Initial Plant Research Articles

Population Dynamics of Digitaria sanguinalis and Effects on Soybean Crop under Different Glyphosate Application Timings

Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) is one of the most problematic weeds in summer crops in Argentina. Emergence throughout the season of several cohorts allows the weed to escape postemergence control. Demographic models are useful tools to understand and compare the effect of different agronomic management decisions on weed population growth, as well as to identify critical functional stages that affect population growth rates. The objectives of this work were (i) to study population dynamics of D. sanguinalis in soybean, (ii) to determine the effect of glyphosate application timing on weed demographic parameters and soybean yield losses, and (iii) to evaluate the effect of weed density on soybean yield loss. A field experiment was conducted in two locations, in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Treatments included a control without glyphosate and glyphosate applied at soybean stages V4 or R1. The demographic stages (initial seedbank, seedlings, and adult plants) and parameters (establishment, survival, and fecundity) were estimated. Reproductive organs were evaluated in each cohort, including raceme per plant, spikelets per raceme, and seeds per spikelet. Weed and crop biomass and yield crop were assessed at harvest. Three cohorts were identified, the first of which emerged in November and contributed 93% of the total seedlings and 71% of the total adults. Glyphosate applied at V4 reduced the survival rate of the first cohort, as well as the total shoot biomass and the fecundity rate, increasing the biomass and crop grain yield. Both application timings affected tillers per plant, racemes per tiller, and fertile spikelets per raceme. Glyphosate at R1 did not effectively reduce weed competition, but reduced seed production as application at V4. Yield losses estimated with the model of the rectangular hyperbola according to weed density showed a yield loss at low densities (I) of 18%, and a maximum yield loss (A) of 82%. To avoid yield losses, herbicide applications targeting the first cohort are more effective than later applications targeting subsequent cohorts. However, at both times glyphosate applications reduced the number of seeds entering the seedbank, and therefore the population growth rate.

Vertical Columns with Sustainable Green Cover: Meadow Plants in Urban Design.

Unique vertical column structures were constructed for the greening of a structure at the Botanical Garden of Vilnius University, in which a plant cover was formed using the turf rolls of semi-natural meadows that were wrapped on 197 columns, with each column consisting of three equal segments. By evaluating the species composition and the abundance of vegetation in the segments of the columns, we studied how this natural cover changes and what its survival potential is. During the five years of observation, 97 plant species were determined in total. Over time, the initial plant species of fertile soils were mostly replaced by ruderal, nitrophilous, and pioneer plants. Out of the 58 original species, 18 disappeared, while 39 new ones emerged. In the vegetation cover on the north exposition of the building, the original species composition declined faster. The most persistent species were ruderal short-lived Conyza canadensis, Melilotus albus, and Urtica dioica, and long-lived Elytrigia repens. As for vegetation classes, the initial plant communities of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea elatioris vegetation class were partially replaced by the plant communities of the Koelerio-Corynephoretea canescentis and Artemisietea vulgaris classes; however, unformed plant communities finally became prevalent. All directions, including the north, east, south and west, were equally dominated by semi-shade- and semi-light-loving plant species, together with a less abundant representation of light-loving species. Meanwhile, an unexpected establishment of the light-loving annual Arabidopsis arenosa was observed on the least illuminated north exposition. Likewise, the perennial Festuca pratensis, which is particularly resistant to wintering, emerged and spread on all expositions. The vegetation in the vertical columns was dynamic, and the initial plant species significantly diminished in the five years; however, as new species took place, the columns remained sufficiently covered with a green carpet of plants. This study reveals the benefits of using semi-natural meadow turfs in vertical greening of buildings in the harsh climate of a 5b hardiness zone, which is accompanied by distressing climatic fluctuations during the vegetation season.

Dispersion Analysis studies in Desi Cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) based on Wilk’s Criteria and Canonical Vectors

Gossypium arboreum is a native cotton species of India. It is cultivated from extreme north of Punjab to Kanyakumari in the south and Assam in the east to Kutch (Gujarat) in the west of country. G.arboreum genotypes matures in 150 to 180 days and is usually having coarse and short fibred and has high degree of resistance to diseases and insect pests and is very valuable germplasm resources and have great export value. The investigation for fifty-eight desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) genotypes was undertaken to estimate the degree of divergence among the fifty eight genotypes of desi cotton and thereby to identify potential and diverse genotypes for their utilization in hybridization program based on wilk’s criteria and canonical vectors. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among fifty eight genotypes collected from different cotton growing states in respect of all the twelve morphological characters under study indicating the presence of substantial degree of variability. The canonical root analysis revealed about 80.19 per cent of the total variation was accounted by the first six canonical roots. In root I seed cotton yield per plant, in root II initial plant stand, in root III lint index, in root IV boll weight, in root V number of monopodia per plant and in root VI plant height were important sources of divergence. Among twelve characters studied, seed cotton yield per plant (g) contributed maximum towards divergence followed by initial plant stand, ginning percent, seed index and number of bolls per plant, indicating that yield and yield contributing characters contributed maximum towards divergence. Key words: Canonical roots, D2 analysis, Desi Cotton, Genetic divergence, G. arboreum.

Confirmation of mutation and genetic stability of the M4 generation of chili pepper’s (Capsicum frutescens L.) Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) mutant based on morphological, physiological and molecular characters

Abstract. Arumingtyas EL, Atiaturrochmah, Kusnadi J. 2023. Confirmation of mutation and genetic stability of the M4 generation of chili pepper’s (Capsicum frutescens L.) Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) mutant based on morphological, physiological and molecular characters. Biodiversitas 24: 531-538. The initial generation of Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) random mutations usually still shows high variation due to allele segregation. This research aimed to confirm the genetic differences between the M4 generation of chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) mutant resulted from EMS mutations (G7/01) and the initial line (G7), and the stability of the mutant based on morphological, physiological, and molecular characters. The morphological characters and the capsaicinoid content of the mutants G7/01 with the initial line (G7) were compared. The capsaicinoid content and fruit spiciness were measured by spectrophotometer ? 280 nm. Molecular characterization was conducted using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) genetic markers. Based on the morphological characters, the G7/01 mutants have some superior properties compared to the initial line G7. All the G7/01 mutant plants contain higher capsaicinoid compounds than the initial line plants. The dendrogram developed based on RAPD profile showed that all the mutant plants were positioned apart from the initial line plant, suggesting that there are some genomic changes in the mutants compared to the initial line plants. All the mutant plants, except T1, showed insignificant variation in morphological characteristic, capsaicin content, and RAPD profile, indicating genetic stability.

Stable Artificial Autopolyploids of the Zn/Cd Accumulator Arabidopsis arenosa—A Promising Genetic Resource for Phytoremediation

Arabidopsis arenosa is a good candidate for phytoremediation due to its high tolerance to Zn and Cd as well as its accumulation ability. However, its small size and low biomass are the largest obstacles to applying it on a broad scale. The aim was to obtain polyploid specimens, which tend to have higher biomass to increase the accumulation and translocation capacity of heavy metals in this metal-tolerant plant. Doubled polyploids (octaploids) were obtained via indirect organogenesis on a ½ MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L−1 TDZ, followed by rooting on the same medium without growth regulators. Callus tissue of a high endopolyploidy level (the (Ʃ>2C)/2C ratio over 2.5) obtained on seedling fragments on ½ MS supplemented with 2 mg L−1 2,4-D + 2 mg L−1 BAP served as a source material. Among the regenerants successfully obtained (without using antimitotic agents), over half, regardless of the stage of regenerant development, were octaploid (54–78%; 2C DNA = 1.642 pg). Octaploids were not affected by ploidy or in vitro culture conditions; they were fully fertile, produced normal pollen (~97% of viability), and set seeds capable of germinating (78%). Their cell and organ size was affected by genome doubling resulting in longer stomata, bigger pollen grains, and flowers with a larger area and width in comparison with tetraploid regenerants and initial plants. The promising results of measurements of morpho-anatomical, physiological, and reproductive parameters indicate that, in the future, after passing tolerance tests, the obtained polyploids could be used in phytoremediation of metal-contaminated areas.

Genetic variation and characterization of Bambara groundnut [Vigna subterranea (L.) verdc.] accessions under multi-environments considering yield and yield components performance

Bambara groundnut has significant role to play in terms of food security, even though researchers in agriculture have paid very little attention to the crop in the past. This study aimed to investigate the high-yielding accessions in three environments. A total of 34 phenological, vegetative and yield traits were measured and analyzed statistically with R software. There were significant differences in all the traits except for plant height, initial plant stand, panicle length per stem, and petiole length. Across the three environments, TVSU-455 gave the highest values for the total number of pods (42.67), final plant stands (7.67), fresh seed weights (45.83), number of seeds per plant (46.62), hundred seed weight with a value (124.56), dry seed weight (27.14), fresh pod weight (92.65), harvest index of 0.57, yield per plot (45.83) and unshelled yield per plot (550.26). TVSU-455 was the only accession in cluster I of the dendrogram based on its superiority over other accessions. The clustering analysis produced a dendrogram categorizing the 15 accessions into 4 groups based on the vegetative, phenological, and yield traits. There were significant differences among the correlations of the 34 traits. The first two principle components explained 56.16% of the total variation with each dimension accounting for 39.85% and 16. 31% variation, respectively. TVSU-455 can be recommended for stability analysis.

Ponderosa pine introduction methods following a high-severity stand-replacing fire to promote forest regeneration

BackgroundIn July 2012, a lightning strike ignited the Arapaho Fire in the Laramie Mountains of Wyoming and burned approximately 39,700 ha. This high-severity fire resulted in 95% mortality of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson) at the University of Wyoming’s Rogers Research Site. Ponderosa pine recruitment post-high-severity wildfire is limited in semi-arid and mid-elevation forests in the Rocky Mountain region due to the reduction of seed supplies from living trees, warm temperatures, and limited precipitation. We used an experimental block design to determine management treatments that would increase ponderosa pine abundance, and we measured the impacts to the vegetation community, ground cover, and bare ground following a high-severity wildfire. Treatments included a combination of one pine introduction treatment (natural regeneration, broadcast seeding, and planted seedlings), one logging treatment (no logging, bole only removal, whole tree removal), and erosion control seeding (no erosion seeding and seeding with a native grass mix) in each plot within a block.ResultsOur results indicate that the pine introduction treatment “planted seedlings” was the most effective restoration treatment in semi-arid, mid-elevation sites, although the overall survival rate of seedlings from initial planting in 2015 to 2017 was only 6%. “Whole tree removal” had a weak positive effect on the “planted seedlings” ponderosa pine abundance. The estimated mean percent moss cover was higher in the “no logging” treatment, and this treatment resulted in a lower mean percent bare ground. Overall, 2 years after implementation, the management treatments did not result in different vegetation communities.ConclusionsNo difference in vegetation functional group cover among the pine introduction and logging treatments at the RRS is likely due to the large landscape heterogeneity with differing slopes and two different aspects coupled with the short time frame since the implementation of the treatments at the site. The direct implications of these findings suggest that hand planting ponderosa pine seedlings is an effective way for managers to reintroduce ponderosa pine 3 years following a high-severity wildfire in semi-arid and mid-elevation sites in the northern Rocky Mountains.

Analysis of the growth of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) on the initial weight and different plant distance cultured off the base of waters of lingayan island

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan rumput laut E. cottonii pada bobot awal dan jarak tanam berbeda yang dibudidayakan di lepas dasar perairan. Bibit rumput laut jenis E. cottonii dipelihara selama 42 hari. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Pola Faktorial yang terdiri atas 2 faktor, yaitu faktor J (Jarak Tanam) dan faktor B (Bobot Bibit). Faktor J terdiri atas 3 taraf (20 cm, 30 cm dan 40 cm) dan faktor B terdiri atas 3 taraf (50 g, 75 g, dan 100 g), sehingga diperoleh 27 unit satuan percobaan. Data dianalisis ragam terlebih dahulu dilakukan uji keterpenuhan asumsi dasar analisis ragam, yaitu uji sebaran data Kolmogorov-Smirnov, uji kesamaan ragam perlakuan Bartlett dan uji keaditifan model Metode Tukey dengan menggunakan program aplikasi excel dan Minitab 16. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan jarak tanam tidak berpengaruh (P>0,05) terhadap perturbing bobot mutlak. Kombinasi perlakuan tertinggi terdapat pada kombinasi jarak tanam 30 cm dengan bobot awal 50 g (J2B3) dan yang terendah terdapat pada kombinasi jarak tanam 30 cm dengan bobot awal 100 g (J2B1). Perbedaan bobot awal (50, 75 dan 100 g) berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap pertumbuhan bobot mutlak. Semakin tinggi bobot awal yang digunakan maka pertumbuhan bobot mutlak E. cottonii semakin meningkat dengan peningkatan bobot rata-rata berkisar 260,34- 435,92 gram.

МОДЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ ЕЛОВЫХ НАСАЖДЕНИЙ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СХЕМЫ ПОСАДКИ И ИНТЕНСИВНОСТИ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ СЛУЧАЙНЫХ ВНЕШНИХ ФАКТОРОВ

With rational forestry management, it is created special artificial forest plantations of high productivity for technically valuable species allowing the largest supply of grown wood. One of the ways to increase the supply of wood per unit of forest area is to regulate the initial density and planting pattern of trees. Using simulation methods, it is shown that in the absence of external influences, a checkerboard planting pattern is an optimal one providing a larger supply of wood as compared to a rectangular pattern. In real conditions, there are risks of dying off for individual trees due to random external factors like gusts of wind and phytophages. Therefore, in real life the supply of wood grown under such optimal planting schemes would be significantly lower as compared to the calculated values obtained. In this regard, there arise problems aimed at studying the plantings productivity dependent on the planting pattern and the intensity of tree death during the forest stand growth as a result of the random external factors influence. To solve these problems, we used a simulation model of tree communities dynamics, which takes into account the spatial location of each tree, in this way making it easy to simulate various forest planting schemes and remove some trees at any step of modeling. As a result of the computational experiments, the optimal values of spruce plantations initial density have been defined for different planting schemes, dependent on the intensity of the external factors influence. It is shown that at a certain intensity of the external factors impact, the maximum timber stock does not depend on the planting scheme, but is determined by the initial density of the forest stand.When the impact intensity increases,, the planting density also needs to be increased, in order to obtain the maximum reserve.

A

“Culantro”, also known as “cilantro” (Eryngium foetidum) is extensively used in seasoning, marinating and garnishing as a culinary condiment. It’s occasionally used as a cover for coriander leaves, but has a much stronger taste. Agro-homoeopathy is one of the newest approaches in husbandry exploration and also is the most chemical free, nontoxic system of growing food and other crops. So, this exploration was carried out with indigenous Culantro using Homoeopathic medicine Magnesium Phosphoricum 6X & 6C potencies at biodynamic farming prospective level. This study was conducted for 90 days to assess initial plant growth in 7 different settings to minimize obscurity. The growth was assessed by measuring plant height, number & size of leaves in millimeters. After study period the compliances shown that, Homoeopathic medicine Magnesium Phosphoricum 6X & Magnesium Phosphoricum 6C is effective in cultivating indigenous Culantro and can be recommended for agrarian field for cultivation of indigenous Culantro (Eryngium foetidum).

不同生态调控情景下人工林可持续经营收益研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 不同生态调控情景下人工林可持续经营收益研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202206291848 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(71803180);国家社会科学基金项目(22BGL168);教育部人文社科青年基金项目(18YJCZH140);浙江省软科学研究计划项目(2023C35077) Research on sustainable management benefits of plantation under different ecological regulation scenarios Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:在林业碳汇项目设计与作业标准基础上,将中国东北地区典型人工林生长与经营相关多源数据融合,运用系统动力学理论与方法,构建人工林生态经济系统模型,通过设计实施主伐/间伐、营造混交林、补植补造等不同生态调控情景,模拟并预测人工林可持续经营的生态-经济收益,以此掌握人工林生态调控机制,并为人工林可持续经营决策提供参考。模拟结果显示:①高初植密度能有效增汇,而低初植密度相比基准情景则减少了碳汇;②高主伐率使得木材收益大幅提升,而无主伐限制了木材收益,且从长期来看碳汇收益有限;③高密度-无主伐情景下的累计碳汇量最大,高密度-高主伐情景下的木材收益净现值和总收益净现值最大;若以可持续经营为目标,平衡生态收益和经济收益,则高密度-高主伐情景为理想选择,该情景的累计碳汇量相比高密度-无主伐情景损失有限,对应碳汇收益净现值为357.9万元,以5%贴现率计算的木材总收益和累计总收益的净现值分别为1219.35万元和1577.25万元。由此证实了以林业碳汇项目为依托,因地制宜地构建将造林、抚育、采伐、再造林更新于一体的人工林可持续经营项目,平衡发挥森林生态系统的综合功能,可纾解因无法采伐所带来的高额机会成本,在增汇的同时获得更大的木材收益。适度提高造林密度或造林面积可以增汇,但碳汇收益还取决于碳定价;此外,合理采伐也是实现人工林可持续经营的方式之一,可持续经营收益的关键在于科学的生态调控机制;应向平衡生态与经济收益的目标转变,加快林业经营理念转变与相关法律体系制定。 Abstract:Based on the design and operation standards of forestry carbon sequestration project, the multi-source data related to the growth and management of typical plantations in Northeast China are integrated, and the ecological and economic system model of plantations is constructed by using the theory and method of system dynamics. The ecological and economic benefits of sustainable management of plantations are simulated and predicted through the design and implementation of different ecological regulation scenarios such as main felling/thinning, creation of mixed forests, replanting to master the ecological regulation mechanism and provide reference for sustainable management decision of plantations. The simulation results show that: ① high initial planting density can effectively increase the carbon sequestration, while low initial planting density can reduce the carbon sequestration compared with the baseline scenario; ② High main cutting rate has greatly increased the timber benefits, while no main cutting has limited the timber benefits, and the carbon-sequestration benefits are limited in the long run; ③ The cumulative carbon sequestration of plantation is the largest under the scenario of high density and no main cutting, and the net present value of timber benefits and the net present value of total benefits of plantation are the largest under the scenario of high density and high main cutting. If we take sustainable management as the goal, balance ecological and economic benefits, and take the high density and high main cutting scenario as the optimal choice, the loss of the cumulative carbon sequestration is limited in this scenario compared with the high density and no main cutting scenario. The corresponding net present value of carbon-sequestration benefits is 3.579 million yuan, and the net present value of total timber benefits and cumulative total benefits at a discount rate of 5% are 12.1935 million yuan and 15.7725 million, respectively. It is confirmed that the sustainable management project of plantations integrating afforestation, tending, cutting, reforestation and regeneration based on the forestry carbon sequestration project can be built according to local conditions, and the comprehensive function of forest ecosystem can be balanced. It can relieve the high opportunity cost caused by the inability to cut, and obtain greater timber benefits while increasing carbon sequestration. Moderate increase of afforestation density or afforestation area can increase carbon sequestration, but the benefits of carbon sequestration also depend on carbon pricing. In addition, rational cutting is also one of the ways to achieve sustainable management of plantation; the key to sustainable management benefits lies in scientific ecological regulation mechanism. We should change to the goal of balancing ecological and economic benefits, accelerate the transformation of forestry management concept and the formulation of relevant legal system. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Содержание NDF в объемистых кормах в ТОО «Победа» Павлодарской области Казахстана

For ruminants, the basis of the diet is voluminous feed, in the dry matter of which structural carbohydrates occupy a significant place. Despite the fact that ruminants have a complex system adapted to the digestion of fiber, the latter is far from completely absorbed in the digestive tract of animals. Established, that the highest percentage of NDF and lignin was contained in the straw and amounted to 81,4 and 24,2 %, respectively. Hay showed a lower content of these feed elements. Our results are consistent with the data of other authors where the amount of NDF and lignin in cereal hay was 67,0 and 9,3 %, and the amount of hemicellulose and cellulose was 26,7 and 31,4 %. In other feeds of Pobeda LLP, the content of NDF is as follows: in silage – 25,0 %, in haylage – 62,0 %. This quality of feed was obtained largely due to the observance of the terms of grass mowing, that is, from the quality of the initial plant material. As the research results showed, the silage harvested on the farm contains an average of 36 % dry matter. Corn silage harvested on the farm contains an average of 61,0 % NDF and 30,5 % ADF, which is consistent with the data of other authors, where the content of NDF in corn silage is 54,6 % and 34,3 % ADF of dry matter. The data are confirmed by studies of scientists, where NDF in corn silage was 59,2 % and 31,3 % ADF, as well as scientists, in the works of which, the number of NDF, ADF and lignin was 58,9; 32,9 and 5,4 %.

Importance of starting material for plant breeding

All agricultural crops are created by breeding. But the use of breeding is closely related to the methods of obtaining the source material. As these methods improved, new possibilities for breeding opened up and its creative role in the creation of new plant breeds increased. It is very important to know what all or a certain group of breeds have in common and how they differ from each other. It is important to emphasize the following points - the group of plants that make up the variety has a common origin. It is a multiplied offspring from one or a few plants. By propagating the parental initial plants, in their offspring, through breeding, they achieve similarities in economic and biological properties and morphological characteristics. The degree of this similarity, depending on the source material and breeding methods, may be different. The variety is created for cultivation in certain natural and production conditions. In the presence of appropriate natural and production conditions, the variety should provide stable high yields and quality products.

Manufacturing in a Natural Resource Based Economy: Evidence from Canadian Plants

This study investigates the effects of an oil boom on manufacturing plants performance. First, we derive several predictions using a model of heterogeneous firms. Second, we test these predictions on a plant level dataset using the Canadian Annual Survey of Manufacturers for 2000–2010. We exploit the time variation of the booming natural resource sector revenue in an oil-producing area in combination with the location of manufacturing plants to create an exogenous treatment variable. The outcome variables include plant level wages, employment, sales, and exports. We find that initial plant level productivity provides an important differentiation in average plants effects. Plants that are more productive become more likely to export in response to the oil boom, while less productive plants become less likely to export. Exporting firms become more likely to increase wages relative to non-exporting firms, but less likely to increase employment. While there is a great variety in the effect by sector, we do not observe that industry linkages with the resource industry drive plant performance.

Standardization of vigour test to predict field emergence and difference of seed vigour among lentils (Lens culinaris L.) seed lots

Selecting seeds with high vigour eminently affects initial plant growth and determines plant stand. Various tests including electrical conductivity (EC), radicle emergence counts (RE), and standard germination (SG) tests were used to assess the vigour of eleven lentils (Lens culinaris L.) seed lots. Lentil seed lots with over 75% normal germination, were germinated with the use of an ISTA standard germination test. The radicle emergence (2 mm) was tallied at constant intervals from 24-120 h. The seed lots were sown in the fields and 40 days after sowing, the final seedling emergence was evaluated. The standard germination test demonstrated that there was no substantial correlation between standard germination and field emergence. However, after 24-h of germination, there was a highly significant correlation between seed emergence and radicle emergence count (r = 0.89; p < 0.001). Hence, at 24 h, radicle emergence counts attributed to variations in field emergence by 80%. Results revealed that at 24 h, radicle emergence count during germination could be used as a vigour test to evaluate the full potential of field emergence of lentil seed lots.

Gelatin capsules as a delivery system for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seed enhancements

Seed enhancements involve post-harvest modifications of seeds intended to improve germination and plant performance. This includes seed modifications that facilitates the delivery of other plant-benefiting components (e. g., nutrients or plant protectants). This study examined the use of tomato-seed encapsulation as a possible extension of seed coatings. Placing seeds within gelatin capsules offers potential benefits including space for greater volumes of additives, separation between protectant chemicals and seeds, minimised human exposure to agrochemicals, and improved uniformity for mechanical planters. The objectives of this study were to determine if seed encapsulation alters seedling emergence, plant performance and serves as a delivery- system for controlled-release fertilizers. The results demonstrate that seed encapsulation delayed initial plant emergence by one day, and between one and two days for encapsulation with fertilizer treatments. Gelatin capsules alone in comparison with the control improved early root development, promoted plant growth and increased fruit production, indicative of gelatin's biostimulant properties. The addition of controlled-release fertilizers (especially Florikan, 18:6:8) provided greater aboveground, belowground and total plant mass. The results of this study support the concept that seed encapsulation can improve tomato performance, and that other component(s) can be successfully delivered to provide additional plant benefits.

EFFECT OF NAA AND BAP APPLICATION ON THE GROWTH RESPONSES OF Mentha × piperita L.

Mentha × piperita L., also known as peppermint, is a plant with various uses, including medicine, cosmetics, and food. Numerous industries have a high need for peppermint products, but Indonesia is currently unable to meet this demand and should continue to import peppermint. One effort can be made to improve cultivation procedures, and tissue culture becomes one alternative. This research uses shoots as explants with Murashige &amp; Skoog's basic media and growth regulators BAP and NAA. The research was conducted in two phases: six-week initial planting and seven-week subculture. The treatment of BAP 4 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L provides better performance for the number of leaves, and BAP 3 mg/L produced the best response regarding the number of shoots. Furthermore, BAP 1 mg/L + NAA 1 mg/L produced the best response to shoot height and number of leaves, and BAP 3 mg/L + NAA 0.5 mg/L generated the best response to root length. Based on the research, BAP 3 mg/L is the optimal treatment.

The influence of moistening conditions and seed treatment with biological preparations on the growth and yield of winter wheat varieties

Purpose. To determine the influence of the moistening conditions and treatment of seeds with biological preparations Azotofit-r, Fitotsyd, Mycofriend-r, Orhanik-balans Monofosfor on growth processes at the initial plant life stages, formation of stand density and grain yield of winter wheat varieties. Methods. General scientific, special, field, mathematical-statistical and calculation-comparative methods were used for research. Results. The key to a high yield of winter wheat is in obtaining even stands, forming the optimal density of plant stands at the time of harvesting, taking into account their survival rates, the coefficient of productive tillering, and the study of new varieties adapted to climate changes. According to the research results, it was determined that, on average, for 2020–2022, the highest grain yield among the studied varieties of winter wheat was recorded in plants of the variety ‘Duma Odeska’ (8.38 t/ha) under irrigation in the variant with pre-sowing treatment of seeds with the biopreparation Azotofit-r, which was 0.78 t/ha more compared to the control (treatment with water). In the variant without irrigation, the yield was 6.08 t/ha, which was less than the control by 2.3 t/ha or 27.4%. Conclusions. The developed elements of the technology of winter wheat varieties growing make it possible to form the optimal plant density and significantly increase grain yield in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine

Variability of morphological features and nuclear DNA content in haploids and doubled haploids of androgenic callus lines of rice (&lt;I&gt;Oryza sativa&lt;/I&gt; L.)

The work is relevant for understanding evolutionary processes in plant species. Twelve callus lines with multiple regeneration of haploids and doubled haploids were obtained in F1 hybrids of Oryza sativa L. through in vitro androgenesis. Intracallus variability of the morphological features of haploids was often accompanied by a decrease in the values of morphological features with an increase in the serial number (p &lt; 0.05). The number of panicles on a plant and the number of flowers on a panicle on two callus lines in the second or third group were increased. No variability was detected in five callus lines, i.e., such a phenomenon was not a rule. The nuclear DNA content of doubled haploids in four groups of the same callus line was 1.03– 1.09 pg, and for haploids it was 0.53–0.58 pg. Intracallus variability of nuclear DNA content was detected between groups of haploids of the same line and among doubled haploids of the same line. Significant differences were found between the haploids of one callus line and the three other callus lines of the Sadko × Kuboyar hybrid towards an increase of nuclear DNA content (p &lt; 0.0015). The theoretical possibility of the appearance of intraspecific variability among plants with a small number of chromosomes is considered. A scheme of genomic reorganization is proposed for such species: initial plant (2n) → aneuhaploid plants (n + 1) → megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis of the 0-n type, formation of fertile pollen (n + 1) → diploid plant (2n + 2). Aneuhaploid evolution explains the intraspecific variability of chromosome numbers among plant species with low ploidy. Aneuploid technologies can help in the artificial formation of new polyploid crops, and rice is given a primary role.

Characterization of vegetation and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community in soils impacted by gold mining in Colombia

Mining extraction has a substantial impact on soil and vegetation cover. However, little is known about its effect on the flora and microorganisms associated with these environments. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) form associations with plants, improving their development in environments contaminated with heavy metals, among other benefits. Native plants and AMF found in the soil degraded by mining play an essential role in establishing programs dealing with recovering areas influenced by these activities. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize vegetation and AMF abundance and diversity in an area affected by gold mining in Colombia. Vegetation was evaluated in two areas, one adjacent to mining deposits with native vegetation (SI-N) and the other in an intermediate area with mining waste and initial natural plant successions (SI-SV). AMF was assessed in the SI-N and the mining waste area (SI-M). Vegetation was quantified using the RAP method, and AMF was assessed using wet sieving from direct soil samples and trap crops. Vegetation evaluations identified 605 individuals belonging to 29 families, 46 genera, and 54 species, and AMF assessment identified 11 species and five genera. Diversity was established using Hill numbers, finding that SI-N was more diverse for vegetation (Q1: 11.94) and SI-M for AMF (Q1: 3.07). Heavy metals and vegetation decreased the diversity and abundance of AMF in the SI-M. Plant species of the genera Baccharis, Agrostis, Miconia, and the AMF Glomus microcarpum were the most frequent species with potential for recovery in degraded areas.