion with rate of pressure rise 8.6 bar/deg CA about 14% less compared to other fuels. The NOx 10% less and smoke 2% less reported by optimum quaternary blends QB3 compared to other blends. However, CO emissions are noted least with marginal penalty in HC emissions.

Transient simulation of cavitation evolution process in a diesel engine injector

In this study, a method for simulating the whole transient process of the cavitation evolution in a diesel injector was proposed. Diesel is taken as the fuel. The basic characteristics of partial, local, and super cavitation phenomena inside the injector were reproduced and discussed at different time steps. On the basis of movement features of the injector needle, Firstly, the moving process of the diesel injection such as the upward, suspension, and downward movements were simulated under different injector geometric parameters. The time-dependent movement process of the injector needle were controlled by a user-defined program developed by ourselves. Thereafter, a dynamic grid system and a two-phase flow cavitation numerical model were constructed and adopted to numerically reproduce the two-phase flow and the cavitation inside the injector. It was found that the volume fraction of the gas diesel during the partial cavitation is greater than that during the super-cavitation. The faster the needle valve opens, the earlier super-cavitation forms, but the gas volume fraction of diesel decreases faster in the injection orifice. Increasing the drain orifice diameter is helpful for earlier formation of the super-cavitation.

Numerical Study on the Effects of Pilot Diesel Quantity Coupling EGR in a High Pressure Direct Injected Natural Gas Engine

ABSTRACT The natural gas high pressure direct injection (HPDI) engines have attracted attention due to their high combustion stability and thermal efficiency comparable to diesel. However, the nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from HPDI engines remain high. In this study, the coupling effects of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and pilot diesel quantity were investigated on a four stroke HPDI engine by simulation. Three pilot diesel quantities and four EGR rates were involved, and the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine were compared and discussed. The results show that with increasing EGR rate, the maximum combustion pressure (Pmax) decreases with different pilot diesel quantity, and the crank angle corresponding to the maximum combustion pressure (CPmax), the crank angle corresponding to the maximum heat release rate (CHRRmax) and the crank angle corresponding to the 50% cumulative heat release (CA50) are all pushed back. NOx emissions decrease gradually with the increase of EGR rate, but soot, unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and methane escape all increase and the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) decreases. The traditional “trade-off” relationship between NOx and soot emissions still exists on HPDI engine and becomes more obvious as the quantity of pilot diesel increases. NOx and soot emissions can be well balanced at moderate EGR rate. Increasing the quantity of pilot diesel can partially offset the hysteresis effect of EGR on the combustion process. And when the EGR rate is controlled within 30%, increasing the quantity of pilot diesel is beneficial to reduce HC and CO emissions and methane escape. By increasing the quantity of pilot diesel coupled with a moderate level of EGR rate, it is possible to significantly reduce NOx emissions while maintaining the ITE, methane escape and unburned diesel, HC and CO emissions at the same level as without EGR. But soot emissions will increase substantially.

Расширение функциональных возможностей диагностического стенда ДД 10-01

The work considers questions related to the diagnosing of high-pressure fuel-injection equipment of modern diesel engines. Comparative analysis of the use of modern benches for testing injectors and fuel-injection equipment of motor-and-tractor diesel engines on the basis of common-rail injection system “Common Rail” is cited. Engineering modification of fuel bench DD 10-01 for testing injectors of common-rail injection system “Common Rail” of “Euro 3, 4, 5, 6” class was proposed with regard to the requirements for the design of modern test benches. Functionality of modified bench DD 10-01 with specification of main characteristics and its basic measures when testing injectors of modern diesel engines is considered in detail. Test calculations of basic components of modified bench drive were carried out using computer simulation by means of strength analysis. Keywords: TEST BENCH, COMBUSTION ENGINE, POWER SYSTEM, INJECTOR, PRESSURE, DRIVE, CLUTCH

Justification for Widening the Control Parameters Limits of Diesel Fuel Injectors During Repair

The fuel injectors of diesel engines and other components of fuel supply systems require diagnostic and repair during operation. The actual technical condition and the quality of the fuel injectors’ repair are mainly determined by the accuracy of the Test Plan control values, usually provided by manufacturing plant. For various reasons, the factory Test Plans do not meet the requirements of new and operating fuel injectors, which narrows the deviations of their control parameters during testing. Five diagnostic indicators identified during the research were used to assess the technical condition of various fuel injector types. These indicators depend significantly on twenty-four structural parameters. Evaluation criteria for each identified parameter were established. Experimentally confirmed computational and numerical studies allowed determining their permitted deviations from the control values, which kept the final fuel injector operating results within limits specified by the manufacturer. Thus, the Bosch fuel injector testing proved that the factory Test Plan values could be significantly widened without changing the output fuel injector operating results. The study allowed compiling a table summarizing the wide tolerances of the Bosch fuel injector control parameters. The table contains information on the operating mode of this fuel injector during testing. The data obtained make it possible to develop softer recommendations for fuel injector repair and refuse using unreasonable rigid test plans provided by manufacturers.

The Indicator of GDI Engine Operating Mode and Its Influence on Eco-Driving

Elements of car construction, especially the information available on a dashboard, can stimulate the way of driving. The experiment described in the paper aimed to examine how the information provided by the indicator, which informs about the operational mode of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine, can contribute to eco-driving and the possible learning of acceleration pedal operation by a driver. The analysis of the fuel injection process affected by driver behaviour was an essential part of the experiment. The experiment was divided into two parts. The first one (nine tests) consisted of driving without access to the indicator information. In the second part, the information on the mode of the engine run was available for the driver. The results confirmed that the information about the type of fuel mixture used for the supply of the GDI engine facilitates an economical driving style (about 10% fuel savings) and motivates the driver to engage in eco-driving.

An Analysis of Effect GSM Signal Type on Android-Based Vehicle Injector Response Time

The crime of motor vehicle theft is increasing, the automotive industry continues to develop security systems to reduce the number of thefts that occur in Indonesia through the development of sophisticated features. The addition of a global positioning system (GPS) feature on a vehicle is an alternative to supporting a security system by providing vehicle location information when theft occurs. GPS provides location information by providing microcontroller input data. GPS on the vehicle becomes very important because with the GPS module the vehicle can be found by knowing an accurate location. However, the addition of a GPS module is often difficult to find because the distance changes frequently and it takes a long time to find it. The purpose of this paper is to detect vehicle position accurately using GPS U-Blox NEO 6M and to analyze the effect of GSM signal type on the response time of long-distance vehicle injectors based on android. The research method is data analysis to make conclusions, namely the two-way factor quantitative experimental method. The independent variables used are (1) different signal types, and (2) the distance from the signal source to the gasoline engine injector response time. The conclusion obtained is that vehicle position detection using GPS U-Blox NEO 6M is accurate with the results of data analysis shifting 8.3113 meters and the interaction between distance and GSM signal types has no significant effect with the results of data analysis from the three types of Telkomsel GSM signals which are the fastest with a distance of 200 meters from the signal source with a response time of 4.956 seconds and the slowest is XL at a distance of 500 meters from the signal source with a response time of 8.5 seconds.
 Keywords: Android-Based Vehicle Injector, GSM Signal Type, Vehicle Injector

Investigation of B20 preheating effectivity in single cylinder compression ignition engine performance

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectivity of B20 preheating in single cylinder compression ignition engine. Characteristic of fuel viscosity for some variant heating temperatures are explored. Engine performance was also carried out for measuring the impact of preheating the fuel. Cylinder pressure and emission of engine in some preheating fuel temperature conditions are measured. The heating B20 in range temperature 30–50 °C show the viscosity characteristic that full fill the ASTM 6751 and EN14214 standard. The engine performance shows the significant improvement when the B20 was heated at 40 °C prior to CI engine injector. The B20 preheating at 40 °C are the highest cylinder pressure, a lower specific fuel consumption, a lower carbon monoxide, the lowest carbon dioxide, the lowest oxygen content compared to ambient and others fuel temperature.

Assessment of the Impact of the Addition of Biomethanol to Diesel Fuel on the Coking Process of Diesel Engine Injectors

The paper presents unique research results on the effect of coking of diesel engine injector nozzles powered by mixtures of 10%, 20% and 30% biomethanol and diesel fuel compared to the engine being supplied with pure diesel fuel. The test results, obtained from an experiment conducted in accordance with the ISO 15550-1 standard, show the legitimacy of using biomethanol as an additive to diesel fuel due to the lower coking effect of the injector nozzles, which has a positive impact on the reduction of pollutant emissions during engine operation. Regarding the CEC PF-023 test, the tendency to reduce the coking tendency increases the percentage of biomethanol additive to diesel fuel. With a 10% share of biomethnol, the average coking effect of the injectors is over 1% lower, but with a share of 30% of bio-methanol, the coking effect is nearly 2% lower.

Effects of lubricant-fuel mixing on particle emissions in a single cylinder direct injection spark ignition engine

Gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines emit less carbon dioxide (CO2) than port fuel injection (PFI) engines when fossil fuel conditions are the same. However, GDI engines emit more ultrafine particulate matter, which can have negative health effects, leading to particulate emission regulations. To satisfy these regulations, various studies have been done to reduce particulate matter, and several studies focused on lubricants. This study focuses on the influence of lubricant on the formation of particulate matter and its effect on particulate emissions in GDI engines. An instrumented, combustion and optical singe-cylinder GDI engine fueled by four different lubricant-gasoline blends was used with various injection conditions. Combustion experiments were used to determine combustion characteristics, and gaseous emissions indicated that the lubricant did not influence mixture homogeneity but had an impact on unburned fuels. Optical experiments showed that the lubricant did not influence spray but did influence wall film formation during the injection period, which is a major factor affecting particulate matter generation. Particulate emissions indicated that lubricant included in the wall film significantly affected PN emissions depending on injection conditions. Additionally, the wall film influenced by the lubricant affected the overall particle size and its distribution.

Impact of dual fuel compression ignition engine on its performance, combustion and emission characteristics

The scarcity and rapid depletion of traditional petroleum supplies, as well as worldwide agreement to stabilize carbon emission concentrations in the atmosphere, have fueled research into alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Among the many biodiesel resources, Used Frying Oils (UFO) without any other chemical processing have been shown to have the ability to reduce massive import oil expenses while reducing net CO2 gases into the environment However, because to their high viscosity and minimal volatility, UFO fueled engines have been known to have operating and durability issues. This research analyses the potential of using UFO as a biofuel mix in a compression ignition engine with no changes to injection pressure or ignition advance. Experiments were conducted in a 4.4 kW, naturally aspirated, 4-stroke, constant speed, air cooled, direct - injection engine with varied UFO and Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) mix proportions to study the combustion, pollutant, and performance parameters. The results of UFO bio dual fueling with JME were compared to the results of JME. Various variables such as in-cylinder pressure, emissions, fuel consumption, speed, and so on were examined in order to get crucial parameters such as brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption. Engine performance, emission, and combustion characteristics were determined to be similar to JME fuel when using UFO mixes. In summary, the use of UFOs in conjunction with biofuel would be a realistic solution for achieving self-sufficiency in addressing the exponentially expanding oil demand. From the test results, it is found that the performance of UFO blended JME is higher than that of neat JME due to its intrinsic physiochemical properties.

Effect of Fuel Injection Timing on Performance and Emissions with Dedicated Direct Injector in a Hydrogen Engine

Effect of Fuel Injection Timing on Performance and Emissions with Dedicated Direct Injector in a Hydrogen Engine

Effect of Fuel Injection Timing on Performance and Emissions with Dedicated Direct Injector in a Hydrogen Engine

Effect of Fuel Injection Timing on Performance and Emissions with Dedicated Direct Injector in a Hydrogen Engine