Initial Portion Research Articles

New approaches to studying morphological details of intramolluscan stages of Angiostrongylus vasorum.

Angiostrongylus vasorum is a pulmonary artery parasite of domestic and wild canid. On molluscs, intermediate host, first stage larvae (L1) are found after the first day of infection, in the 8th L2 and in the 30 th L3. It was evaluated L1, L2 and L3 recovered by Baermann technique from Achatina fulica infected with 1000 L1. Fifty larvae/stage were incubated with antibodies anti-β-tubulin, anti-α-tubulin, anti- α-actin, anti-β-actin and anti-collagen, and then with Alexa 633. Fifty larvae/stage were observed with picrosirius red and Oil Red O. It was also observed in the anterior region of L1 the beginning of the chitinous stems development, in the initial portion of the intestine and genital primordium. In L2 anterior region, the papillae, chitinous canes juxtaposed to the mouth and intestines bigger than L1. The L3 musculature is well defined, next to the chitinous stems, there are two round distally arranged from each other. It was observed the whole extension of the intestine genital primordium and intense cellularity in the L3 distal portion. With the picrosirius red the L1, L2 and L3 musculature could be observed, as the nerve ganglia on L3. Oil Red O revealed that L1, L2 and L3 store energy on lipid droplets.

ДЕФОРМИРОВАНИЕ И РАЗРУШЕНИЕ ЛИПЫ И СОСНЫ ПРИ ИНТЕНСИВНЫХ ДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯХ

The paper presents the results of dynamic tests under compression of two wood species: linden and pine under loading along and across the fibers. Dynamic tests were carried out using the modified Kolsky method with the realization of multi-cycle loading of the sample during one test. As a result, strain diagrams were obtained for uniaxial stress state taking into account additional loading cycles The use of the multi-cycle loading mode made it possible to obtain a significantly greater degree of the sample deformation than with traditional single-cycle loading. To create a pulse load, a gas gun was used. According to the experimental results, dynamic deformation diagrams were obtained, as well as ultimate strength and deformation characteristics, fracture energy for linden and pine were determined depending on the cutting angle of the samples and the strain rate. A strong anisotropy of the properties of the tested materials is observed: the samples have the greatest strength when a load is applied along the fibers, and the least - across the fibers. A positive effect of the strain rate is noted. The module of the load branch is non-linear and, as a rule, is smaller than the module of the unload branch (while maintaining the integrity of the sample). The nature of the deformation and fracture of the samples strongly depends on the angle of cutting-out. At cutting angle across the fibers, the deformation diagram after reaching a certain threshold value is close to an ideally plastic diagram. At cutting angle along the fibers, the initial portion of the diagrams is close to linear, i.e. elastic deformation takes place. However, after reaching a certain value (“yield strength”), the diagram becomes nonlinear. This kind of behavior takes place in those experiments in which the destruction of the samples occurs. For both wood species, there is a significant excess of energy absorption by samples cut and tested along the fibers, compared with samples cut and tested across the fibers.

ЧИСЛЕННОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ И ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЖИДКОСТЬ-ЖИДКОСТНОГО ЭЖЕКТОРА С КРИВОЛИНЕЙНЫМ НАЧАЛЬНЫМ УЧАСТКОМ КАМЕРЫ СМЕШЕНИЯ И С ПРЯМОЛИЕЙНОЙ КАМЕРОЙ СМЕШЕНИЯ

The article presents the results of numerical simulations and experimental studies of a liquid-liquid ejector with a curved initial portion of the mixing chamber. The experiment was conducted on liquid-liquid ejectors, models of which are made on a 3D printer, by the method of layer-by-layer deposition. The influence of possible manufacturing errors of the ejector on its characteristics is estimated. The issues of the use of liquid ejectors designed to work in the field of various predetermined ejection coefficients are considered. The theoretical ejection coefficient and the reasons for reducing the ejection coefficient in real ejectors are determined. The obtained dependences make it possible to determine the optimal design parameters of a liquid ejector and thereby increase its ejection coefficient. The relative pressure drop is shown at a low coefficient and at a high ejection coefficient. The calculated and experimental results of determining the ejection coefficient for liquid ejectors, which are widely used in various fields of technology, are presented. The results of numerical simulation of internal processes in the ANSYS-Fluent hydro-gasdynamic application package flowing in a single-phase liquidliquid ejector based on the study of a small-sized model are presented. As a result of the simulation, a good agreement was obtained between the calculation results of the model corresponding to the real prototype and the experimental data and comparison with the results of other authors. Several conclusions can be drawn from the results of the study. For example, a region of values of the ejection coefficient was found in which the relative pressure drop created by the ejector increases with an increase in the ejection coefficient.

Measurement of gas detonation blast loads in semiconfined geometry

The ignition and explosion of combustible vapor clouds represents a significant hazard across a range of industries. In this work, a new set of gas detonations experiments were performed to provide benchmark blast loading data for non-trivial geometry and explosion cases. The experiments were designed to represent two different accident scenarios: one where ignition of the vapor cloud occurs shortly after release and another where ignition is delayed and a fuel concentration gradient is allowed to develop. The experiments focused on hydrogen-air and methane-oxygen detonations in a semiconfined enclosure with TNT equivalencies ranging from 9 g to 1.81 kg. High-rate pressure transducers were used to record the blast loads imparted on the interior walls of a 1.8 m × 1.8 m × 1.8 m test fixture. Measurements included detonation wave velocity, peak overpressure, impulse, and positive phase duration. A comparison of the pressure and impulse measurements with several VCE models is provided. Results show that even for the most simplified experimental configuration, the simplified VCE models fail to provide predictions of the blast loading on the internal walls of the test fixture. It is shown that the confinement geometry of the experiment resulted in multiple blast wave reflections during the initial positive phase duration portion of the blast loading, and thus, significantly larger blast impulse values were measured than those predicted by analytical models. For the pressure sensors that experienced normally-reflect blast waves for the initial blast impulse, the Baker-Strehlow and TNT equivalency models still struggled to accurately capture the peak overpressure and reflected impulse. The TNO multi-energy model, however, performed better for the case of simple normally-reflected blast waves. The results presented here may be used as validation data for future model or simulation development.

ABLATION OF TREATMENT-REFRACTORY VT USING CT SUBSTRATE MAPPING, AUTOMATED ECG LOCALIZATION AND INFUSION NEEDLE CATHETER ABLATION

Catheter ablation of VT related to deep myocardial substrate can be challenging, but could be facilitated by techniques to identify and ablate intramyocardial substrate. We have previously described an automated method for localizing induced VT based on integrals of the initial portion of the QRS, with patient-specific regression coefficients calculated by pacing from known intracardiac sites. CT imaging with 3D reconstruction can be helpful to plan suitable ablation targets. Infusion needle ablation can be used to ablate deep myocardial substrate. We explored feasibility of combining 3D scar reconstruction with automated VT localization and intramural infusion needle ablation. In a patient with prior CABG and 3 failed endocardial ablations, a delayed contrast CT was analysed using MUSIC software. Ablation was performed using an infusion needle catheter, and locations of sites of successful ablation were compared to predicted sites using automated software. Of 8 VTs induced, 4 were terminated with RF and included in the analysis. VTs 1 & 2 were localised to the mid-anterolateral wall at the superior border of imaged scar within 1mm of the site of termination with needle ablation. VT 6 was localised to the superior margin of basal septal scar 8 mm from the site of termination with needle RF. VT 7 was localised to the apical inferoseptum at the margin of a thinned segment, 8 mm from the successful needle ablation site. Noninvasive anatomic substrate imaging, automated VT localization and delivery of targeted intramyocardial ablation lesions could facilitate successful VT ablation.

Reduced metabolism supports hypoxic flight in the high-flying bar-headed goose (Anser indicus).

The bar-headed goose is famed for migratory flight at extreme altitude. To better understand the physiology underlying this remarkable behavior, we imprinted and trained geese, collecting the first cardiorespiratory measurements of bar-headed geese flying at simulated altitude in a wind tunnel. Metabolic rate during flight increased 16-fold from rest, supported by an increase in the estimated amount of O2 transported per heartbeat and a modest increase in heart rate. The geese appear to have ample cardiac reserves, as heart rate during hypoxic flights was not higher than in normoxic flights. We conclude that flight in hypoxia is largely achieved via the reduction in metabolic rate compared to normoxia. Arterial [Formula: see text] was maintained throughout flights. Mixed venous PO2 decreased during the initial portion of flights in hypoxia, indicative of increased tissue O2 extraction. We also discovered that mixed venous temperature decreased during flight, which may significantly increase oxygen loading to hemoglobin.

Tool Path and Sheet Thickness Distribution of Axisymmetric Cup in Single Point Incremental Forming

This study involved planning different tool paths for an axisymmetric cup to explore the forming characteristics of the single point incremental forming (SPIF) process. In addition, this study developed a gradient theory to compute the inclined angle between the tangential and horizontal directions of the cup formed using single point incremental forming. The sheet thickness distribution of the cup was also calculated. To verify the theory, circle arc cups were formed by CNC machining using different tool paths. It was found that the cup formed using the spiral evolutional snail-line tool path produced a better surface than that formed using the equal height evolutional tool path. The sheet thicknesses of circle arc cups obtained by the experiment and using the cosine law were compared. A larger deviation was noted in the initial portion of the cup, whereas a smaller deviation was found in the other portion. This study also adopted a dual-conical cup to investigate the relationship between thickness and the initial inclined angle at the initial portion. It was found that a larger initial inclined angle led to good coincidence between the experimental and theoretical sheet thicknesses.

Experimental investigation of elastic wave propagation and inertia effects in extra soft gelatin material

In this paper, elastic wave propagation and inertia effects in gelatin-based soft material under impact loading is investigated. The dynamic test is principally performed by the classical SHPB (Split Hopkinson Pressure Bars) technique with highly sensitive piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pressure sensors placed on the interfaces between the specimen and the bars. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique is conducted to measure the strong non- homogeneous strain field, the particle velocity, the the strain rate, the strain acceleration under transient stress state using high speed photography. The particle velocity and its gradient are used to extract the elastic wave velocity. Additionally, we derive closed-form equations for the additional axial stress produced by transverse inertia in the rectangular parallelepiped specimen under the non-equilibrium stress state. The amplitude of transverse inertial stress depends strongly on the strain rate and the strain acceleration. The transverse inertia results in a significant spike-like stress in the initial portion of inertial stress history and in the zone of the specimen near the impact side due to the acceleration stage of the impact test. It is obvious that the degree of inertia effects depends strongly on time steps and spatial positions.

TROG 18.01 phase III randomised clinical trial of the Novel Integration of New prostate radiation schedules with adJuvant Androgen deprivation: NINJA study protocol

IntroductionStereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a non-invasive alternative to surgery for the treatment of non-metastatic prostate cancer (PC). The objectives of the Novel Integration of New prostate radiation schedules with...

Clinical Anatomy and Possible Clinical Significance of the Postcentral Branches of Spinal Arteries in the L1-L5 Levels.

This was a dissection-based study of 10 embalmed human cadavers. The objective of this study was to identify and describe the postcentral branches in the L1-L5 intervertebral foramina (IVF) and to determine their possible clinical significance. The lower lumbar segmental arteries have been well studied. However, there are few articles with regard to the postcentral branches in the L1-L5 IVF. Eighty L1-L5 IVF from 10 embalmed cadavers were studied with a surgical microscope, and the postcentral branches were identified. The branches, origin, insertion, and spatial orientation of the postcentral branches in the L1-L5 IVF were examined. The diameter of the arteries was measured using a Vernier caliper. In our study, the occurrence rate of a postcentral branch was 100.00% in the 80 IVFs. The postcentral branch was routinely divided into the following 2 types: type 1, postcentral branch main trunks (65.00%), which branch from the spinal arteries or lumbar arteries and then divide into 2 branches (superior and inferior branches), and type 2, superior and inferior branches, which branch straight from the spinal arteries (35.00%). The initial portion of the postcentral branches traveled around the anterolateral edge of the disk to the dorsum. Postcentral branches of spinal arteries are common structures in IVF; there are 2 types of postcentral branches. Thorough understanding of the spinal arteries before percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy may be an important step in reducing intraoperative bleeding and ensuring clear visualization, which may result in significant benefits for patients.

The influence of lexical selection disruptions on articulation.

Interactive models of language production predict that it should be possible to observe long-distance interactions; effects that arise at one level of processing influence multiple subsequent stages of representation and processing. We examine the hypothesis that disruptions arising in nonform-based levels of planning-specifically, lexical selection-should modulate articulatory processing. A novel automatic phonetic analysis method was used to examine productions in a paradigm yielding both general disruptions to formulation processes and, more specifically, overt errors during lexical selection. This analysis method allowed us to examine articulatory disruptions at multiple levels of analysis, from whole words to individual segments. Baseline performance by young adults was contrasted with young speakers' performance under time pressure (which previous work has argued increases interaction between planning and articulation) and performance by older adults (who may have difficulties inhibiting nontarget representations, leading to heightened interactive effects). The results revealed the presence of interactive effects. Our new analysis techniques revealed these effects were strongest in initial portions of responses, suggesting that speech is initiated as soon as the first segment has been planned. Interactive effects did not increase under response pressure, suggesting interaction between planning and articulation is relatively fixed. Unexpectedly, lexical selection disruptions appeared to yield some degree of facilitation in articulatory processing (possibly reflecting semantic facilitation of target retrieval) and older adults showed weaker, not stronger interactive effects (possibly reflecting weakened connections between lexical and form-level representations). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

An online healthy relationship tool and safety decision aid for women experiencing intimate partner violence (I-DECIDE): a randomised controlled trial

Evidence for online interventions to help women experiencing intimate partner violence is scarce. We assessed whether an online interactive healthy relationship tool and safety decision aid (I-DECIDE) would increase women's self-efficacy and improve depressive symptoms compared with an intimate partner violence information website. In this two-group pragmatic randomised controlled trial, we enrolled women who had screened positive for any form of intimate partner violence or fear of a partner in the 6 months before recruitment. Women aged 16-50 years currently residing in Australia, who had safe access to a computer and an internet connection, and who answered positively to one of the screening questions in English were eligible for inclusion. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) by computer to receive either the intervention or control website. The intervention website consisted of modules on healthy relationships, abuse and safety, and relationship priority setting, and a tailored action plan. The control website was a static intimate partner violence information website. As the initial portion of the website containing the baseline questions was identical for both groups, there was no way for women to tell which group they had been allocated to, and the research team were also masked to participant allocation until after analysis of the 12-month data. Data were collected at baseline, immediately after completion of the website, at 6 months, and 12 months. Primary outcomes were mean general self-efficacy score (immediately after website completion, and at 6 months and 12 months) and mean depression score (at 6 months and 12 months). Data analyses were done according to intention-to-treat principles, accounting for missing data, and adjusted for outcome baseline scores. This trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN 12614001306606. Between Jan 16, and Aug 28, 2015, 584 patients registered for the study and were assessed for eligibility. 422 eligible participants were randomly allocated to the intervention group (227 patients) or control group (195 patients). 179 (79%) participants in the intervention group and 156 (80%) participants in the control group completed 12-month follow-up. Mean self-efficacy at 6 months and 12 months was lower for participants in the intervention group than for participants in the control group, although this did not meet the prespecified mean difference (6 months: 27·5 [SD 5·1] vs 28·1 [4·4], imputed mean difference 1·3 [95% CI 0·3 to 2·3]; 12 months: 27·8 [SD 5·4] vs 29·0 [5·0], imputed mean difference 1·6 [95% CI 0·5 to 2·7]). We found no difference between groups in depressive symptoms at 6 months or 12 months (6 months: 22·5 [SD 17·1] vs 24·2 [17·2], imputed mean difference -0·3 [95% CI -3·5 to 3·0]; 12 months: 21·9 [SD 19·3] vs 21·5 [19·3], imputed mean difference -1·9 [95% CI -5·6 to 1·7]). Qualitative findings indicated that participants found the intervention supportive and a motivation for action. Our findings highlight the need for further research, development, and refinement of online interventions for women experiencing intimate partner violence, particularly into the duration needed for interventions. Although we detected no meaningful differences between groups, our qualitative results indicated that some women find an online tool a helpful source of motivation and support. Australian Research Council.

Constitutive model to simulate full deformation and failure process for rocks considering initial compression and residual strength behaviors

A constitutive model with capacity to simulate the full deformation and failure process for rocks considering initial compression and residual strength behaviors is discussed in this paper. The rock was assumed to consist of the initial voids portion and the solid skeleton portion. The full deformation model of rocks can be established by the consideration of the macroscopic deformation of rocks and the microscopic deformations of the two different portions based on the statistical damage theory. Comparisons between the experimental data from triaxial compression tests and calculated results show that the proposed constitutive model provided a good prediction of the full deformation and failure process, including the effects of initial void compression, stiffness degradation, strain hardening–softening, and residual strength.

Passive Stiffness and Maximal and Explosive Strength Responses After an Acute Bout of Constant-Tension Stretching.

Constant-tension (CT) stretching has been used to reduce hamstrings passive stiffness; however, the time course of hamstrings stiffness responses during a short bout of this type of stretching and the effects on maximal and explosive strength remain unclear. To examine the time course of hamstrings passive-stiffness responses during a short, practical bout of manual straight-legged-raise (SLR) CT passive stretches and their effects on maximal and explosive strength in healthy young women. Descriptive laboratory study. Research laboratory. Eleven healthy women (age = 24 ± 4 years, height = 167 ± 4 cm, mass = 65 ± 8 kg) participated. Participants underwent four 15-second SLR CT passive stretches of the hamstrings. Hamstrings passive stiffness was calculated from the slopes of the initial (phase 1) and final (phase 2) portions of the angle-torque curves generated before and after the stretching intervention and at the beginning of each 15-second stretch. Hamstrings peak torque and rate of torque development were derived from maximal voluntary isometric contractions performed before and after the stretching intervention. The slope coefficients (collapsed across phase) for the third and fourth stretches and the poststretching assessment were lower than the prestretching assessment (P range = .004-.04), but they were not different from each other (P > .99). In addition, no differences in peak torque (t10 = -0.375, P = .72) or rate of torque development (t10 = -0.423, P = .68) were observed between prestretching and poststretching. A short bout of SLR CT passive stretching may effectively reduce hamstrings stiffness without negatively influencing maximal and explosive strength.

Typhlocolitis by Edwardsiella tarda in a Cow

Typhlocolitis by Edwardsiella tarda in a Cow

PECULIARITIES OF ANLAGE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CERVICAL ORGANS DURING EMBRYONIC PERIOD OF HUMAN ONTOGENESIS

Objective: to determine the peculiarities of anlage and development of certain cervical organs during the embryonic period of human ontogenesis.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 12 series of successive histological sections of the human embryos 4-6 weeks of development (4,0-13,5 mm of the parietal-coccygeal length (PCL). Only those cases were included into the study when a cause of death was not associated with pathology of the organs, vessels and nerves of the neck. The methods of preparation of series of successive histological sections, common and thin dissection under control of binocular lens, graphic and plastic reconstruction, microscopy, and morphometry were used.Results. In the embryos 4,0-4,5 mm long the rudiments of the esophagus, larynx and trachea are determined as pharyngeal derivatives on the level of the first cervical vertebra, although none of the morphological structures that can be used to determine the borders between the rudiments of the respiratory and digestive tubes are found. In front of the rudiments of the respiratory and digestive systems there are big rudiments of the heart and liver, and behind – the rudiments of the cardiac veins, dorsal aorta and vertebral column.During the fifth week of the embryonic development the rudiment of the oral pharynx is in the form of a dilated anterior part of the foregut. The oral fossa which is the initial portion of the oral pharynx is bounded above by the unpaired frontal process, lower – by paired mandibular processes, and from the sides – by maxillary processes. The cervical part of the vertebral column is located dorsally from the rudiment of the pharynx, the larynx rudiment – ventrally, and vascular-nervous bundle of the neck – ventrolaterally. The rudiment of the larynx looks like an oval accumulation of mesenchyme developed due to the closure and separation of the epithelial channel from the ventral wall of the anterior intestine. The fourth brachia arteries are determined on the examined stage of the intrauterine development transformed in the right into the anonymous artery, and in the left – into the aortal arch.In the embryos 9,0-12,0 mm of PCL in the caudal portion of the anterior pharyngeal wall on the level of branching of the tracheal rudiment there is a paired thickening of the mesenchyme in the form of arytenoid rollers with dorsally directed incisures and a transverse roller separating the entrance into the respiratory tube. The epiglottis rudiment is also determined. The venous system of the cervical region is presented by the anterior cardinal veins mainly located ventrally from the vertebral column. The junction of the anterior and posterior cardinal veins results in the formation of the common cardinal veins. At the end of the embryonic period of development the internal and external jugular veins are formed from the cranial portion of the anterior cardinal vein.Conclusions. At the end of the embryonic period of development the pharynx and trachea are not separated clearly, since they are surrounded by the common layer of mesenchyme. The larynx is presented by mesenchyme thickening located directly close to the entrance into the respiratory tube. The main cervical veins are formed from the anterior cardinal veins.

Inulin: A novel and stretchy polysaccharide tool for biomedical and nutritional applications.

Inulin (INU) is a flexible, fructan type polysaccharide carbohydrate, mainly obtained from the root of chicory. It is a water-soluble dietary fibre and has been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for improving the nutritional values of food products. INU is not digested or fermented in the initial portion of the human digestive system and directly reaches on the distal portion of the colon. Owing to this superior property, INU is specially applied to develop specific carrier systems for localized delivery of drugs related to colon diseases. Several studies proved that the fermented bi-products of INU help the growth and stimulating activity of colon bacteria e.g. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli. INU also has several inherent therapeutic effects like reduction of tumor risks, help in calcium ion absorption, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties etc. Apart from these, INU has been used for different pharmaceutical applications as a drug carrier, stabilizing agent, cryoprotectant, and an alternative to fats and sugars. Here, we review the applications of INU in different areas of biomedical science, look back into the nutritional effects of INU and outline various routes of administration of INU-based formulations.

WOLFF-PARKINSON-WHITE SYNDROME WITH RAPID STIMULATION OF ACCESSORY PATHWAY IN THE SETTING OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND RECENT COCAINE USE

Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a pre-excitation syndrome wherein aberrant conduction is present between atrium and ventricle. Slurring of initial portion of QRS complex along with short PR interval are the hallmarks of this condition. In some patients, concomitant reciprocating tachycardia

On the origin of spatially dependent electronic excited-state dynamics in mixed hybrid perovskite thin films

The fundamental photophysics underlying the remarkable performance of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites in optoelectronic device applications has been increasingly studied using complementary spectroscopic techniques. However, the spatially heterogeneous polycrystalline morphology of the solution-processed thin films is often overlooked in conventional ensemble measurements and therefore the reported results are averaged over hundreds or even thousands of nano- and micro-crystalline grains. Here, we apply femtosecond transient absorption microscopy to spatially and temporally probe ultrafast electronic excited-state dynamics in chloride containing mixed lead halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3–xClx) thin films. We found that the electronic excited-state relaxation kinetics are extremely sensitive to the spatial location probed, which was manifested by position-dependent transient absorption signal amplitude and decay behaviour, along with an obvious rise component at some positions. The analysis of transient absorption kinetics acquired at several distinct spatial positions enabled us to identify Auger recombination as the dominant mechanism underlying the initial portions of the spatially dependent dynamics with variable rate constants. The different rates observed suggest occurrence of distinct local electronic structures and variable contributions from impurities/defects and phonons in this nonlinear dynamical process.

Structural Features of the Alloyed Layers Formed by Electron Beam Melting in Air

The results of investigations of structural features and mechanical properties of functional gradient materials formed by electron beam melting of various powder mixtures are presented in the paper. Changing the composition of the initial powder portion and treatment modes made it possible to obtain composites containing high-strength titanium carbide particles. It was detected that all materials have the same defect in the form of an undissolved graphite powder located in the upper zone of the surface layers. Cladding of a two-component powder mixture (Ti and C) resulted in the formation of a coating with a thickness of 1.7 mm and allowed to increase the microhardness of the base material from 3200 to 4200 MPa. However, the impact strength of the formed composites with a gradient structure is lower than that of the base material, which is associated with the formation of a solid embrittlling phase of titanium carbide.