Initial Letter Research Articles

Impacts of Text Shadowing in Developing EFL Young Learners’ Speaking Skills

This study aims to investigate the impacts of Text Shadowing technique in developing the English speaking skills of young learners. To pursuit the aim, the research employed a quasi-experimental method with the participation of seventy-eight Grade 2 pupils who were divided into an intervention group and a non-intervention group. The data analysis indicates improvements in speaking performance among both groups after eight weeks of intervention. Particularly, the intervention group achieved higher improvement than the non-intervention in terms of memorizing the initial letter sounds, clearly pronouncing words and having better intonation. Besides, the majority of the participants in the intervention group held positive attitudes toward learning and improving their pronunciation and fluency by Text Shadowing technique. Most of them found interest and confidence in learning and speaking English. The article ends with a suggestion that further studies should consider a larger sample size to obtain a better picture of the reality of the effect of Text Shadowing technique on speaking skills.

To Remind or Not to Remind During Recruitment? An Analysis of an Online Panel in Germany.

Objective: To explore the role of reminders in recruiting and maintaining participation in an online panel. Methods: 50,045 individuals from five German federal states were invited by regular mail to participate in the online study "Health-Related Beliefs and Healthcare Experiences in Germany." Those who did not respond to the first attempt received a postal reminder. Comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics and responses were made between first-attempt respondents and those who enrolled after the second letter. Results: After the initial letter, 2,216 (4.4%, 95%CI: 4.3%-4.6%) registered for the study; after a reminder 1,130 (2.5%, 2.3%-2.6% of those reminded) enrolled. Minor sociodemographic differences were observed between the groups and the content of the responses did not differ. Second-attempt respondents were less likely to participate in subsequent questionnaires: 67.3% of first-attempt vs. 43.3% of second-attempt respondents participated in their fourth survey. Recruitment costs were 79% higher for second-attempt respondents. Conclusion: While reminders increased the number of participants, lower cost-effectiveness and higher attrition of second-attempt respondents support the use of single invitation only for studies with a similar design to ours when the overall participation is low.

Between Scriptura et Pictura: Meditation on the Domus Dei and the Devotion of the Holy House of Mary

This article examines the representation and significance of the Holy House of Mary as a metaphor for the domus Dei in the initial letters of a 13th-century Book of Hours (Brailes Hours BL MS Add. 49999) using hermeneutics, visual studies, and anthropology of art methodologies. The manuscript delves into the theological implications of the doctrine of the Incarnation and the virginal divine motherhood of Mary depicted in these images. Additionally, it explores the connection between these representations and the devotion to the Holy House of Nazareth and its replica in the sanctuary of Our Lady of Walsingham, recognized as a sacred pilgrimage site. To conduct this analysis, the article considers the figures of the Holy House depicted on pilgrim badges and religious jewels. Specifically, it focuses on the Hylle jewel, whose effectiveness, attributed to its form and materiality, symbolized the aurea palatium Dei.

Redundant Acronym Syndrome in Indonesian News Articles: A Corpus Analysis Approach

The aims of the study are to explore the occurrence of Redundant Acronym Syndrome (RAS) in Indonesian news articles and examine its implications by employing corpus analysis approach. The main source of the data from the Indonesian news corpus, which consists of 150,466 articles from Indonesian news websites over a six-month period spanned from July 2015 to December 2015. The data analysis was conducted by using Antconc software version 4.02. The analysis reveals a systematic and recognisable structure in acronym formation, highlighting cultural or organisational conventions such as initial phoneme retention, retention of syllables + letters, and retention of syllables and syllables, and retention of initial phonemes and letters. The findings of this study revealed a total of 40 Redundant Acronym with 5730 occurrences identified in the Indonesian news corpus, covering various fields such as the name of football clubs, banks, political parties, educational institutions, government-related terms, and commonly used phrases. This research also discussed that that RAS in news articles can have both negative and positive impacts. It negatively impact readability by making repetitions and potentially confusing the reader. In contrast, RAS can also improve clarity by emphasising certain aspects or reinforcing associations in acronyms, so that readers can instantly recognise and understand them. The findings provided valuable insights for news writers and editors, emphasising the importance of a balance between readability and clarity in news articles.

Ornament and Status: Three Early Palaeologan Illuminated Manuscripts

The ‘Vatican Epithalamion’ (BAV Vat. gr. 1851) was recently dated by Peter Schreiner to 1271 or 1272. In this paper, I present an additional argument for his dating by comparing the Epithalamion’s zoomorphic initial letters with those found in two other codices datable to the reign of Michael VIII Palaeologus: a Gospelbook (Mount Athos, Iviron Monastery, 5) and a Psalter (Jerusalem, Greek Patriarchal Library, Παναγίου Τάφου 51). This comparison suggests also that zoomorphic ornament functioned at the time as a marker of social status.

W którym pułku służył Piotr Niewiadomski – bohater Soli ziemi Józefa Wittlina?

A COMMENT ON THE ATTEMPTS TO IDENTIFY PIOTR NIEWIADOMSKI’S REGIMENTThe 2022 Polish critical edition of Józef Wittlin’s World War One novel, Salt of the Earth, features a footnote where the editor unequivocally identifies the main protagonist’s military unit as the Austro-Hungarian 55th Infantry Regiment, based on the initial letter of the unit’s Colonel-in-chief ’s name mentioned by the author. This aligns with the 1991 edition, which previously identified him as Nicholas I of Montenegro. With publications on the Austro- -Hungarian army now more widely accessible, the new editor enumerates the regiment’s characteristics and briefly outlines its history. However, other pertinent details scattered throughout the novel, such as the unit’s recruiting district (Śniatyn in Eastern Galicia), its garrison town (Stanisławów), and facing colour (orange), are completely disregarded. This article aims to demonstrate that, when considered collectively, these clues lead to the conclusion that Wittlin’s portrayal of the unit is entirely fictitious. The writer not only fails to mention the regiment’s number (replacing it with “X”) but also presents its mutually exclusive formal characteristics. It can be inferred that the author either could not present the unit consistently or, more likely, intentionally did so to prevent readers from associating it with any actual place and people. This conclusion is drawn from scrutiny of official printed sources in German, along with fundamental Austrian and Polish publications.

Validation and comparisons of the Amnesia Light and Brief Assessment (ALBA), the door Picture Naming and Immediate Recall (PICNIR) and the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III (ACE‐III) for detecting cognitive impairment

AbstractBackgroundTwo unique very brief tests are easily administered and cognitively demanding. The Amnesia Light and Brief Assessment (abbreviated from the initial letters as ALBA) lasting 3 minutes and the door PICture Naming and Immediate Recall (PICNIR) lasting 4 minutes were validated and compared with the seven times longer Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III (ACE‐III) (20‐30 minutes).MethodsThe ALBA, PICNIR and ACE‐III were administered to 155 elderly individuals in 2 groups comprising 40 patients with neurocognitive disorders according to DSM‐5 criteria and 116 normal elderly adults. The ALBA was evaluated using the memory ALBA score (MAS). The PICNIR was assessed using numbers of naming errors (NE) and correctly recalled picture names (PICR).ResultsAll the tests were significantly different between the two age‐ and education matched groups (ACE‐III: 73±11 vs. 96±4 points) and showed excellent accuracy as assessed by the area under the ROC Curve (AUC): 0.89 for MAS, 0.81 for NE, 0.96 for PICR and 0.98 for the ACE‐III. The AUCs of PICR and ACE‐III were comparable and larger than those of MAS and NE. The ACE‐III strongly correlated with MAS and PICR (0.8, R2 = 60% each) and NE (‐0.7, R2 = 48%) in the whole sample.ConclusionsThe innovative and efficient ALBA and PICNIR tests have high discriminant validity for cognitive impairment and high convergent validity with the ACE‐III. Moreover, they can reliably predict total ACE‐III scores. Brevity and simple administration and evaluation are major advantages of the ALBA and the PICNIR over much longer ACE‐III for busy clinical practice.Supported by grant COOPERATIO Neuroscience, Charles University, GAUK 268321 a SVV 260599 and grant NU20‐07‐00100.

The impact of guessing and retrieval strategies for learning phrasal verbs

Abstract Previous research on phrasal verbs has focused on the effectiveness of exercises requiring learners to provide the missing particle for a given verb. However, this research does not address other common exercise formats, such as those requiring learners to complete entire phrasal verbs. This study aims to bridge this gap by exploring such an exercise format and its two principal implementations. The participants were 134 Japanese EFL learners. Both exercise setups present the definition and initial letter of a phrasal verb as a prompt. In the guessing method, students attempt to fill in the missing phrasal verb based solely on the prompt and then receive corrective feedback. In contrast, in the error-free retrieval method, students study the phrasal verb and its definition before attempting the same gap-fill exercise. Retention of phrasal verbs improved more with the guessing method. Further, across both methods, participants struggled more with recalling particles than verbs.

No Abelardo līdz Azazello jeb kaķu vārdi ar sākumburtu A

One of the reasons for choosing cat names tends to be a specific letter with which the name should begin. Although this is mainly the case for cats born in kennels, the choice of the initial letter of the cat’s name may also have been influenced by other factors (e.g. matching the name to that of the mother, sibling, other family pet, or owner). This article focuses on cat names that begin with the first letter of the Latvian alphabet. The material under review comes from the responses to a questionnaire created by the author and posted on Facebook at the end of 2020. Of all the cat names in the survey, approximately 2.3%, or 454 cat names, begin with A and 237 are different from each other. The three most popular cat names with the initial letter A are Ance (33), Ansis (21) and Alise (13). In addition to changing cat names (Avena > Avenīte, Alpiņš > Alpina), some shortened forms may be used in everyday communication, often resembling hypocoristics or nicknames (Arčibalds > Arčijs, Adrija > Ada). Although it is not possible to divide all cat names into strict semantic groups, and this article discusses trends in the choice of cat names without giving a percentage breakdown of each semantic group, it is clear that the reasons for choosing cat names are varied, for example, the name-giver’s perception of how the name sounds (Amūrs, Aza), the cat’s appearance (Asaka, Astī), behaviour (Atspere, Ašais), time (Amors, Augusts) or place (Avene) of birth or finding, desire for an unusual name (Alisters, Alfijs) or Latvian name (Ansis, Ance), the name-giver’s interests, hobbies, occupations (Aksis, Akords), name matching (Punktiņa and Antons), attempt of humour (Amālija Pūderslotiņa) and so on. However, it is important that the survey responses allow us to look at cat names from a socio-onomastic perspective, as the information provided by respondents demonstrates that the motivations for the same word can be quite different. The article gives an insight into the interesting world of cat names and can also be a source for choosing and making new cat names.

Returning incidentally discovered Hepatitis C RNA-seq results to COPDGene study participants

The consequences of returning infectious pathogen test results identified incidentally in research studies have not been well-studied. Concerns include identification of an important health issue for individuals, accuracy of research test results, public health impact, potential emotional distress for participants, and need for IRB permissions. Blood RNA-sequencing analysis for non-human RNA in 3984 participants from the COPDGene study identified 228 participants with evidence suggestive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We hypothesized that incidentally discovered HCV results could be effectively returned to COPDGene participants with attention to the identified concerns. In conjunction with a COPDGene Participant Advisory Panel, we developed and obtained IRB approval for a process of returning HCV research results and an HCV Follow-Up Study questionnaire to capture information about previous HCV diagnosis and treatment information and participant reactions to return of HCV results. During phone calls following the initial HCV notification letter, 84 of 124 participants who could be contacted (67.7%) volunteered that they had been previously diagnosed with HCV infection. Thirty-one of these 124 COPDGene participants were enrolled in the HCV Follow-Up Study. Five of the 31 HCV Follow-Up Study participants did not report a previous diagnosis of HCV. For four of these participants, subsequent clinical HCV testing confirmed HCV infection. Thus, 30/31 Follow-Up Study participants had confirmed HCV diagnoses, supporting the accuracy of the HCV research test results. However, the limited number of participants in the Follow-Up Study precludes an accurate assessment of the false-positive and false-negative rates of the research RNA sequencing evidence for HCV. Most HCV Follow-Up Study participants (29/31) were supportive of returning HCV research results, and most participants found the process for returning HCV results to be informative and not upsetting. Newly diagnosed participants were more likely to be pleased to learn about a potentially curable infection (p = 0.027) and showed a trend toward being more frightened by the potential health risks of HCV (p = 0.11). We conclude that HCV results identified incidentally during transcriptomic research studies can be successfully returned to research study participants with a carefully designed process.

An Analysis of Abbreviation on the University Students’ Speech

<div class="WordSection1"><p>Abbreviations are often used to save time and space in writing or speech and become a trend of communication. They are created by taking the initial letters or syllables of a longer word or phrase and forming a compact representation of it. Abbreviations are commonly used in various fields such as education, medicine, science, and technology, and the most common usage is in everyday communication. This study aims to find out the type of abbreviation formation carried out by Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University students during their communication. This study used a qualitative descriptive method due to the researchers described the analysis in the form of sentence. The data was taken from the students’ communication in terms of recording. The results show that there are 4 classifications of abbreviation used by Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University students, namely acronyms which are obtained at 35.3%, shorthand which is 42.2%, fragments are 14%, and contractions which are 8,5%. No abbreviation is found in the form of a crest.</p></div>

Jewish Surname Changes (Sampling of Prague Birth Registries 1867–1918)

The study focuses on changes of surnames among Czech and Moravian Jews. The changes are tracked until the start of the German occupation in 1939. The source material is comprised of Jewish birth registers from 1867 to 1918 from Prague, as this was the most populous Jewish community of the region. These records are part of fund No. 167 stored in the Czech National Archive. More than 17,000 Jewish children were born in Prague during this period and only 350 of them changed their surnames. Surnames were mostly changed by young men under the age of 30. A large wave of renaming occurred mainly at the beginning of the 1920s shortly after the formation of Czechoslovakia (1918). Renaming was part of the assimilation process but was not connected to conversion to Christianity. The main goal was the effort to remove names perceived as ethnically stereotypical, which could stigmatize their bearers (e.g., Kohn, Löwy, Abeles, Taussig, Goldstein, etc.). Characteristic of the new surnames was the effort to preserve the same initial letter from the original surname. The phenomenon is compared with the situation in neighboring countries (Germany, Hungary, and Poland).

TERMINOLOGY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT IN MARITIME SUBLANGUAGE

The article examines the principles of maritime terms terminology formation, and provides their translation into Ukrainian. Under the conditions of the English-Ukrainian and Ukrainian-English dictionaries absence in the field of the maritime industry, the problem of scientific and technical literature translation, being a tool of intercultural communication, acquires special attention. Maritime terms correspond to the well-known classification of scientific and technical terms, among which general scientific, general technical and highly specialized terms are distinguished. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the term system (TC) of various marine-related industries belongs to the group of macro term systems; among them we can single out the following ones: singlecomponent terms, divided into simple or root terms, affixer ones and complex; multi-component terms with the number of components from 2 to 5 units; abbreviations of initial letters, syllables, acronyms, double abbreviations (that combine initial letters and abbreviations of the morphological and syntactic level). The considered means of forming terminological units help to understand the ways of their generation or transformation in maritime discourse and the principles of their combination. Translators and specialists in the field of marine topicality try to preserve the meaning of a foreign term in the translation language as accurately as possible. Some differences that appear in translation of English terms are presented by three main varieties: differences in the morphological and syntactic structure, differences in lexical structure, differences in lexical and grammatical structure of the terms.

Genomic distribution of the insertion sequence IS711 reveal a potential role in Brucella genome plasticity and host preference.

The Insertion Sequence 711 (IS711) is linked to the Brucella genus. Mapping the genomic distribution of IS711 can help understand this insertion element's biological and evolutionary role. This work aimed to delineate the genomic distribution of the IS711 element and to study its association with Brucella evolution. A total of 124 genomes representing 9 Brucella species were searched using BLASTn sequence alignment tool to identify complete and truncated copies of IS711. Based on the genomic context, each IS711 locus was assigned a code using the initial letters of its neighboring genes. Various tools were used to annotate the neighboring genes and determine the shared synteny around orthologous IS711 loci. The tool Islandviewer 4 was used to scan for genomic islands. The Codon Tree method was used to build phylogenetic trees of B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis genomes. The phylogenetic trees of the three species were analyzed, taking into account the genomic distribution patterns of IS711. The result of IS711 frequency analysis showed a relatively conserved number of copies/genome for the different species and for some biovars. The analysis showed that Brucella species with a relatively low IS711 copy number (4-8 copies/genome) are linked to domestic animals as primary hosts and have potential for zoonotic transmission. However, species with a relatively higher copy number (12-30 copies/genome) are less zoonotic and tend to be linked with wild animals as primary hosts. Analyzing the genomic distribution map of IS711 loci showed several unique patterns of IS711 distribution that are correlated with the evolution of Brucella species and biovars. The results also showed that 46.2% of the conserved IS711 elements are located within genomic islands. Based on our results and previous data, we postulate a model explaining the IS711 role in Brucella evolution. We assume that during the transition from a free-living to an intracellular lifestyle, a descendant of the Brucella genus had acquired a progenitor sequence of the IS711. Subsequently, a burst in IS711 transposition occurred. This parasitic expansion can be deleterious and has to be counteracted by evolutionary forces to prevent lineage extension and to promote adaptation to host. Similar to other plasmid-free pathogenic α-Proteobacteria bacteria, the balance of expansion and reduction of insertion elements could be one of the mechanisms to control genome reduction and streamlining. We hypothesize that the IS711-mediated genomic changes and other small sequence nucleotide changes in specific orthologous genes could significantly contribute to Brucella's evolution and adaptation to different animal hosts.

The Book of Uí Mhaine: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Materiality of the Gaelic Manuscript Tradition

This paper presents the findings of the first multi-analytical investigation of the Book of Uí Mhaine, one of the largest Gaelic Books surviving from the medieval vernacular period. A combination of protein analysis, point X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), multispectral imaging (MSI), point Fiber-Optic Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) and point Raman spectroscopy was used to perform a systematic investigation of the Book of Uí Mhaine’s constituent materials, including parchment, inks and pigments. The analysis revealed that the parchment was made of calfskin, both blunt tools and Pb-containing materials were used for ruling the pages throughout the manuscript, and iron-based inks were used to write the content of the book. The decoration was restricted to the initial letters and rubrication across the body text. The decoration color palette was limited to yellow and red, comprising arsenic-, mercury- and lead-based pigments. A copper-based green pigment was found only on one folio. The scientific knowledge acquired through this multi-analytical approach complemented a substantial corpus of knowledge already built by Gaelic scholars, paleographers, codicologists and conservators. This work not only allowed for the consolidation of existing information on methods and materials used for the production of medieval Gaelic manuscripts but also laid the basis for future comparative work with other contemporary traditions in Ireland and Europe.

Analysis on game popularity and difficulty

Since its debut in New York Times, the Wordle, a five-letter word guessing game, quickly gains its worldwide popularity in various languages. Statistics, such as the number of hard-mode players, distribution of scores, have been collected from Twitter. In this work, such statistics are thoroughly analyzed by newly developed mathematical models, which unravel underlying correlations among various attributes of the word, the number of players, the number of attempts, etc. We refer our models as GUESS, which is named after the models developed for the analyzing Wordle. We propose an AutoregrESSive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model, in which the date is taken as the time and the number of reported results is chosen as the time series data. We arrive at a prediction interval of [8502.06, 14372.14] for the number of reports on March 1, 2023. Such models offer reasonable explanations for the daily variation on the number of reported results and reliable prediction interval on the number of reported results in future. We build a Gradient Boosting Tree (GBDT) regression model based on the correlation analysis, which takes the word attributes that correlate with the score percentages as independent variables. Data shuffling is performed to ensure that both the training and test sets contain various types of data. We propose a ClUster Analysis Model K-means++ to classify the difficulty of solution words. Extensive cluster analysis demonstrates that the solution words with higher word frequency or initial letter rank are easier to guess; nonetheless, the solution words with higher word repetition rate are more difficult. Cross validation tests show that our classification is highly accurate. Finally, we conduct sensitivity analysis on our model, which reveals its robustness to parameters. In addition, we summarize our strengths and weaknesses. Our results are summarized in conclusion.

Slang Abbreviation in Japanese and Indonesian Written Language: Origins, Process, Similarities, and Differences

Slang is one of the language styles used by young people, which is called Wakamono Kotoba in Japanese and Bahasa Gaul in Indonesian. One similar characteristic in wakamono kotoba (Japanese slang) and Bahasa Gaul (Indonesian’s slang) is the abbreviation. This research aims to compare Japanese and Indonesian slang abbreviations by explaining their origins, processes, differences, and similarities. This study was collected based on written language from Pergikuliner and Taberogu sites from March until April 2023, each taking a maximum of 50 reviews per restaurant. The review was gathered from 10 restaurants each from Indonesian and Japanese sites, meaning there are 500 data from each site and 1000 reviews from both websites. Then, the author conducted the research by analyzing the abbreviation process with similarities and differences between the two languages. The results show 398 data on slang abbreviations in wakamono kotoba and 244 data on slang abbreviations in bahasa gaul. The abbreviation process in the Japanese language mainly happens with the abbreviation of sentences or phrases, following that is an abbreviation at the end of the word, the abbreviation of two or more moras, omissions at the end of each term, the abbreviation of three words in a sentence or phrases, and abbreviations formed from initial letters of each word. On the other hand, the abbreviation process in the Indonesian language mainly happens as an omission of the word’s part, followed by shortened words from a combination of letters, acronyms of letters, combining from two separate forms, and abbreviation as letter symbols. The similarity between the two languages is used identical types of abbreviations (acronyms and toujigo), have the abbreviation process from another language, and have the same pattern in the abbreviation of the end of words. While the differences are from letters or syllables, the objects that went through the abbreviation process, changed in form in the Japanese source and tended to use foreign languages in the Indonesian source.

Þistil, mistil, kistil: Plants of Death, Rebirth, and Magic in Medieval Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions

<i>Þistil, mistil, kistil</i>: Plants of Death, Rebirth, and Magic in Medieval Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions

Komparasi Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan Anak Melalui Media Pembelajaran Montase

Beginning reading ability is the basis for further and fluent children's reading ability. Through observations conducted by researchers at PAS Ar-Rohim Kindergarten, researchers found that there were some children who still had initial reading abilities that were not in line with expectations, including 10 out of 13 children who still had difficulty recognizing letter symbols from A-Z, distinguishing words that had the same initial letter, and arranging letters to form a word. This study aims to find out whether there are differences in children's beginning reading abilities through montage learning media in group A of TK PAS Ar-Rohim Bancang Sambit Ponorogo. This study used a quantitative method of the pre-experimental type and the One Group Pretest Posttest design. Data collection was carried out through observation and tests. The research object came from the students of PAS Ar-Rohim Kindergarten selected by saturated sampling technique. The research data were then analyzed using the paired sample t-test and drawing conclusions. Data analysis in this study was processed and visualized with the help of SPSS 23. Based on the results of data analysis it was found that (1) in the experiments that had been carried out there were differences in children's initial reading ability before and after the montage activity was given. The children's initial reading ability before being given treatment obtained the pretest results with an average score of 19.6923 and after being given the treatment the results of the posttest were 30.5385. The difference between before and after the treatment was given was 10.84615. On the results of the paired sample t-test, the sig.(2-tailed) result is 0.00 &lt;0.005, which means that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted

Efforts to Improve the Ability to Recognize Letters Through Alphabet Mini Book Media in Pembina II Public Kindergarten in Surabaya

This study aims to improve children's ability to recognize letters through the alphabet mini book media. This research is a classroom action research conducted in 3 cycles. The subjects in this study were students in class A3 of TK Negeri Pembina II Surabaya, totaling 20 children consisting of 11 boys and 9 girls. Methods of data collection using observation and documentation. Data analysis technique uses simple descriptive statistics. The results showed that the ability to recognize children's letters increased, namely on the indicator mentioning the name of the letter in cycle 1 by 50 Percent, cycle 2 by 70 Percent, and cycle 3 by 85 Percent, the indicator mentioned the initial letter of the picture in cycle 1 by 35 Percent, cycle 2 by 65 Percent, and cycle 3 by 85 Percent, as well as indicators of writing letters in cycle 1 by 30 Percent, cycle 2 by 50 Percent, and cycle 3 by 80 Percent. Based on these results it can be concluded that the alphabet mini book media can improve the ability to recognize letters in children aged 4-5 years.