Inhibitory Activity Of Extracts Research Articles

Antibacterial Potency of Jackfruit Leaf Extract (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) Against Salmonella typhi

Typhoid fever is a chronic disease caused by S. typhi bacterium. This disease can be transmitted via contaminated water or food, and close contact with an infected person. The symptomps of typhoid fever include high fever, stomach pain, headache, and constipation. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) leaves extract contain active compounds with antibacterial activity. This research aims to determine the inhibitory activity of jackfruit leaves extract against S. typhi. Jackfruit leaves were extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol as solvent. After that, organoleptic test, ethanol-free test and phytochemical screening of extract were carried out. Inhibitory activity of extract was conducted using well diffusion method, followed by determination of MIC and MBC. The results showed that jackfruit leaves extract contained flavonoid, tannins, saponin, and triterpenoid. Inhbitory activity of extract was found at concentration 20% (5.24 mm), 40% (6.78 mm), and concentration 60% (8.08 mm). The MIC value of extract was 12.5%. while the MBC could not be found. According to the results, ethanol extract of jackfruit leaves (70%) have potential compounds to inhibit the growth of S. typhi

Inhibitory Activities of Extracts from Chinese Medicinal Herbs on α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase,and Pancreatic Lipase

Background Metabolic syndrome is an assortment of conditions that often happens together and upsurge your risk of diabetes, stroke, and heart disease. One strategy for the prophylaxis and treatment of diabetes and obesity is to inhibit the enzymes activities, which include α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase. Objectives To screen the effect of 16 Chinese medicinal herbs on inhibition of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase. Materials and Methods The water extraction of 16 traditional Chinese herbal medicines was used to estimate activity in vitro from different families against α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase by using spectrophotometry with p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG), starch derivatives, and 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MUO), respectively, as a substrate. Results The results showed that the water extraction yield of the 16 rhizomes ranged from 0.2% to 4.0%. Among the tested extracts, the extract from Gastrodia elata exhibited the strongest effect on α-amylase (The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)) = 4.10 mg/mL). The extracts from Pinellia ternate and Arisaema heterophyllum exhibited noteworthy effects on α-glucosidase (IC50 = 29.21 and 41.13 µg/mL, respectively), and Corydalis turtschaninovii possessed the highest effect on pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 4.11 µg/mL) and a stronger effect than orlistat (IC50 = 4.52 µg/mL). Conclusion This study provides a basis for screenings and in-depth studies of anti-obesity and anti-diabetes drugs. Further isolation, identification, and characterization of active compounds should be carried out in the future.

Differentiated extracts from freshwater and terrestrial mollusks inhibit virulence factor production in Cryptococcus neoformans

The human fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans, is responsible for deadly infections among immunocompromised individuals with the evolution of antifungal resistance driving the solution to discover new compounds that inhibit fungal virulence factors rather than kill the pathogen. Recently, exploration into natural sources (e.g., plants, invertebrates, microbes) of antifungal agents has garnered attention by integrating a One Health approach for new compound discovery. Here, we explore extracts from three mollusk species (freshwater and terrestrial) and evaluate effects against the growth and virulence factor production (i.e., thermotolerance, melanin, capsule, and biofilm) in C. neoformans. We demonstrate that clarified extracts of Planorbella pilsbryi have a fungicidal effect on cryptococcal cells comparable to fluconazole. Similarly, all extracts of Cipangopaludina chinensis affect cryptococcal thermotolerance and impair biofilm and capsule production, with clarified extracts of Cepaea nemoralis also conveying the latter effect. Next, inhibitory activity of extracts against peptidases related to specific virulence factors, combined with stress assays and quantitative proteomics, defined distinct proteome signatures and proposed proteins driving the observed anti-virulence properties. Overall, this work highlights the potential of compounds derived from natural sources to inhibit virulence factor production in a clinically important fungal pathogen.

In vitro Antibacterial and in silico Evaluation of Ficus benghalensis Methanolic Bark Extract, as Potential Anti-MRSA Agent

Abstract: Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), known to be highly resistant bacterium, leading to dreadful infections with limited treatment options. Objectives: The current study mainly focused to investigate the anti-staphylococcal activity of Ficus benghalensis methanolic bark (FBMB) extract against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Materials and Methods: The assessment of Ficus benghalensis methanolic bark (FBMB) extract was performed by agar well diffusion method and broth dilution method. Further, the pathogenic factors such as formation of biofilm, hemolysis, adhesion and staphyloxanthin production were evaluated to confirm antibiofilm and anti-adhesion activity. Cytoplasmic leakage analysis was also carried out to confirm the antibacterial activity of the extract. Results: From agar well diffusion method, it was observed that even at low dosage (1.6 mg/ml) showed the zone of inhibition which is significantly as dose dependent manner. 50 mg/ml extract showed Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and 100 mg/ml extract showed minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The inhibitory activity of extracts was observed information of biofilm, hemolytic activity and production of staphyloxanthin. Oxidative survival resulted in decreased colonies of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and cytoplasmic leakage elevation was observed with the treatment. Further, in silico analysis also confirms the binding and interaction of the active molecules of FBMB extract, such as Beta-sitosterol, Lupeol Acetate and Alpha-amyrin against the MSCRAMMs family of MRSA using AutoDock Vina, Accelrys BIOVIA and pyMol tools and furthermore these molecules have better pharmacokinetic profile as based on Lipinski's rule of five violation. Conclusion: Ficus benghalensis methanolic bark extract, can be used as an drug candidate for antibiotic-resistant infection caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Keywords: MRSA, Ficus benghalensis, Bark extract, Anti-biofilm, Anti-virulence, Anti-bacterial, Membrane stability, in silico.

Determination of the Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Enzyme Inhibitory Activity of Onosma mollis DC

Onosma species have long been used traditionally for respiratory tract infections, abdominal pain, wound treatment, burns, and constipation. This study aims to investigate the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of ethyl acetate (EtOAc), methanol (MeOH), and water extracts of Onosma mollis DC. MeOH extract was richer in both phenolics and flavonoids than other extracts (44.06 mg GAEs/g and 41.57 mg QEs/g, respectively). The findings obtained from the results of the chromatographic analysis also supported the results of the spectrophotometric analysis. The MeOH extract was the richest in terms of most of the phytochemicals screened. Apigenin 7-glucoside, luteolin 7-glucoside, rosmarinic acid, vanillic acid, and pinoresinol were over 1000.0 μg/g in MeOH extract. The extract in question showed the highest activity in phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging and CUPRAC and FRAP reducing power activity assays (2.01, 3.33, 2.30, 1.48, and 0.79 mg/ml, respectively). The water extract presented the highest activity in the ferrous ion chelating assay (1.01 mg/ml). While EtOAc extract showed high activity in acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity tests (1.11, 1.49, and 1.07 mg/ml, respectively), MeOH extract showed significant efficacy in tyrosinase and α-amylase inhibitory activity assays (2.94 and 2.08 mg/ml, respectively). There was a high correlation between the total phenolics/flavonoids of the extracts and their antioxidant activities (correlation coefficients were over 0.9). In addition, the phytochemicals mentioned above were found to contribute significantly to the antioxidant activity. It was concluded that a more detailed analysis should be done to determine the compounds responsible for the enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts.

Assessment of inhibitory properties of flavonoid-rich fig (Ficus carica L.) peel extracts against tyrosinase, α-glucosidase, urease and cholinesterases enzymes, and relationship with antioxidant activity

IntroductionKey-enzyme inhibition is a recent approach for the treatment of some health disorders, including diabetes, skin hyperpigmentation, Alzheimer's disease, and some microbial infections. Looking for potential natural multi-target inhibitors, flavonoid-rich extracts from the peel of Ficus carica fruits were simultaneously tested against five enzymes and various methods were used to evaluate their antioxidant activity. MethodsExtracts from peels from F. carica cultivars (Bakor Noir, Bouankik, Azenjer, and Tazegaght) were prepared using methanol acidified by 5% citric acid. Inhibitory activities of extracts at 10 mg/mL were measured in vitro against α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, urease, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase. Also, the antioxidant activity was evaluated using free radical scavenging, iron and copper chelating, and reducing assays. ResultsExtracts were efficient in inhibiting tyrosinase and α-glucosidase (IC50 values from 0.09 to 0.45, and 1.18 to 3.38 mg/mL, respectively). However, a weak inhibition was observed against urease and cholinesterases. Among the antioxidant activities studied, extracts were more efficient for copper chelation and radical scavenging (IC50 values from 0.05 to 0.13, and 0.30 to 1.33 mg/mL, respectively). Phytochemical analysis revealed the extraction of large quantities of flavonoids (up to 50.4 mg/g of peels), mainly flavonols (up to 81% of total flavonoids). Given the specific extract composition, including two fractions (flavonoids and citric acid), a strong synergy was observed for enzyme inhibition and metal chelation. ConclusionFlavonoid-rich extracts from F. carica could be considered as multifunctional bioactive ingredients to be used in anti-hyperglycemic and skin-whitening pharmaceutical formulations.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pawpaw (Carica papaya) leaf extract and its antimicrobial effect in animal production

In order to improve livestock production and curb the losses from diseases occurrence in livestock, producers resort to the use of antimicrobials as growth promoters to inhibit the growth of disease-causing organisms. Freshly harvested pawpaw leaves were extracted using three solvents: ethanol, methanol and n-hexane and their phytochemicals determined using standard procedure. The inhibitory activities of the extracts at low (200ppm) and high (1000ppm) concentrations against Aspergillus niger and Escherichia coli were also determined. Results obtained showed that alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin and cardiac glycosides were present while anthraquinone was absent. The percentage yield of phenols using methanol (0.115%) and ethanol (0.214%) solvents were similar but lower than nhexane yield (0.450%). Also the yield of flavonoid using methanol (0.700%) is significantly (p<0.05) higher than the yield using other solvents. The yield of phenols using methanol (0.480%) and ethanol (0.470%) solvents were identical but higher than n-hexane yield (0.400%). At low concentration, it was observed that the inhibitory concentrations of pawpaw leaf extract against bacteria by control, streptomycin (1.2cm) was significantly (p<0.05) higher but similar to the extract from methanol solvent (1.1cm). Methanol extract inhibition was also similar to ethanol (1.0cm) but higher than n-hexane (0.0cm). At high concentration, the inhibitory activity of the ethanol extract (1.2cm) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control (0.7cm) and the least observed in n hexane (0.0cm) extract. The inhibitory concentrations of pawpaw leaf extract against fungi Aspergillus niger at low (2.2cm) and high (2.2cm) concentrations, the methanol extract was observed to be significantly (p<0.05) higher than other extracts including control. The results suggest that using methanol-extracted pawpaw leaf as alternatives to synthetic antibiotic in animal production is effective against microbial organisms. Thus the occurrence of resistance to antibiotic or its residues on animal products will be reduced.

Sophora alopecuroides var. alopecuroides: Phytochemical composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity of the methanolic extract of aerial parts, flowers, leaves, roots, and stems

Sophora alopecuroides L. are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various ailments such as refractory tinea, eczema, dermatitis, colpitis, bacillary dysentery, and other gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory activity of the aerial part, flower, leaf, root, and stems extracts of S. alopecuroides var. alopecuroides. Major compounds of the extracts were found to be ferulic acid, luteolin, hesperidin and pinoresinol. In many of the antioxidant activity assays, the root extract exhibited high activity. In CUPRAC reducing, phosphomolybdenum, ABTS, and DPPH tests, the activity of the root extract was 1.42, 2.45, 1.25, and 8.41 mg/mL, respectively. Root extract also exhibited significant activity in enzyme inhibitory assays. Tyrosinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of the extract were determined as 1.22, 2.97, 1.03, and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively. Chromatographic analysis showed that the root extract contained 462.25 µg/g pinoresinol and 256.23 µg/g vanillic acid as the major compounds. Pearson correlation analysis showed that besides flavonoids/phenolics, these phytochemicals also contributed to the activity of root extract. Therefore, it was concluded that these phytochemicals may be responsible for the activity of the root extract. The root extract of S. alopecuroides var. alopecuroides was thought to be an effective antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory agent.

Flavanones biotransformation of citrus by-products improves antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activities in vitro

The enzymatic biotransformation effects of tannase/β-glucosidase on phenolic profile, antioxidant capacity, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of extracts from two citrus industry wastes were studied. Hesperidin and hesperetin ACE inhibitory activity were also measured. The major phenolic in crude extracts was hesperidin, whereas it was hesperetin after being biotransformed. Antioxidant capacity and ACE inhibitory activity of enzyme-treated extracts were significantly higher. Citrus pectin residue extracts treated with enzymes (CPRTB) had the highest antioxidant and anti-ACE activities (FRAP = 298±3 μmolTE mg−1, DPPH = 230 ± 10 μmolTE mg−1, IC50 = 0.21 mg mL−1, IE = 100%), and the highest hesperetin content (42.7 mg g−1). Hesperetin standard solution showed higher anti-ACE activity than hesperidin (IE = 82.8–100% and 62–76%, respectively). Despite the lower flavanone concentration in CPRTB compared to the 1000μMhesperetin solution, both had the same anti-ACE activity, suggesting that the bioactivity of citrus extracts is due to the synergism of different phenolic compounds. Enzymatic biotransformation resulted in the production of extracts with increased anti-hypertension activities and might potentially be used to develop value-added products.

Metabolite Profiles of Red and White Rice Aqueous Extracts Derived at Different Temperatures and Their Relationship with Biological Properties as Determined Using 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Analysis

Consumption of pigmented rice has continued to increase in recent years, due in part to its potential health promoting properties, especially protection against chronic diseases. Chemical extracts of red rice have demonstrated strong ability to scavenge free radicals, however little is yet known about water extracts of red rice. The antioxidant activity, α-glucosidase inhibition, nitric oxide inhibition, and metabolic profiling of this cultivar’s water extracts have yet to be investigated. In this study, red rice and white rice were extracted using ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal extraction at three different temperatures. The total phenolic content (TPC) as well as the DPPH radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory, and nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activities of each extract were determined. NMR analysis was performed to find out the metabolite profiles of the extracts. Correlations between the metabolites and the biological activities of the rice extracts were then investigated using metabolomics analysis. Results show that the red rice aqueous extracts had a higher TPC than the white rice extracts. The highest extraction temperature led to a decrease in the TPC. However, the extraction temperature did not affect the radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory, or NO inhibitory activities of the red rice extracts. The PCA results indicated extract discrimination by extraction temperature. The PLS score plot exhibited the potentials of red rice aqueous extracts on the α-glucosidase and NO inhibitory activities. The 1H-NMR-based metabolomics analysis shows that red rice aqueous extract possesses beneficial properties which can make it useful as an ingredient for functional foods or other products.

Effects of Viburnum opulus fruit extracts on adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells and lipase activity

In this study, the anti-obesity effect and mechanism of action of Viburnim opulus fruit crude extract (CE) and semi-purified phenolic extract (SPPE) in 3T3-L1 cells were studied. In addition, inhibitory activity of extracts against pancreatic lipase in triolein emulsion was estimated, as well as their phenolic profiles by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Twenty four phenolic compounds were identified in both extracts with chlorogenic acid as the dominant compound. The inhibition mode of extracts against lipase was competitive and SPPE demonstrated synergistic action with orlistat. Both extracts had the ability to inhibit adipogenesis process in a dose-dependent manner. Cells treatment with extracts at 75 µg/mL concentration was not only sufficient to inhibit lipids accumulation at almost 20%, but also influenced the size of lipid droplets. CE and SPPE reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species production by 20% and leptin level by 21–30%. They did not affect the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and adiponectin protein expression levels.

Inhibitory Effect of Several Mangifera indica Cultivar Leaf Extracts on the Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)

As a part of our ongoing research to find novel functions in mango leaves, we have reported that the methanolic extract of pruned old dark green mango leaf (Mangifera indica ‘Irwin’) exhibited inhibitory effects on the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in nonenzymatic glycation of albumin. The purpose of this study was to find other mango cultivars with more potent activity in this regard. We examined the inhibitory effect of seventeen mango (Mangifera indica) cultivar leaf extracts on AGEs formation. We also investigated the relationship between the inhibitory activity of the extracts and the contents of their active components, 3-C-β-D-glucosyl-2,4,4’,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (1), mangiferin (2) and chlorophyll (3). On the basis of the evaluation of the inhibitory activity of mango cultivar leaf extracts, the HPLC determination of the contents of 1 and 2, and the spectrophotometric determination of 3, it was found that almost all extract showed a significant activity, and the content of 2 and 3 detected in each was similar. In contrast, AGEs formation inhibition tended to be higher as the content of 1 in the leaf extracts increased. This is the first report of phytochemical analysis of compounds 1, 2 and 3 in various cultivars of mango leaf. From the phytochemical point of view, these results suggest that the pruned leaves of any cultivar of Mangifera indica except ‘Chiin Hwang No. 1’ and ‘Kyo Savoy’ may be useful for the preparation of natural ingredients with inhibitory activity of AGEs formation.

Antibacterial Effects of Newbouldia laevis {P. BEAUV} on the Bacteria Isolated from the Blood of Hepatitis C Virus Positive Individuals

The methanol, chloroform and aqueous leaf extracts of Newbouldia laevis Were obtained using cold extraction method. Phytochemical screening {qualitative} of the extracts was investigated and the inhibitory activity of extracts against the isolates were assayed by agar well diffusion technique. The concentrations were varied from 100 mg/ml to 400 mg/ml and zones of inhibition at every concentration were recorded. The bacterial isolates including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus pnuemoniae and Salmonella sp. The extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, alkanoids, phenolics, saponins and cardiac glycosides with exception of chloroform extract that revealed the presence of alkanoids, saponins and tannins only. Antibacterial activity revealed that methanol extract had the highest potency with 23.03±0.33e mm, followed by aqueous extract with 21.75±0.22d mm zones of inhibition against S. aureus, and the chloroform extract had the highest activity of 16.0±0.59d mm zone of inhibition against Salmonella sp. while aqueous extract had the least zone of inhibition against P. mirabilis with 10.07±0.67a mm on isolates. All the extracts, irrespective of the extracting solvents had a minimum inhibitory concentrations {MIC} range of 6.25 – 50 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentrations {MBC} range of 12.5 – 100 mg/ml. Findings from this research shows that N. laevis has high antibacterial potency against pathogens in blood even in comparison with some conventional antibiotics used.

Inhibitory Activity of Extract, Fractions, and Compounds from Zingiber montanum Rhizomes on the Migration of Breast Cancer Cells.

Zingiber montanum rhizomes are traditionally used for the treatment of numerous human ailments. The present study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory activity of the crude extract, chromatographic fractions, and purified compounds from Z. montanum rhizomes on the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. The effect of the extract on cell migration was investigated by a scratch assay, which showed significant inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner. Vacuum liquid chromatography on silica gel afforded four fractions (Frs. 1 - 4), which were tested on cell migration in the scratch assay. Frs. 1 and 2 showed the most significant inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cell migration. The effect of the most potent fraction (Fr. 2) was further confirmed in a transwell migration assay. The study of Frs. 1 and 2 by gelatin zymography showed significant inhibition of MMP-9 enzyme activity. Chromatographic separation of Frs. 1 and 2 afforded buddledone A (1: ), zerumbone (2: ), (2E,9E)-6-methoxy-2,9-humuradien-8-one (3: ), zerumbone epoxide (4: ), stigmasterol (5: ), and daucosterol (6: ). In a cell viability assay, compounds 1: - 4: inhibited the viability of MDA-MB-231 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The study of buddledone A (1: ) and zerumbone epoxide (4: ) on cell migration revealed that 4: significantly inhibited the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells in both scratch and transwell migration assays. The results of the present study may lead to further molecular studies behind the inhibitory activity of zerumbone epoxide (4: ) on cell migration and support the traditional use of Z. montanum rhizomes for the treatment of cancer.

Metabolites and biological activities of Phoenix dactylifera L. pulp and seeds: A comparative MS and NMR based metabolomics approach

Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) is an essential agricultural crop in many arid regions of the world and has been used in traditional medicine to treat illnesses. Extracts of P. dactylifera are reported to possess valuable pharmacological attributes. This study aims to evaluate the metabolite profiles of date pulp and seeds utilizing 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) techniques. The nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity of extracts were assessed using stimulated RAW 264.7 cells along with the NO and DPPH scavenging activities, and total phenolic contents (TPC). Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) was used to examine the similarities and variation between samples of date palms. Principal component analysis (PCA) score plots showed distinct clustering of date seeds and pulp. Examination of the S-plot analysis revealed that ascorbic acid, catechin and glucose were the metabolites that significantly discriminated the date pulp group from the seed group. The seeds of Deglet dates demonstrated significantly higher NO inhibitory and DPPH scavenging activities, with IC50 values of 107.99 μg/mL and 12.58 μg/mL, respectively. The metabolites that prominently contributed to the observed bioactivities included catechin, ascorbic acid and serine. The proposed metabolic pathway indicated that higher amounts of several metabolites are present in date seeds than in date pulp. The presented data suggest possible applications of seeds and pulp of P. dactylifera that may increase the productivity of this fruit crop.

Cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Trachelospermum jasminoides extracts in vitro

The present study investigated the cytotoxic activities against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, and the potential antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the extracts of the aerial parts of Trachelospermum jasminoides, a traditional medicinal plant used for the treatment of rheumatic arthralgia in China. In MTT assay and microscopic analysis, the ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of T. jasminoides showed moderate cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 with IC50 values of 109.54 ± 2.39 μg/mL and 162.68 ± 9.52 μg/mL, respectively, but the water extract (WE) was inactive against both of them. With gallic acid and rutine as equivalents for determination, the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in the EAE (54.93 ± 0.32 mg GAE/g and 186.75 ± 4.55 mg RE/g, respectively) were higher than those of the WE. The antioxidant activities of the EAE and WE, which were evaluated by reducing power assay, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, may be directly associated with the high contents of phenols and flavonoids in T. jasminoides. The EAE showed higher inhibitory effect in the α-glucosidase inhibition tests with an IC50 value of 776.81 ± 107.80 μg/mL as compared to the WE with 2607.48 ± 364.31 μg/mL. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity and the inhibitory effects of the fractions against α-glucosidase were concentration-dependent.

Antifungal activity in vitro of Sapranthus microcarpus (Annonaceae) against phytopathogens

Background and Aims: The phytochemistry study of Annonaceae has intensified in the last decades due to the discovery of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities. The inhibitory activities of extracts and compounds from these species for phytopathogens are less known. The antifungal activity of Sapranthus microcarpus was determined in vitro against six fungal pathogens of important crops.Methods: Hexane, methanol, and alkaloid extracts of the leaves and root and stem bark of S. microcarpus were evaluated to determine whether they could inhibit the mycelial growth of the phytopathogens. The combined activity of the most active extracts for each phytopathogen was also determined. The alkaloid liriodenine was isolated and identified as an antifungal principle.Key results: All extracts inhibited the growth of the six phytopathogens to some extent. The root bark alkaloid extract showed the highest activity. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Curvularia lunata were the most sensitive phytopathogens. Liriodenine was active against all the plant pathogens (minimum inhibitory concentrations of 125-500 nmol ml-1).Conclusions: Sapranthus microcarpus is a native natural resource with great phytochemical potential.

The Bactericidal and Antibiofilm Activity of Stem Bark of Jatropha multifida L. Against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA

Chronical wound often caused by bacteria which has antibiotic resistance characteristic and presence of biofilm formation. This study aims to evaluate the bactericidal and antibiofilm activity of stem bark of Jatropha multifida L. against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus), as alternative antimicrobial agents. Examination of bactericidal activity of the extract was performed by time-kill assay to determine the speed of the extract to eradicate bacteria. The inhibitory activity of extract toward biofilm production was quantified using spectrophotometric method. The extract showed bactericidal activity which can be achieved at 8 hours and 12 hours against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in MBC value of 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL. The extract exhibited antibiofilm activity which indicates by its IC50 value of 0.3 mg/mL and 0.76 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. These experiments have shown the potential of the extract of  Jatropha multifida L. stem bark as a bioactive substance in a topical agent for chronical skin infection. Â

A Comparative Assessment of Biological Effects and Chemical Profile of Italian Asphodeline lutea Extracts.

The present study aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of Asphodeline lutea (AL), a wild edible plant of the Mediterranean diet. Roots, aerial parts, and flowers of AL at two different phenological stages were collected from three locations in Italy. The inhibitory activities of extracts on strategic enzymes linked to human diseases were assessed. The antioxidant properties were evaluated in vitro, using six standard bioassays. The phenolic and anthraquinone profiles were also established using HPLC-PDA. Zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper contents were also determined. All the samples inhibited acetylcholinesterase (from 1.51 to 2.20 mg GALAEs/g extract), tyrosinase (from 7.50 to 25.3 mg KAEs/g extract), and α-amylase (from 0.37 to 0.51 mmol ACAEs/g extract). Aloe-emodin and physcion were present in all parts, while rhein was not detected. The phenolic profile and the heavy metals composition of specimens gathered from three different regions of Italy were different. It can be argued that samples collected near the street can contain higher concentrations of heavy metals. The experimental data confirm that the A. lutea species could be considered as a potential source of bioactive metabolites, and its consumption could play a positive and safe role in human health maintenance.

이팝나무 꽃에서 분리한 페놀 화합물의 생리활성 효소 억제효과

This study was designed to determine the biological activities of Chionanthus retusus flower extracts. Water and 90% ethanol extracts of C. retusus flower were prepared. The inhibitory activities of water and ethanol extracts with a phenolic content of 200 μg/mL against xanthine oxidase were 25.60% and 15.92%, respectively. Further, the water extract did not show any inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase whereas the ethanol extract showed 100.00% inhibition of α-glucosidase. The inhibitory activities of the extracts against tyrosinase were 17.27% (water extract) and 36.13% (ethanol extract), which suggest that the extracts may have a whitening effect. The water extract did not inhibit elastase activity but showed a collagenase-inhibitory activity of 20.21%. On the contrary, the ethanol extract showed 96.26% and 35.93% inhibition of collagenase and elastase, respectively. These findings suggest that the extracts may have an anti-wrinkle effect. Lastly, the extracts showed a hyaluronidase inhibitory activity of 36.96% (water extract) and 88.70% (ethanol extract), suggesting that they may have an anti-inflammatory effect. The results indicate that C. retusus flower extracts containing phenolic compounds can be used as functional resources because they have anti-gout, carbohydrate degradation-inhibitory, whitening, anti-wrinkle, and anti-inflammatory effects.