Initial Plate Research Articles

Enhanced impact tolerant core reinforced space shielding

The threat of orbital debris to space structures is well understood with efforts being made to develop superior shielding for objects operating in low Earth orbit. In traditional Whipple shield designs, the area between the front bumper and rear pressure wall, termed the stand-off distance, is left empty. One of the more recent discussions in shield design has been the utilization of a honeycomb sandwich core design. In this design an initial thin bumper plate is used to fragment the projectile, followed by a honeycomb design which is implemented to further slowdown the resulting fragments in the stand-off region. By using this implementation, the rear pressure wall is theoretically subject to less damage as a result of the impact, due to the addition of the honeycomb core. It is often argued that the addition of a honeycomb core within the Whipple shield induces a channeling behavior of the projectile, where the sharp edges of the honeycomb split the projectile, and the fragments generated are unable to escape the individual honeycomb core that it is propelled into. It is theorized that this channeling effect causes more damage than an impact where no honeycomb is present. This channeling effect induces a large amount of the mass of the projectile to impact the backplate over a much smaller area. As a result, the damage to the backplate is far more localized and of a higher intensity. In this paper the efficacy of this theory has been studied through an analytical approach, where Whipple shields with the honeycomb and standard 2-plate designs are subjected to hypervelocity impacts of orbital debris.

Changes of the bacterial and fungal populations present in organic dark leafy green vegetable juices during refrigerated storage

Dark leafy green vegetable juices (DLGVJs), prepared with vegetables such as kale and chard, have shown substantial market growth in the past decade due to its profound health benefits. Unfortunately, as an innovative product, there was limited research focusing on DLGVJs. This study aimed to bridge key critical knowledge gaps associated with the microbial quality and shelf life of DLGVJs and elucidate the changes in both physicochemical and microbial properties of different organic DLGVJs during refrigerated storage. Culture-dependent and culture-independent analytical methods were applied to profile the bacterial and fungal populations in three organic DLGVJs (kale, chard, and collard greens) during refrigeration. Plate count results showed that the initial total aerobic plate counts (APC) ranged from 6.49 ± 0.03 to 6.74 ± 0.08 Log CFU/mL, and the initial total fungal counts ranged from 5.19 ± 0.06 to 6.75 ± 0.04 Log CFU/mL in fresh DLGVJs. During refrigerated storage the pH of DLGVJs decreased as the storage time increased and the redness of the juices increased as well. The culture-dependent analysis revealed bacterial counts initially increased and then declined, while fungal counts showed an initial decrease followed by an increase. By the end of the storage, the highest APC and fungal population were observed in kale juice and chard juice (7.03 ± 0.05 and 6.70 ± 0.03 Log CFU/mL) respectively. 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that the dominant bacterial genera of spoiled DLGVJs at the end of storage included Serratia, Leuconostoc, and Hafnia-obesumbacterium, and the major spoilage fungal were composed of Mrakia, Filobasidium, and Vishniacozyma. Results of this study provide insights into the microbial populations present in DLGVJs and the dominant spoilage genera during refrigerated storage, laying the foundation for the development of intervention strategies in the future.

The Neogene–Quaternary volcanism of the Carpathian–Pannonian region: from initial plate tectonic models to quantitative petrogenetic explanations

A wide range of volcanic rocks formed in the Carpathian–Pannonian region during the last 20 Myr, closely associated with the tectonic evolution of the area: (1) high-SiO 2 rhyolites and rhyodacites; (2) calc-alkaline-type volcanic suites (basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolite and adakitic rocks); (3) potassic–ultrapotassic volcanic rocks (shoshonites, latites, leucitites and lamproites); and (4) alkali sodic volcanic rocks (basalts, trachyandesites and trachytes). During the 18.1–14.4 Ma silicic ignimbrite flare-up volcanism, explosive eruptions produced large volume of tephras, which covered extended areas of Europe. Calc-alkaline-type volcanism took place in syn-extensional and post-collisional settings. There is no classic volcanic arc in the Carpathian–Pannonian Region, and so the term ‘back-arc basin’ should be used for the Pannonian Basin only in a structural geology sense. Alkali basalt volcanism occurred mostly in the peripheral areas of the Pannonian Basin primarily owing to edge-driven convective upwelling of heterogeneous asthenospheric mantle. The youngest eruptions took place 100–30 ka ago, mostly in the geodynamically still active southeast Carpathians. After 50 years of intense research, there are still many open questions to be solved. Interdisciplinary understanding of the results of different disciplines is crucial to better constrain the evolution of this tectonically complex area, to reveal its geoenergy and to assess potential natural hazards.

Dynamic evolution of competing same-dip double subduction: New perspectives of the Neo-Tethyan plate tectonics

Same-dip double-subduction (SDDS) systems are widely reported from present as well as past complex convergent plate tectonic configurations. However, the dynamics of their evolution is poorly understood, which is crucial to conceptualize anomalous subducting slab kinematics and associated observed geological phenomena, such as irregular trench migration rates, high convergence velocities, and slab break-off. To bridge this gap, we develop dynamic thermo-mechanical subduction models and investigate the initiation and evolution of SDDS systems, considering three different initial plate configurations: oceanic, oceanic-continental and multiple continental settings, based on Neo-Tethyan paleo-reconstructions. Each model offers new insights into the complex tectonic history of the major Neo-Tethyan subduction zones, particularly the Indo–Eurasian and Andaman convergent systems. We evaluate the slab-slab interactions, trench and subduction kinematics, inter-plate reorganization, and temporally varying mantle flow patterns involved in the dynamic evolution of these SDDS systems. The oceanic SDDS model simulations reveal that a sizable oceanic plate can initiate two subduction zones synchronously, and they evolve unequally in a competing mode, leading to exceptionally high convergence rates (∼16–17 cm/year) for a prolonged duration (∼7–8 Myr). This finding explains the coeval activity of coupled subduction zones in the Indo-Eurasia convergence during the Cretaceous evolution of the Neo-Tethys. We further implement a corresponding single subduction model to assess the additional effects of competing slab kinematics in an oceanic SDDS setting. The ocean-continent SDDS model, on the other hand, localizes subduction preferentially at passive margins between the oceanic plate and the continental block, forming double subduction zones that grow almost equally to form a spreading centre between the two trenches. These model results allow to reconstruct the Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Neo-Tethyan region, which ultimately led to the development of the Andaman subduction zone. We also show the post-Cretaceous evolution of the Indo–Eurasian collision zone as a consequence of the SDDS dynamics in presence of multiple continental blocks. These dynamics facilitated slab break-off, transforming the SDDS into a single subduction system in a relatively short time frame (∼3 Myr). We finish with a synthesis of the paleo-reconstructions of the Neo-Tethys in the perspective of these SDDS models.

Association of Undercorrection With Residual Proinflammatory Gene Expressions and Clinical Outcomes After Medial Open Wedge Proximal Tibial Osteotomy

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that synovial inflammation plays a pivotal role in knee osteoarthritis. Although biomechanical findings have shown that medial open-wedge proximal tibial osteotomy (OWPTO) decreases medial compartment loading by correcting knee alignment, the relationship between knee alignment and synovial inflammation in the biological microenvironment has not yet been elucidated. Purposes: To investigate the relationship between preoperative and postoperative knee alignment and synovial gene expression and to determine the cutoff point of postoperative knee alignment at which gene expression of synovial inflammation improves. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 36 patients with osteoarthritis who underwent OWPTO between June 2018 and May 2020 were enrolled. Synovial tissue was collected from affected knees during initial OWPTO and plate removal surgeries, and gene expression associated with the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis in the synovial tissue was investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The correlation between weightbearing line ratio (WBLR) and synovial gene expression was determined. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the cutoff values of WBLR for improving gene expression. The participants were divided into 2 groups, according to the cutoff values of their WBLR, and compared according to Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and synovial gene expression. Results: Postoperative WBLR was correlated with gene expression of interleukin 1β (IL1B) (ρ = −0.43; P = .008) and of interleukin 6 (IL6) (ρ = −0.41; P = .01). The cutoff value to predict improvement of IL6 was postoperative WBLR of 52%, with an area under the curve of 0.74 (P = .03). Patients with WBLR of <52% showed higher postoperative inflammatory gene (IL1B [P = .04] and IL6 [P = .03]) and inferior postoperative KOOS values compared with those with WBLR of >52%. Conclusion: The novel cutoff alignment for biological improvement after OWPTO in patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis was determined to be WBLR of 52%, and WBLR of <52% was associated with higher residual intra-articular inflammation and poor clinical outcomes. After accounting for surgical errors, the surgeon should set the target surgical alignment so that the postoperative WBLR does not fall below 52%.

Free vibration and transient response of initially compressed CNT-reinforced composite plates

This paper investigates the linear free vibration and nonlinear transient response of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced composite plates subjected to pre-existent compressive load in thermal environments. CNTs are reinforced into matrix according to uniform and functionally graded distributions. The properties of constitutive materials are assumed to be temperature-dependent while the effective properties of nanocomposite are determined using an extended rule of mixture. Governing equations are established within the framework of classical plate theory incorporating von Kármán nonlinearity and initial geometrical imperfection. Analytical solutions of deflection and stress function are assumed to satisfy simply supported boundary conditions, and Galerkin method is applied to obtain a time differential equation including both quadratic and cubic nonlinear terms. Fourth-order Runge–Kutta numerical integration scheme is employed to determine dynamical deflection-time response of nanocomposite plates. Numerical analyses are presented to consider the influences of CNT volume fraction, CNT distribution, initial compressive load, geometrical imperfection, elevated temperature and plate geometry on the natural frequencies and nonlinear dynamical response of nanocomposite plates. The study reveals that the natural frequency and dynamical deflection are strongly decreased and increased when initial compressive load is increased, respectively. Numerical results also find that the natural frequencies are enhanced and dynamical deflection is dropped as a result of increase in volume percentage of CNTs, respectively.

Study of the Effect of Initial Plate Temperature in Jet Impingement Cooling Process

The microstructure characteristics and the properties of rolled steels are significantly affected by the heat transfer and boiling phenomena occurring during the jet impingement cooling on run‐out tables (ROT). In this study, experiments are conducted using a full industrial‐scale ROT facility with rectangular plates made of low‐carbon stainless steel (type 316L). The plate is heated up to a temperature ranging from to , then rapidly impinged using a single circular water jet, and the temperature drop is captured using an infrared thermal camera (FLIR A615 25°–50 Hz type). The dissipated heat flux, estimated experimentally using a 2D inverse heat conduction analysis, ranges from 6.1 to 3.4 MW m−2 across different zones along the plate surface. The impact of different initial plate temperature on the boiling behavior is studied by developing a 2D‐computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, and the results are closely aligned with the experimental findings. The results reveal that when estimating the heat flux from CFD simulations, the best accuracy is obtained when considering fluid temperature at a point close to the plate surface (about 1 μm above the surface). Furthermore, the maximum extracted heat flux (MHF) is significantly influenced by the initial temperature of the plate. Increasing the initial plate temperature from 500 to 900 °C led to an increase of 82% in the MHF in stagnation zone, and 137% increase in the parallel‐flow region. The CFD model presented in this study and the full calculation of the boiling curves numerically will pave the road for investigating various practical parameters in jet impingement cooling.

Assessment of Microbial Activity, Shelf Life, and Sensory Characteristics of Buttermilk Enhanced with Indian Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum rhetsa) Extract

The present investigation was carried out at the Dairy Science Laboratory of the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy Science, College of Agriculture, Dr. BSKKV., Dapoli (M.S.) to Assessment of Microbial Activity, Shelf Life, and Sensory Characteristics of Buttermilk enhanced with Indian Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum rhetsa) extract. This study aimed to evaluate the microbial activity, shelf life, and sensory attributes of Indian Prickly Ash extract fortified buttermilk during storage under refrigerated conditions. Microbial analysis was conducted on fresh and stored samples over 15 days, focusing on standard plate count, coliform count, yeast, and mold count. Results indicated that the initial standard plate count of fresh buttermilk increased marginally during storage. Shelf-life assessment revealed that the buttermilk remained suitable for consumption for up to 15 days under refrigerated conditions. Sensory evaluation was performed concurrently with microbial analysis. Overall acceptability scores were highest for buttermilk fortified with 6% Indian Prickly Ash extract, followed by treatments with lower extract concentrations. Statistical analysis showed significant differences among treatments, with 6% extract incorporation yielding the most favorable sensory outcomes. In conclusion, Indian Prickly Ash extract fortified buttermilk, particularly at 6% concentration, exhibited enhanced microbial stability and sensory appeal, suggesting its potential as a functional food product. Keywords: Milk, Buttermilk, Indian Prickly Ash.

Structural optimization of thermal management system for bionic liquid cold battery based on fuzzy grey correlation analysis

An energy-efficient battery thermal management system with efficient enhanced heat transfer characteristics, low power consumption and backflow inhibition performance is of great importance for electric vehicle power batteries. Based on the design of the Tesla valve and inspired by bionics, a new type of bionic blade-like mini-channel liquid cold plate with high efficiency, low power consumption and certain anti-reverse flow performance was proposed. Firstly, the initial liquid-cooled plate thermal simulation model at 5C discharge was established by CFD method and its reliability was verified by experiment. Then, orthogonal tests and fuzzy correlation analysis (FGRA) were used as evaluation methods to analyze the effects of four structural parameters (inner angle α, circumcenter angle θ1, circumcenter angle θ2, and channel height d) on the average temperature, heat transfer coefficient, and friction coefficient. The results show that the variation of the channel height d had the highest degree of influence on the mean temperature (Tave) and friction coefficient f, and that the internal angle α had the highest correlation with the heat transfer coefficient h. Finally, based on the optimization results, a better model within the range of values of each factor was obtained. When α = 25°, θ1 = 90°,θ2 = 75°, and d = 1.2 mm, Nu was increased by 0.932 (95.08 %), and ΔP was decreased by 501.686 Pa (84.74 %).The results of the optimization were shown in the following table.

Open Reduction Maneuver for Distal Radius Fracture Involving an Intra-articular Sagittal Split

Open Reduction Maneuver for Distal Radius Fracture Involving an Intra-articular Sagittal Split

A late Neoarchean continental arc system in the northeastern North China Craton: constrain from the Guanghua mélange in the Tonghua area, southern Jilin Province

ABSTRACT The late Neoarchean tonalite – trondhjemite – granodiorite (TTG) and mafic rocks record essential information regarding the early tectonic evolution of the North China Craton, which is crucial for understanding the onset and development of the plate tectonic regime. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of petrography, geochronology, and geochemistry of the Guanghua Mélange from the Tonghua area in NE China. The mélange comprises basalt, gabbro, pyroxene diorite, and trondhjemite, and is classified into three groups: basaltic – gabbroic rocks (Group #1), dioritic rocks (Group #2), and trondhjemites (Group #3). Zircon U-Pb analyses indicate that they formed at 2596–2550 Ma, 2531–2515 Ma, and 2502 Ma, respectively, with metamorphism occurring during ~ 2500–2450 Ma. Meanwhile, geochemical data indicate that the calc – alkaline basaltic rocks (Group #1) exhibit slight depletion of Nb or Ta with weakly negative Eu anomalies, suggesting derivation from the lithospheric mantle and formation within a continental arc environment. The pyroxene diorites (Group #2) display similar geochemical characteristics to Group #1, likely formed by partial melting of depleted mantle that underwent sgignificant metasomatism due to variable amounts of slab-derived fluids or melts. The tholeiitic granitoids (Group #3) exhibit strongly fractionated chondrite-normalized REE patterns with high (La/Yb)N and Sr contents, low Y contents, and depletion of Nb, Ta or Ti, resembling adakites generated in arc setting, indicating likely formation through partial melting of subducted oceanic crust. This process was controlled by the initial plate tectonics under a higher geothermal gradient. Consequently, when combined with previous findings, we conclude that an initial subduction of oceanic plate operated in the northeastern North China Craton during the late Neoarchean (>2.55 Ga). Subsequently, it transformed into modern-type plate tectonics during ~ 2.55–2.53 Ga, eventually followed by the continent-continent collision at ~ 2.50–2.45 Ga, resulting in the formation of the Ji – Liao – Ji (Jilin – Liaoning – Hebei) Collision Orogenic Belt.

Flattening aluminum plates with tuning asymmetric rolling parameters

The asymmetric rolling (ASR) process can introduce shear strains inside the plate, resulting in the improvements of microstructures and mechanical properties. Its industrial application for rolling the (mid-)thick plates is impeded by the uncontrollable bending behavior. In this study, the influences of rolling parameters on the bending behavior of the rolled AA 7050 aluminum alloy plates were investigated. It is found that the plate will bend towards the slower roll with larger speed ratios and initial plate thickness as well as lower thickness reduction. A flat plate can be obtained by choosing appropriate rolling parameters. The equivalent plastic strain rate distribution is considered to be critical to the plate bending, the downward bending (towards faster roll) would be associated with an obvious increase of the equivalent plastic strain rate at the top surface of the plate near the end of the deformation zone. Multi-pass asymmetric rolling routes considering bending optimization were proposed and verified through rolling trials. As the speed ratio increased from 1.1 to 1.2, the through-thickness plastic strain became more homogeneous and the total rolling pass numbers decreased by 33 % (from 9 passes to 6 passes).

Synergistic strengthening mechanism of gradient structure AZ31 magnesium alloy plate in hard plate rolling

Compared with homogeneous structural materials, gradient structural materials are easier to realize the strength-ductility optimization. Research on the strengthening mechanism of different gradient structure materials is a meaningful way to broaden the application of gradient structure materials. In this paper, the AZ31 magnesium alloy plate was rolled by hard plate rolling. The gradient structure was controlled by changing the initial plate thickness. When the initial plate thickness was 4 ​mm, AZ31 magnesium alloy shows excellent strength and ductility, the tensile strength was 282.2 ​MPa, and the ductility was 28.4 ​%. The change of the initial plate thickness changes the stress state which forming a gradient structure with different characteristic layers. The extra strengthening between different characteristic layers improves the properties of gradient structure, which makes the magnesium alloy change from a uniaxial stress state to a multi-axial stress state during the tensile process. The increase of the characteristic layer induces more geometrically necessary dislocation accumulation, improving the gradient structure's strength and ductility. This research provides a new design strategy for the forming and performance optimization of gradient structure magnesium alloy plate by hard plate rolling, which has good industrial production and application potential.

In-silico molecular docking study to investigate the disinfection performance of barium ferrate towards Vibrio species isolated from aquaculture wastewater

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the disinfection performance of barium ferrate towards Vibrio species isolated from aquaculture wastewater and comparison with potassium ferrate via molecular docking study. Methodology: The experiments were conducted on Vibrio species isolated from aquaculture wastewater. The barium ferrate dose as Fe(VI) for the treatment ranged from 3.68 to 22.08 mg l-1, respectively. The contact time for the experiment varied from 10 to 60 min. The disinfection performance was calculated by the plate count method. The experimental study was also modeled with density functional theory (DFT) studies. Results: Barium ferrate showed effective disinfection against Vibrio species. A dose of 18.4 mg l-1 Fe(VI) was sufficient for complete disinfection of Vibrio species in 50 min. The initial plate count of 33000 per 100 ml was determined by the CFU method decreased to 0 per 100 ml. The docking study revealed that the binding energy for the interaction of barium ferrate with the Vibrio cholera bacterial protein was-49.71 kcal mol-1. Interpretation: Barium ferrate, a green chemical, thoroughly disinfects Vibrio species without producing harmful by-products, making barium ferrate a suitable disinfectant for aquaculture wastewater treatment. Key words: Barium ferrate, Density Functional Theory, Molecular docking, Vibrio species, Wastewater disinfectant.

The application of UVC light-emitting diodes irradiation for decontamination in fresh Tartary buckwheat noodles

Abstract Fresh noodles are easily to deterioration and contamination by microorganisms, improving its quality retention remains challenging. This study shows the potential of Ultraviolet C light-emitting diodes (UVC-LEDs, 275 nm) for the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis or Staphylococcus aureus inoculated on Tartary buckwheat fresh Tartary buckwheat noodles (FTBN) and as well as the inactivation of natural microbiota and quality of FTBN treated with UVC-LEDs during storage at 25 °C. The results showed that within a certain irradiation range of UVC-LEDs (0–1200 mJ/cm2), B. subtilis and S. aureus inoculated with FTBN would have deactivation and the dosage-dependent manner (P &lt; 0.05). The initial total plate count of FTBN treated with UVC-LEDs was significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05) and shelf life was extended to 3 days. Changes of the pH, color, water distribution, cooking characterisitcs, and texture properties of FTBN treated with UVC-LEDs were delayed during storage. Based on these advantages, UVC-LEDs has good sterilization performance and improves the shelf life of noodles.

Understanding the initial upper plate architecture and shortening distribution in subduction-related orogens: Insights from the Central Andean forearc

The Central Andean Forearc (26°S) structure has been debated for decades. Extension, contraction, and strike-slip deformation are commonly proposed mechanisms to explain the main tectonic elements exposed in the Domeyko Cordillera, Salar de Pedernales Basin, and others partially exposed in the Coastal Cordillera and Central Depression. Although pre-Andean tectonic inheritance seems to have influenced the style and mechanisms of mountain uplift in this region, its current architecture and the way it controlled the shortening distribution during orogen evolution are highly speculative, mainly because some of the tectonic provinces in this segment consist of covered areas (e.g., the Central Depression). To address this question, we present the first balanced cross-section and pre-shortening restoration of the Andean forearc at 26°S. We integrated new field data from the Coastal and Domeyko cordilleras with well data and re-interpreted 2D seismic profiles from the Salar de Pedernales Basin to construct a regional-scale cross-section of 210 km length from the Coastal Cordillera to the current Volcanic Arc, thus showing a two-dimensional (2D tectonic model to help understand the tectonic evolution of the western Central Andes. The results indicate a pre-shortening architecture dominated by Late Permian–Jurassic half-graben structures related to continental rifting. West- and east-dipping basement-rooted normal faults controlled rift-related basins, along which kilometric-scale marine and continental syn-rift sequences accumulated. During early Andean orogenesis, the normal faults were partially inverted, and large anticlines developed at the hanging wall faults, which Upper Cretaceous progressively covered to Paleocene synorogenic units. This suggests that the initial topographic relief in the region resulted from a basin inversion. During the more advanced stages of orogenesis (mid-Cenozoic), new reverse and thrust faults (or shortcut faults) were created, which connected upward with incompetent stratigraphic units and facilitated the propagation of localized fold-and-thrust belts in the eastern Domeyko Cordillera and Salar de Pedernales basins. A minimum of 16.3 km of W-E shortening was reported; however, nearly 11 km was accommodated by the newly created thrusts, indicating that these were most relevant to mountain building.

Experimental ultimate strength assessment of stiffened plates subjected to marine immersed corrosion

This study experimentally analyses the impact of marine immersed corrosion degradation on the compressive strength of the stiffened plates where the lower degradation levels were considered. The corrosion degradation test was accelerated by controlling the natural corrosion environmental factors, avoiding applying an electric current. Different groups of corrosion degradation levels and initial plate thicknesses were investigated. The specimens were subjected to a compressive load via a universal testing machine. The estimated force-displacement relationships and lateral displacements as a function of the degree of degradation were analysed. Several analyses and discussions showed that considering only the mean value of the corrosion thickness loss, it is insufficient to evaluate the stiffened plates' ultimate strength correctly, and the type of corrosion degradation needs to be accounted for appropriately.

Homogenisation of Nonlinear Heterogeneous Thin Plate When the Plate Thickness and In-Plane Heterogeneities are of the Same Order of Magnitude

Summary In this work, we propose a new two-scale finite-strain thin plate theory for highly heterogeneous plates described by a repetitive periodic microstructure. For this type of theory, two scales exist, the macroscopic one is linked to the entire plate and the microscopic one is linked to the size of the heterogeneity. We consider the case when the plate thickness is comparable to in-plane heterogeneities. We assume that the nonlinear macroscopic part of the model is of Kirchhoff–Love type. We obtain the nonlinear homogenised model by performing simultaneously both the homogenisation and the reduction of the initial three-dimensional plate problem to a two-dimensional one. Since nonlinear equations are difficult to solve, we linearise this homogenised Kirchhoff–Love plate theory. Finally, we discuss the treatment of edge effects in the vicinity of the lateral boundary of the plate.

Stress analysis and microstructure evolution of Cu/Al composite plate during corrugated rolling

A 3D finite element model was developed. The accuracy of the model was verified through a rolling experiment in which the reduction rate of the plate was 50%. The metal flow law in the rolling process was analyzed from the perspective of time during the whole corrugated rolling process. The deformation experienced by all metal particles is divided into two periods: the filling period and the extension period. The stress change is complex during the filling period, but the stress change trend is approximate during the extension period. The stress state of characteristic positions is two tensile stresses and one compressive stress when the plate starts to deform, which was analyzed by the Lode angle parameter and triaxiality parameter. The microstructure evolution of the Cu plate was analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technology. Compared with the initial plate, grain refinement occurs at each characteristic position of the Cu plate. There is a phenomenon of grain growth at the trough of the Cu plate after refinement due to the adiabatic temperature increase caused by severe plastic deformation.

Knee Alignment Correction by High Tibial Osteotomy Reduces Symptoms and Synovial Inflammation in Knee Osteoarthritis Accompanied by Macrophage Phenotypic Change From M1 to M2.

This study aimed to determine whether alignment correction by high tibial osteotomy (HTO) can change the biologic intraarticular microenvironment of osteoarthritic (OA) knees. Synovial tissue (ST) and fluid (SF) were collected from the affected knees of 31 OA patients during initial HTO and plate removal surgeries. Changes in gene expression in ST were investigated by microarray and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). ST specimens were also evaluated histologically using synovitis scores and immunofluorescence staining to determine macrophage polarity. Cytokines and chemokines in SF were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The mechanism of macrophage polarization was investigated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) stimulated with cartilage fragments. We also evaluated Spearman correlations between Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome scores (KOOS) and macrophage-related gene expression. The microarray results indicated down-regulated inflammatory genes and pathways. Real-time PCR determined that genes expressing proinflammatory IL1B and IL6 were down-regulated and M2 macrophage-related IL1RA, IL10, CCL18, and CD206 were up-regulated. Histologic findings revealed attenuated synovitis scores and a shift from M1 to M2 macrophages. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) concentrations in SF decreased after HTO. Cartilage fragments were responsible for M1 macrophage polarization and proinflammatory gene and protein expression in macrophages, whereas cartilage fragments up-regulated only IL-6 protein in FLS. Postoperative KOOS positively correlated with the expression of the M2-related genes CCL18 and CD206. Correction of lower limb alignment with HTO attenuated synovial inflammation and changed macrophage polarization from M1 to M2, suggesting an improved intraarticular environment in knee OA.