Initial Raw Material Research Articles

The perspective of balancing economic growth healthcare system and environmental prevention the efficient budget for ASEAN-3 countries

Based on real situations that mankind is confronting with the difficult era; insufficiency in food supplies, natural disasters, epidemic, etc. The paper is to econometrically compute portfolio optimization and predict efficiency frontiers for solving the most sensible scenario to suggest a sustainable policy in the three important pillars such as the growth of economic systems, environmental management, and public healthcare. The main observations are annual time-series information between 2000 and 2017 and collected from three countries in ASEAN. Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia are the target. Methodologically, this research is to apply the quantum mechanism and the wave function for clarifying a real data distribution; true mean, and standard deviation of the data. These outcomes are the initial raw material for the modern portfolio optimization (for short-run policies) and efficient frontier computation (for long-term policies). Empirically, the results show some exclusive issues that can be the help for managing feasible budget allocations fairly and sustainably.

Characteristics of the existing methods for the production of carotenoids from vegetable raw materials and secondary resources of its processing

Carotenoids, in particular, beta-carotene and lycopene, have high antioxidant properties and are used to prevent and treat various diseases associated with human aging. The search for new or intensification of the existing methods of their preparation from plant raw materials and the secondary resources of its processing is relevant due to the high demand for carotenoids in the food, cosmetic and pharmacological industries. The purpose of the research is to analyze the patent information for determining the most optimal and promising directions in the technology of obtaining carotenoids from vegetable raw materials. The main method of obtaining carotenoids from vegetable raw materials and secondary resources of its processing is their extraction using organic solvents. Domestic and foreign scientists have been conducting scientific research in the field of intensification of the process of extraction of carotenoids from vegetable raw materials and secondary resources of its processing in order to increase the environmental safety of the technological process and the quality of the product obtained. Various technical solutions have been proposed on pre-processing of the feedstock using ultrasound (US) effects and microwave radiation, as well as enzymes and enzyme preparations for carotenoids. Analysis of foreign and domestic patent information has shown that studies in the field of integrated use of physical (ultrasound and microwave radiation) and biotechnological (enzymes and enzyme preparations) of pretreatment of the initial raw materials are most promising to increase the efficiency of the extraction of carotenoids from vegetable raw materials and secondary resources of its recycling.

From Seed to System: The Emergence of Non-Manual Markers for Wh-Questions in Nicaraguan Sign Language

At a language’s inception, what determines which elements are taken up to build a grammar? How is the initial raw material reshaped through intergenerational language learning? We approached this question by focusing on the emergence of non-manual wh-question markers in Nicaraguan Sign Language (LSN), a young sign language. We asked whether the seeds of non-manual markers originate in the facial gestures of the hearing Nicaraguan community, and we explored the iterated process by which a form becomes selected and then systematized through generational transmission. We identified six non-manual facial and body movements produced with questions by 34 deaf LSN signers, representing three sequential age cohorts of learners, and compared them to those produced by 16 non-signing Spanish speakers. We examined the frequency and duration of each non-manual, and its temporal overlap with a question word. One non-manual, the brow furrow, was overwhelmingly represented among LSN signers, despite appearing rarely among non-signers and not being initially favored in duration or temporal overlap. With the second and third cohorts, the brow furrow emerges as a frequent and systematic marker. With each cycle of child learners, variable input was transformed into a more constrained set of grammatical forms.

China Transport Supply Chain Risk Management Challenges Face to COVID-19 Analysis

The international COVID-19 outbreak at the beginning of 2019 has had a huge influencing factor on lot of global and local manufacturing transportation chains, and triggered a continuous risks of logistics chains breakage by the way the COVID-18 pandemic has revealed the weakness of intercontinental supply chains arising from initial raw material scarcity, mass production and transportation disruption, and human being isolation. Among them, the short-term and medium-term and long-term impacts include encouraging companies to improve the flexibility of supply chains by constructing supply chains digital platforms, supply chains diversification systems and supply chains early warning system in the short, medium and long term, the global supply chains layout will change from internationalization to regionalization, and some high-end manufacturing industries will have a backflow trends. The risks associated with global supply chains management have created a discourse among practitioners and academics. Supply chains risk management is an integral function of the supply chains networks. Supply chains risks management have increasingly becoming a more popular research area recently, when COVID-18 appeared regionally, internationally and globally. In the article there are presented different calculation equations beginning from risk assessment during transportation and finishing by risk modeling, there are important factors influencing logistics and mainly supply chains when different types of risks appeared during COVID-22 transportation time.

Polysystem Bioregulator Based on the Polyprenols for Active Health Management

A man developed new polysystemic bioregulator in the form of a bio-logically active additive (BAA) based on polyprenols isolated from Si-berian fir by the multistage extraction. Polyprenols and its precursor dolichol have key positions in metabolic processes underlying the nu-merous diseases pathogenesis. Hence, there is a necessity to replace the cellular polyprenols pool to ensure the functioning of the “cellular health laboratory”. In order to give the scientific justification of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the dietary supplement formulation the authors gave the biochemical characteristics of the initial raw materials. They assessed functional properties of a specialized product and gave the recommendations for its use. The researchers ob-tained clinical evidence of the BAS effectiveness while its additional in-clusion in the diet of patients with acute bronchitis and with long bone fractures. A man justified the BAS prescription ingredients composi-tion, mg/1 capsule not less than: polyprenols – 5; eleutherosides – 0.1; schizandrins – 0.1. The technology innovativeness lies in the presence of an active gelatinous shell containing fir and chaga extracts, which have a synergistic effect in relation to the metabolic disorder correction in the pathologies under consideration. The researchers tested the recipe and technology in a production environment certified according to the international standard requirements, which guarantees the quality char-acteristics stability and developed product competitiveness in the health-saving technologies market.

China Transport Supply Chain Risk Management Challenges Face to Covid-19 Analysis

The international COVID-19 outbreak at the beginning of 2019 has had a huge influencing factor on lot of global and local manufacturing transportation chains, and triggered a continuous risks of logistics chains breakage by the way the COVID-18 pandemic has revealed the weakness of intercontinental supply chains arising from initial raw material scarcity, mass production and transportation disruption, and human being isolation. Among them, the short-term and medium-term and long-term impacts include encouraging companies to improve the flexibility of supply chains by constructing supply chains digital platforms, supply chains diversification systems and supply chains early warning system in the short, medium and long term, the global supply chains layout will change from internationalization to regionalization, and some high-end manufacturing industries will have a backflow trends. The risks associated with global supply chains management have created a discourse among practitioners and academics. Supply chains risk management is an integral function of the supply chains networks. Supply chains risks management have increasingly becoming a more popular research area recently, when COVID-18 appeared regionally, internationally and globally. In the article there are presented different calculation equations beginning from risk assessment during transportation and finishing by risk modeling, there are important factors influencing logistics and mainly supply chains when different types of risks appeared during COVID-22 transportation time.

Analysis of the Granulometric Composition of the Feedstock Influence on Mechanical Properties of Iron Ore Pellets

The paper investigates the effect of high-temperature roasting and cooling modes of roasted iron ore pellets on their strength and porosity. These characteristics depend on the initial iron ore raw materials properties, the parameters of the raw pellets, the firing temperature, the holding time at this temperature, the heating and cooling rate, and take into account the change in these indicators in connection with the chemical and mineralogical compositions of the pellets. It has been established that the strength of iron ore pellets obtained at the optimum firing temperature depends on the characteristics of the initial finely dispersed iron ore raw material. The relationship between the content of draw rock and the strength of calcined pellets has been revealed. A significant influence of the raw pellets porosity on the strength of the calcined pellets was found. It is shown that the crushing strength of pellets cooled in air is higher than the strength of pellets cooled with water, and a decrease in the final cooling temperature leads to an increase in the strength of the pellets. It is substantiated that the heating rate should not exceed the rate of gas diffusion, and with a decrease in the size of finely dispersed iron ore raw materials, the shrinkage of the pellet layer increases during heating. It is shown that shrinkage appears at temperatures lower than the optimal calcining temperature and insignificantly affects the strength of the pellets. The results obtained can be used to substantiate resource-and-energy efficient operating modes of horizontal-grate machines in ferrous metallurgy.

Construction of crystalline cadmium complex based on 1,4,5,8‐naphthalene diimide derivative and photocatalytic degradation about organic dyes

AbstractThe complex [Cd(PDNDI)]·DMF (Cd‐PDNDI) (H2PDNDI = N‐(4‐pyridine)‐4,5‐dicarboxy‐1,8‐naphthalene dicarboxyimide) was synthesized by the reaction of N,N′‐di(4‐pyridyl)‐1,4,5,8‐naphthalene diimide (DPNDI) and Cd(NO3)2·4H2O. It was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV‐vis) spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), single crystal X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. Structural analysis shows that the Cd‐PDNDI has a self‐assembled 3D network structure with the rtl type topology. It is worth mentioning that the composition of the ligand is different from the initial raw material used in this molecular structure. This may be because the ligand undergoes an in situ hydrolysis reaction in the reaction system and becomes an NDI carboxylic acid derivative, which continues to join coordination reaction with the metal ion. In addition, the Cd‐PDNDI has an excellent photocatalytic effect on malachite green (MG) among the six dyes, which shows that the Cd‐PDNDI could be used as a photocatalytic material for the degradation of dyes.

Mead fermentation parameters: Optimization by response surface methodology

Introduction. This article presents the development of mathematical models related to the effect of the initial content of dry matter, yeast, and yeast energizer on the fermentation rate, the alcohol content, and the dry matter content in the finished product – mead.
 Study objects and methods. The mathematical models were developed by using the response surface methodology (RSM). The effect of yeast, dry matter, and yeast energizer contents were tested in concentration ranges of 150–600 mg/L, 16.3–24.4%, and 140–500 mg/L, respectively. The starting substrates used were honeydew honey and 10% apple juice. Yeast was rehydrated and added in different amounts to obtain required concentrations. Initial dry matter concentrations were measured by a refractometer. At the end of fermentation, oenological parameters of mead, namely dry matter content, pH, and ethanol yield, were determined according to standard methods.
 Results and discussion. The statistical estimation of the developed models and the individual model parameters showed that the initial dry matter content had a significant effect on the content of alcohol and dry matter in the final product. While, the initial content of yeast and yeast energizer did not have a significant effect in the tested concentration ranges. In addition, it was proved that the initial content of dry matter and yeast energizer had a significant effect on the fermentation rate, i.e. on the course of fermentation, which was described by a second-degree polynomial.
 Conclusion. We determined the optimum content of dry matter (24.4%), amount of yeast (150 mg/L), and concentration of yeast energizer (140 mg/L) in the initial raw material which provided the maximum alcohol yield at a consistent fermentation rate.

The impact of processing on hemp seeds protein complex

Recently, commercial hemp seeds, Cannabis sativa L., have attracted considerable interest in nutritional and industrial research due to their high nutritional value and good digestibility. Hemp seeds are becoming a new source of vegetable protein and the necessary components for maintaining health due to the rich content of protein compounds, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids. The effect of processing on the protein complex of low THC hemp seeds was studied in the current study. Standard methods of analysis (determination of protein, fat, moisture) and special methods (determination of the ratio of protein fractions of hemp seeds and products of their processing) were applied in the work. The objects of study were hemp seeds (Surskaya variety) and products of their de-oiling by mechanical and chemical methods. The globulin fraction predominance in the original hemp seeds (69.44%) and in the product obtained by hemp seeds de-oiling with hexane (fine fraction of meal, 80.94%) was revealed. Glutelin fraction (38.98%) prevailed in hemp seed flour obtained by cold pressing. After the hemp seeds processing (pressing, extraction), the ratio of protein fractions (albumin, globulin and glutelin) in the resulting products changed: meal (1:3.2:3.2), fine fraction (0.1:4.7:1) and flour (1.1:1:1.4), in comparison with the initial raw material (1:2.5:0.1). A significant increase in the glutelin fraction: from 2.78 to 43.10 and 38.98%, by mechanical and chemical methods, respectively, and a decrease in the amount of water- and salt-soluble fractions were observed with all processing methods. Researches of the study of the ratio of oilseeds protein fractions are of practical importance for improving healthy foods quality.

Development of Steel Slag-Based Solidification/Stabilization Materials for High Moisture Content Soil

To solve the problems of high moisture content, high viscosity, and poor engineering mechanical properties of soil, this paper using with steel slag (SS) and desulfurization ash (DS) as initial raw materials, realizing the cooperative treatment of solid waste and solidification of silt soil. The synergistic utilization of SS and DS can reduce the production cost of curing agent and promote its own consumption. According to blended cement of various SS contents and inspected compressive strength performances, the most suitable raw materials ratio was selected. The best formula for this curing agent is cement:steel slag = 3:7 with 5% DS, and its 28-day compressive strength can reach 30 MPa. The experiment shows that the effect of DS and Na2SO4 reagent with the same quality on early compressive strength improvement of cement and SS system is not much different. In this study, the mineral composition and microstructure of different gel system blocks were characterized by XRD, SEM and EDX, and a large number of webbed structures were found in the SEM test, which was not seen in previous studies. Besides, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), water resistance, and toxic characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) were used to evaluate silt solidified soil properties. The results demonstrated that the solidified silt could meet not only the standard of general subgrade; but also has a partial stabilization effect of heavy metal ions.

К ВОПРОСУ ПЕРЕХОДА ТЕКСТИЛЬНОЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ К ЗАМКНУТОЙ ЭКОЛОГИЧНОЙ БИЗНЕС-МОДЕЛИ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern directions of the process of transition of the textile industry from a linear to a more environmentally friendly closed model of economic development, in particular on the example of the EU countries. The main institutions and mechanisms that support environmental innovations are considered. The European Resource Efficiency Center provides assistance to small and medium-sized businesses in the transition to a global economic model of production through more efficient use of natural resources, reducing harmful emissions into the environment and reducing transport costs. To fundamentally change the trajectory of the development of the textile industry, it is necessary to rethink many aspects of the current model and the entire life cycle of the production and operation of textiles. In the conditions of "fast fashion" with the help of aggressive advertising of manufacturers, the demand for cheap clothes is artificially heated up, and this increases the number of landfills of discarded textiles. The circular economic model is based primarily on the reuse of raw materials, finished products and renewable resources. Experts believe that the circular economy is based on three main principles: maximum conservation of raw materials and finished products, waste-free production, environmentally friendly and restoration of natural systems. The basis of such a model is digital technologies, which allow to speed up and ensure the flexibility of processes at all stages of the production cycle. It is believed that in 10 years, 90 % of buyers, when choosing and buying a product, will pay attention primarily to the reputation of the company (brand) [1]. In the article, from the point of view of a systematic approach, eco-innovations financed in the EU countries are considered at the main stages of the life cycle of any textile product, starting from the stage of preparation of initial textile raw materials, production and finishing of fabrics, cutting and sewing products, and ending with the stage of operation of ready-made clothes. The analysis of modern innovations is carried out, which makes it possible to increase the environmental friendliness of each stage of the life cycle of a textile product in terms of efficiency. At the same time, such a criterion as the size of the carbon footprint was taken as a basis. The effect of extending the life cycle of one product on the amount of harmful emissions is considered. The main directions of digitalization of the main stages of the production of textile products are given. Proposals have also been developed for the use of textile waste at the stage of cutting products

Исследование структуры и свойств металломатричных композиционных материалов, полученных методом прямого лазерного выращивания

Due to mechanical properties, Inconel family alloys are proven to be functional materials that are used at elevated temperatures in chemically aggressive environments and under high loads. Development of additive technologies has revealed a potential of these alloys as an initial powder raw material for additive manufacturing machines. In this work, the application of metal matrix composite materials in a direct laser growing technology is studied. The technology of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is used to manufacture the composite material. The study results show that the application of metal matrix materials in the technology of direct laser growing allows one to increase wettability of ceramic particles by a matrix metal. As a result, the quality of particle-matrix borders is improved, the porosity is decreased, and the uniformity of the distribution of particles in the matrix is increased. The structure of the obtained materials is represented by Inconel 625 matrix alloy and inclusions of TiB2 ceramics. The average size of the ceramic particles is less than 300 nm. It is shown that adding to Inconel 625 powder of a composite metal matrix SHS powder of NiTi-TiB2 in an amount of 5 wt% leads to an increase in the microhardness of the material by 1.5 times relative to the materials obtained from pure Inconel 625. At the same time, there is an increase in the ultimate strength of the materials up to 920 MPa and a decrease in the ductility by 15% relative to the samples made of pure Inconel 625 alloy.

Влияние группового состава темных кубовых остатков и условий их окисления на свойства битумных вяжущих

Bitumen is a complex and specific in its composition organic materials, the physicomechanical, chemical, adhesive and other properties of which significantly depend on their group composition and the ratio of hydrocarbon fractions included in them. These properties, in turn, are directly related to the composition of the feedstock, which is determined by the level (depth) of processing of oil shoulder straps and the methods of oxidation and compounding of refined products of different levels. This work evaluates the group composition of the initial bituminous raw material and its changes during oxidation under various conditions. The study showed that the oxidation process is dominated by the processes of thermal oxidative destruction, leading to the decomposition of fractions of saturated hydrocarbons into aromatic, resinous and partially aromatic fractions into asphaltenes prone to agglomeration. The results of the study expand knowledge about the development of the potential for regulating the properties of commercial bitumen and polymer-bitumen binders based on them by varying the composition of oil strands supplied for oxidation. The data obtained were used to optimize the production processes of LLC "BITUM", Salavat, for the purpose of large-scale production of commercial bitumen and PMB. The binders produced were used in 2018-2019 for the production of asphalt concrete and polymer-asphalt concrete mixtures and the device of coatings based on them in the Volga Federal District.

Bogyós és más gyümölcs nyersanyagok hamisításáról

We studied organoleptic, physical, chemical parameters, and nutrient composition of strawberry, raspberry, and melon powders and identified their profile of organic acids and mineral composition produced by a Russian company. It was found that the color and flavor ranges of the studied materials were uncharacteristic of the initial raw materials. The actual protein and lipids levels did not correspond to the ones declared by the manufacturer in the labeling, and were uncharacteristic of the processed raw materials. In all powder samples the sugars were represented by sucrose in 80-97%. This high level of sucrose content indicated the addition of 40.4-52.3% white sugar. The amount and ratio of organic acids did not correspond to the profile of natural raw materials. Thus, the strawberry powder lacked oxalic and tartaric acids, the raspberry raw material lacked malic acid, and the melon material – citric acid. The strawberry powder above the detection limit did not contain such essential macro- and microelements as Ca, Mg, B, Co, the amount of Si, Fe, K was at trace level. The raspberry powder was devoid of detectable amount of Co and K, and B, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, Si important for plant life were present in residual amounts. The “obligatory” amount of K, Fe, Ca, Co, Cu, Mg, Mn were absent in the melon powder, which did not correspond to the fundamental laws of the plant physiology. The results obtained allowed to conclude about misinformation and qualitative adulteration of the materials. Currently, there are practically no studies aimed at determining quality and chemical composition of fruit and berry powders in order to identify adulteration, though this type of survey would be great practical interest both for producers and consumers.

Optimization of Aluminum Sand Casting process parameters on RSM and ANN methods

Sand casting is one of the best processes to produce a product to satisfy the customer requirements. The prime advantages of choosing the sand casting technique are perfect dimensional geometry, development of pattern is easy, production rate is high, and solidification time is low when compared to other casting techniques. The main purpose of sand casting is to produce a product with better quality in low cost. The properties of the green sand are based on the sand composition and the most important parameters in the preparation of moulding sand are green strength, moisture content and clay content. In this work, the silica oxide is blended in green sand with various compositions for cope box. The various compositions of sand parameters are experimentally investigated by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results of sand parameters are compared with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) analysis. The blending of 9.2% SiO2 with green sand is very suitable for this casting process. The blending of 9.2% SiO2 with green sand is very suitable for this casting process. The effect of SiO2 blending with green sand, the initial raw material is reduced up to 25% of volume without casting defects. The hardness value increased up to 22% and the surface roughness decreased up to 12% by varying the percentage of SiO2 in green sand.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА И НАПРАВЛЕННОСТИ ФАРМАКОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ ЭКСТРАКТА ТРАВЫ ЧАБРЕЦА (ТИМЬЯНА ПОЛЗУЧЕГО) (THYHMUS SERPYLLUM L., СЕМЕЙСТВО ЯСНОТКОВЫЕ – LAMIACEAC) (СООБЩЕНИЙ IV)

The purpose of the study is to show the expediency of sequentially extracting herbal medicinal raw mate-rials with solvents in order of increasing their polarity, to reveal the nature of the distribution of both different groups of compounds and individual ones in the organic matter of thyme (thyme creeping). Re-sults and their discussion. The results of comparative characterization of the chemical composition and direction of pharmacological action of n-hexane, choroform and ethanol extracts of sequential exhaustive extraction of thyme herb (creeping thyme) obtained using chromatography-mass spectrometry, mass spectra and structural formulas of individual compounds, which were identified in 162 (n-hexane), 101 (chloroform) and 150 (ethanol) extracts. The influence of the nature of the solvent on both the yield of extracts and the structural and group composition of the latter, the features of the structural organization of the extracted compounds have been established, the specificity of the direction of the pharmacologi-cal action of each of the extracts, which made it possible to justify the expediency of successive exhaustive extraction of the initial medicinal raw materials with solvents in ascending order of their polarity.

Characteristics and consumer acceptance level of Sargassum hystrix nori

Nori is processed seaweed that is quite popular, including in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics and consumer acceptance level of nori from Sargassum hystrix seaweed. S. hystrix (in wet and/or dry form) was soaked in 0.01% NaOH, then blended into a slurry. S. hystrix slurry was molded in size 15x15 cm and dried in an oven (70°C, 3 hours). The analysis included thickness, hardness, proximate analysis, antioxidant activity with 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), antidiabetic activity, and hedonic tests. The results of this study indicate that the composition of the initial conditions of raw materials has a significant effect (P<0.05) on the characteristics and consumer acceptance level of S. hystrix nori. The best treatment was obtained on nori made from the initial raw material in wet form with the characteristics of a thickness of 0.34 mm, hardness of 335.21 gf, water content of 14.47%, ash content of 21.22%, protein content of 7.51%, fat content of 9.64%, total phenol content of 21.01 mg GAE/g, DPPH inhibition activity 62.77%, FRAP value 133.50 M/g, (-glucosidase inhibitory activity 43.81%, and consumer acceptance level of appearance 2.66, aroma 2.41, texture 3.06, flavour 3.26, and color 2.98.

TECHNOLOGY OF APPLE COMPOTE PRODUCTION FOR BABY FOOD WITH A HIGH CONTENT OF NATURAL INGREDIENTS

The most promising direction of improving food technologies for baby food is the use of new technical solutions that ensure maximum preservation of natural ingredients contained in the initial plant raw materials in the finished product. To do this, instead of the traditional process of blanching in water, microwave blanching is proposed directly in glass jars in microwave EMF (ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic field) with a frequency of 2400 MHz for 1.5 minutes, after which syrup is poured at a temperature level of 980C, prepared with the addition of infusion extracted from secondary products, followed by sealing of cans and sterilization according to a new gentle sterilization regime with a preliminary increase in the temperature level of the semi-finished product by processing it in microwave EMF before sealing cans, for 1.5 min.

Influence of electron radiation on the physical and mechanical properties of a nonwoven fabric made using Spunlace technology

The effect of electron radiation on the physical and mechanical properties of Sontara nonwoven fabric produced using spunlace technology has been studied. The initial raw material for the manufacture of materials using this technology, as a rule, are viscose, polyester, polypropylene and cellulose fibers. Such nonwovens are highly breathable and are therefore used in disposable surgical gowns and suits. Since radiation can be used to sterilize disposable surgical gowns, it is important to assess the resistance to ionizing radiation. It was found that the Sontara brand material is resistant to the effects of ionizing radiation - the physical and mechanical characteristics of the material (breaking load and relative elongation) in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the web do not significantly change when irradiated with absorbed doses up to 60 kGy. It should also be noted that a cloth with a basis weight of 68 g/m2 has a significant smell of strength after radiation sterilization.