Inherent Logic Research Articles

The vestigial lung of the coelacanth and its implications for understanding pulmonary diversity among vertebrates: new perspectives and open questions.

The coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae Smith, 1939 [1] (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia), together with the closely related L. menadoensis Pouyaud et al ., 1999 [2], remains the only living representative of one of the most basally-branching primary radiations of lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii). Even though extant species cannot be considered ‘primitive’ due to the inherent logic of phylogenetic theory, the coelacanth nonetheless is invaluable for understanding evolutionary transformations in basal sarcopterygians as it can help in the determination of character polarity. The appearance of one novelty during early vertebrate evolution that had major implications for the success of a huge number of species is the origin of lungs. The conventional interpretation is that lungs evolved in basal bony fishes (Osteichthyes or Osteognathostomata), were maintained in the lobe-finned fishes, and eventually were transformed into a swimbladder among the ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) (e.g. [3]). However, the currently available data do not rule out separate origins of lungs and swimbladders from a common ‘respiratory pharynx’, even though this would require a slightly less parsimonious course of evolution [4,5]. The coelacanth is a key species in addressing this question and for this reason the data recently provided by Cupello and colleagues [6] are a very welcome addition to the discussion. Here, I would like to add a few points pertinent to lung evolution that appear to be a consequence of these exciting data. One of the most interesting aspects of the coelacanth is that it apparently exhibits an unpaired structure of putative homology with lungs [6–8]. In the Polypteriformes (bichir and reed fish), the lungs are paired [5,9,10], as are those of the lungfishes (Dipnoi) [11], except the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft, 1870) …

Heidegger’s Black Notebooks and the Logic of a History of Being

Abstract Interpretations of the so-called Black Notebooks have emphasized the interaction between Heidegger’s philosophy, particularly his notion of a “history of being” (Seinsgeschichte), on the one hand, and his affiliation with National Socialism and his anti-Semitic views on the other. The paper proposes to understand this interaction as in part determined by the inherent logic of Heidegger’s ontological reasoning: Heidegger takes power (Macht), violence (Gewalt) and brutality (Brutalität) as the key for understanding his present day and turns to these phenomena as confirmation of the ontology he envisages at the time. But the notes published so far, ranging from 1931 to 1948 (Gesamtausgabe vols. 94–97), document Heidegger’s incapacity to assign to the events of these years a plausible position in his ontology. This failure deepens a trauma both personal and philosophical. Rather than reject the notion of a history of being altogether, I propose an alternative understanding of its logic motivated by Heidegger’s failure to bring his ontological project to the anticipated completion.

The Inherent Relations between Global Changes and Human Health

The essence of the global changes is the new changes in the earth’s ecosystem, which includes not only the new characteristics of the dynamics of the earth’s natural ecological system, but also the new problems in the operation of the world’s human ecosystem. Besides, these two subsystems have been entwining and interacting with each other. At present, as the complex changes are accelerating, they tend to endanger our human beings. Based on the theory instruction of historical materialism and the analytical framework of contemporary Marxist human destiny community theory, this paper explores the inherent basis and mechanism of global changes, reveals the exact meanings of humanity itself, human activities and human health, as well as their inherent relations. What’s more, it points out the scientific path to achieve human health under the background of global changes, and analyzes the inherent logic between Healthy China” and Beautiful China”.

Immune to Situation: The Self-Serving Bias in Unambiguous Contexts.

Traditionally, the self-serving bias has been investigated in ambiguous contexts in which participants work on tasks that measure novel abilities before making attributions without clear criteria for success or failure feedback. Prior studies have confirmed that the self-serving bias is pervasive in the general population, yet it varies significantly across situations involving ambiguous contexts. The present study features an unambiguous context encompassing interpersonal events that involved implicit causality (with the “self” as an actor or recipient), the inherent logic of which indicated attribution criteria. The aim of this study was to explore whether there is a self-serving bias in unambiguous contexts and to examine whether it is as sensitive to situation as it has been shown to be in ambiguous contexts. The results showed that, in an unambiguous context, participants exhibited self-serving bias in relation to attribution associated with negative interpersonal events. Additionally, the self-serving bias was greater in the actor condition relative to the recipient condition (Study 1), and this effect was not affected by the level of self-awareness, which was manipulated by the use or otherwise of a camera during the experiment (Study 2). Our findings provide evidence for the existence of the self-serving bias in unambiguous contexts. Moreover, the self-serving bias was shown to be immune to situation in unambiguous contexts, but it did depend on factors associated with the events per se, such as the actor versus recipient role that the self played in interpersonal events.

Making and its promises

A fundamental goal of Participatory Design (PD) scholarship has long been the democratisation of technology production. To democratise technology production in PD is a political project, driven in part by the desire to protect and create democratic societies by virtue of opening up computing and design. Recently, DIY (do it yourself) making has come to be seen by PD scholars as rejuvenating such ideals at the heart of their project. Beyond just PD, the idea that making is an ideal avenue to implement societal and political change has been endorsed by a variety of actors from politicians, corporates and activists, across regions. In this paper, we draw from long-term ethnographic research in China and Indonesia to show how making’s global appeal does not arise from its supposedly inherent logic of democratisation. Rather, work goes into aligning making with particular political ideals. We found that the political projects and promises people attached to making were highly situated. We propose that by recognising this multitude of promises attached to making we can better understand opportunities for intervention, rather than assume that making will by virtue of its commitment to open-ness and participation inherently lead to a more democratic and participatory society.

An empirical study on application and efficiency of gridded management in public service supply of Chinese Government

PurposeGridded management in the public service supply is still in the experience exploratory stage, and this paper aims to analyze the inherent logic and operation mode of the gridding mechanism of the public supply based on the existing theory study and practices, and verify its efficiency so as to come to the conclusion whether it could be promoted to a wider range.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology applied in this paper was case study/deductive induction.FindingsThe grid model in the public service supply needs to be demonstrated completely in theoretical logic and operation principles before it is promoted across the country. Meanwhile, full support of the government is required in terms of service concept, function distribution, technical parameters and infrastructure.Research limitations/implicationsThe inherent logic and operation mode of the gridding mechanism of the public service supply needs enough practice tests. The practical test of efficiency analysis of the gridding mechanism of the public service supply is not enough.Social implicationsThis paper validated whether the gridding mechanism that originated from China’s urban management can be promoted to all over the country in the public service supply. It provides references for government policy.Originality/valueThis paper constructs a gridded management model for public service provision in urban and rural areas on the basis of an analysis of the plight of traditional model of public service provision, thus delivering the same standard of public service for both urban and rural areas through optimization of resource allocation without requiring more supply and fundamental change to the content of service.

LUT based realization of fixed-point multipliers targeting state-of-art FPGAs

Look-up tables (LUT) form the basic logic elements in a large class of modern day field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). With FPGAs increasingly being used in low and medium volume productions, many vendors have improved the capacity and versatility of these devices. The enormous logic capacity inherent in state-of-art FPGAs has made it essential to develop automated computer aided design (CAD) support for logic synthesis using these platforms. Since design entry is the only manual phase in the FPGA CAD-flow, it essentially rules out any scope for technology-dependent optimization, which focusses on achieving optimal mapping of logical functionalities onto the target platforms. Evidently, majority of the work related to the implementation of different arithmetic circuits on FPGAs focuses only on the technology-independent optimizations, where the design process consists of modifying the architecture at the top level without giving any consideration to the mapping of the architecture onto the FPGA device. In this paper, we consider the technology-dependent optimization of the fixed-point bit-parallel multipliers on LUT based FPGAs. Our approach re-structures the initial Boolean network and transforms it into an optimized LUT netlist prior to the design entry phase. The design entry of the optimized netlist is then carried out using instantiation based coding styles. This ensures that the optimizations done prior to the design entry phase remain preserved throughout the synthesis process. We particularly focus on 6-input LUTs that are inherent basic logic elements in state-of-art FPGAs. Theoretical analysis and detailed experimentation using state-of-art Xilinx 7th generation FPGAs reveal a substantial speed-up in performance.

The Multi‐level System of Global Climate Governance – the Model and its Current State

AbstractMulti‐level global governance was introduced at the United Nations summit in Rio in 1992 as a new model to achieve a broad global mobilization of different actors in sustainable development. This model has been extended to climate governance. It has become a global system with its own inherent logic, dynamics and stabilization mechanisms. This article deals with the systemic dimension (the architecture) of global multi‐level climate governance across levels and sectors. It refers to the model and its practical implementation at different levels. The text poses four hypotheses: (1) the global multi‐level system of climate governance can be regarded as a structure which offers opportunities for ambitious innovation‐based climate strategies; (2) each level of the global system has its own specific responsibilities, challenges, opportunities and mechanisms for lesson‐drawing; (3) the main lesson to be learned is to make use of the co‐benefits characteristic to climate mitigation; and (4) the system's multi‐sectoral and multi‐actor structure provides additional opportunities to address such co‐benefits and to mobilize different interests in the pursuit of climate policy objectives. After outlining these hypotheses in more detail, the article will then conclude with a set of policy recommendations. © 2017 The Authors. Environmental Policy and Governance published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Multi‐level Climate Governance: The global system and selected sub‐systems

Multi‐level Climate Governance: The global system and selected sub‐systems

Cultura de masas, ornamentación y cine. Una crítica de Siegfried Kracauer a la modernidad

Siegfried Kracauer fue un testigo de las precipitadas transformaciones con las que comenzó el siglo xx: crecimiento de las ciudades y de las lógicas inherentes a las mismas, prolongación de dinámicas industriales a los ámbitos de la diversión y la masificación social. La modernidad avanzada, apoyada en el desarrollo técnico, posibilitó irrupciones sociales y culturales que este autor identificó en fenómenos particulares, que surgieron con la emergencia del nuevo actor social: las masas. Kracauer no solo presenció el cambio, también lo interpretó y buscó comprenderlo en sus expresiones más finas y sutiles. El espectáculo masivo, que viene determinado y que da pie a una transformación radical en el gusto, acaparó su atención: ornamental, estrepitoso, ruidoso, fue para él una estetización de la confusión social imperante. De influencia simmeliana, pero imprimiendo su mirada única, que nutrió las reflexiones sociológicas de la Teoría crítica, Kracauer develó, en los fenómenos culturales de la gran urbe de las primeras décadas del siglo xx, las tendencias racionalizadoras con las que la experiencia moderna sacudió y subsumió al individuo y a su percepción. Este ensayo da cuenta de la experiencia moderna, a partir de los postulados e interpretaciones de Kracauer, con énfasis en su vigencia y en su riqueza conceptual, un gran aporte a la sociología de la modernidad. Fenómenos concretos como el cine, la literatura de consumo masivo y los espectáculos ornamentales en grandes estadios, sirven para revelar las características principales de la modernidad y problematizar la relación libertad-represión que se genera entre el individuo y la organización social. Se argumenta y desarrolla que esta forma de interpretación de la experiencia moderna tiene gran vigencia por su enfoque en lo concreto y brinda elementos enriquecedores del análisis social más amplio para cada época y sus problemáticas.

Study on the Internal Logic of the Agricultural Information Service, the Agricultural Information Service Standard and the Standard System

In order to promote the construction of agricultural information service standards and standard system, and make the agricultural information service industry to develop orderly, we analyzed the inherent logic relation between agricultural information service, agricultural information service standards and the standard system based on the description of related concepts. In the development process of agricultural information service, we find that the development of agricultural information service is the basis for standard setting, the standards of agricultural information service are components of the standard system, agricultural information service standard system can guide the standard setting, and the agricultural information service standards can standardize and enhance the development and progress of the agricultural information service industry. In short, the agricultural information service, agricultural information service standard and the standard system interrelate, cannot be separated, and jointly promote the scientific, sustainable and healthy development of agricultural information service. This study established the foundation for the research of agricultural information service standard and standard system.

Classification of Edibility and Inedibility: Unveiling the Sociomental Logics beneath Food Habits

In everyday life, individuals seem able to effortlessly distinguish objects from inedible objects. However, as in many other aspects of life, it is the social that helps socialized individuals carve out slices from the continuum of reality and to experience and inedible objects as discrete entities. As Eviatar Zerubavel claims, the sociomentally constructed discontinuities of reality are chunks that bring meaning to things (1991: 5). Individuals rely heavily on the broadly accepted classification system to manage their everyday life, and it is thus difficult (if not impossible) to imagine a society without classification. To classify is a being (Durkheim, 1995 [1912]; Douglas, 1996; Bowker & Star, 1999), and it is not going too far to say that socialization is an ongoing process that leads individuals to learn the desirable ways to classify in a specific society (Mead, 1967). Classification is a sociomental mechanism that categorizes things into islands of meaning, and socialized individuals thereby perceive great gaps between things that are situated on distinct islands (Zerubavel, 1997).For socialized individuals, there is a fine line between and inedible objects that they are reluctant to transgress (Simmel, 1997 [1910]; Mennell et al., 1993). Thus, they rarely misapprehend water in toilets or dogs in their houses as objects. In fact, a tight relationship exists between eating and identity. As Nippert-Eng points out,...eating and drinking are activities closely connected to our self images. These activities reflect a way of thinking not only about food but about who we are and who we wish to be (1996:60).Hence, although it varies, every society has its own way to classify between edibility and inedibility (Falk, 1994). Moreover, while in most circumstances people regard their food habits as a given, they voice with every bite (Rosenblum, 2010; Lupton, 1996; Yeh, 2014).CLASSIFICATION OF EDIBILITY AND INEDIBILITY AS A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIn this article, I attempt to discuss the sociomental construction of edibility and inedibility and unveil that it is conventions through which individuals take for granted the distinction between the and inedible. Upon closer examination, we can see that the fine line between and inedible objects is located in different places across and within cultures. I suggest that while and inedible objects are allotted to separate partitions, no inherent logic separates them. To some extent, the chunks of and inedible are provided by the arbitrary compartmentalization of reality, and that is exactly why, for example, some people consider eating snakes to be repulsive and absurd, while others regard it as normal. Moreover, while the scalpel cuts apart and inedible objects, even in the same society, it does not unconditionally cut along the same line. It is socialized people who are guided to consider the continuum of reality as consisting of discrete entities.What I am concerned with in this article is neither personal preferences for eating objects at the subjective level nor universal inedible objects, such as desks and chairs at the objective level. What I discuss in this article is the distinction between the edible and inedible; I focus on the intersubjective definition in the eating domain.2 Therefore, I delve into how the mental chasm between and inedible islands of meaning is socially formed and what the variations across cultures, within a culture, and across time periods mean. I am interested in how socialized people intersubjectively regard certain objects as or inedible and how their taken-for-granted distinction is changed in a taken-for-granted way by sociomental, temporal, and spatial factors.To facilitate my investigation, I rely heavily on the approach of cognitive sociology(Zerubavel, 1997). …

Do You Need Cognitive Neuroscience to Understand Religious Cognition, Experience and Texts?

In this article I review “Ritual Mourning in Daniel’s Interpretation of Jeremiah’s Prophecy” by Angela Kim Harkins; “Tours of Heaven in Light of the Neuroscientific Study of Religious Experience” by István Czachesz; “(Religious) Language and the Decentering Process: McNamara and De Sublimitate on the Ecstatic Effect of Language” by Christopher T. Holmes. I present an argument that we need neuroscience in order to understand religious cognition as it occurs today and as it was presented in these ancient religious texts. The reason neuroscience is not merely an optional item in the toolbox but absolutely necessary is because religious cognition is characterized by decentering and decentering cannot be understood in the absence of reference to its brain mechanisms. Decentering crucially involves a four-step process whose steps are united not by any inherent logic but rather by the brain processes that produced them in the first place.

The bounded welfare pluralism: public–private partnerships under social management in China

ABSTRACTThis article discusses a new public–private partnership promoted by an emerging social management agenda in China. Based on an analysis of recent developments in social policy, the present study suggests that the inherent logic and local practice of social management has crowded out the space for societal sectors despite the proclaimed recognition of their social contribution. The collaboration of public and private entities in welfare provision by social management may end up merely co-opting civic organizations into taking responsibility for meeting welfare targets over which they have scant influence, while providing little support for them to thrive and prosper.

What makes a social practice? Being, knowing, doing and leading

Despite several decades of work on social practice, many open intriguing questions remain about their existence and functions within an organizational context. In this article, we discuss the “inherent logics” of social practice—being, knowing, and doing—to depict the meaning and mainspring of its conservation within an organizational context. We argue that the understanding of social practice in organization and management studies has predominantly focused on the internal workings of social practice, and we propose that a contextualization of the inherent logics of social practice may be a next step in advancing theory and empirical research. We propose a contested coexistence of social practices in organizations and thereby argue that the conservation of social practice protrudes another element belonging to its inherent logics, i.e., leading. We suggest that leadership in distributed and adaptive organizations responds to innovation and competitive challenges with wisdom, care, and fluidity.

The effect of early versus late treatment initiation after diagnosis on the outcomes of patients treated for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review.

BackgroundGlobally it is estimated that 480 000 people developed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in 2014 and 190 000 people died from the disease. Successful treatment outcomes are achieved in only 50 % of patients with MDR-TB, compared to 86 % for drug susceptible disease. It is widely held that delay in time to initiation of treatment for MDR-TB is an important predictor of treatment outcome. The objective of this review was to assess the existing evidence on the outcomes of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis patients treated early (≤4 weeks) versus late (>4 weeks) after diagnosis of drug resistance.MethodsEight sources providing access to 17 globally representative electronic health care databases, indexes, sources of evidence-based reviews and grey literature were searched using terms incorporating time to treatment and MDR-TB. Two-stage sifting in duplicate was employed to assess studies against pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only those articles reporting WHO-defined treatment outcomes were considered for inclusion. Articles reporting on fewer than 10 patients, published before 1990, or without a comparison of outcomes in patient groups experiencing different delays to treatment initiation were excluded.ResultsThe initial search yielded 1978 references, of which 1475 unique references remained after removal of duplicates and 28 articles published pre-1990. After title and abstract sifting, 64 papers underwent full text review. None of these articles fulfilled the criteria for inclusion in the review.ConclusionsWhilst there is an inherent logic in the theory that treatment delay will lead to poorer treatment outcomes, no published evidence was identified in this systematic review to support this hypothesis. Reports of programmatic changes leading to reductions in treatment delay exist in the literature, but attribution of differences in outcomes specifically to treatment delay is confounded by other contemporaneous changes. Further primary research on this question is not considered a high priority use of limited resources, though where data are available, improved reporting of outcomes by time to treatment should be encouraged.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1524-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Technology optimised fixed-point bit-parallel multiplier for LUT-based FPGAs

Modern day field programmable gate arrays FPGA have look-up tables LUT as inherent basic logic elements. With FPGAs fast moving from prototype designing to low and medium volume productions, there is an increased need for efficient utilisation of these FPGA primitives. Unfortunately, majority of the work concerned with FPGA implementations focus only on the technology independent architectural optimisations that can be done at the top level of the logic synthesis process. In this paper, we consider the technology dependent optimisation of the fixed-point bit-parallel multiplier on LUT-based FPGAs. We perform technology dependent optimisations prior to the design entry phase and then use instantiation-based coding styles to ensure that the optimisations remain preserved throughout the synthesis process. Our implementations show substantial improvement in terms of resources utilised, critical path delays and dynamic power dissipation.

Naturally Inspired Firefly Controller For Stabilization Of Double Inverted Pendulum

Abstract A double inverted pendulum plant as an established model that is analyzed as part of this work was tested under the influence of time delay, where the controller was fine tuned using a firefly algorithm taking into considering the fitness function of variation of the cart position and to minimize the cart position displacement and still stabilize it effectively. The naturally inspired algorithm which imitates the fireflies definitely is an energy efficient method owing to the inherent logic of the way the fireflies respond collectively and has shown that critical time delays makes the system healthy.

The Categorial Logic of Peirce’s Metaphysical Cosmogony

Abstract In this paper, I present a detailed interpretation of Peirce’s cosmogony about the origin of the universe and its evolutionary development. This involves bringing together and making sense of Peirce’s disconnected statements on cosmology, which are scattered throughout his writings and which sometimes employ different terminologies. Furthermore, it shall involve identifying the categories of firstness, secondness, and thirdness that govern its conceptual structure, and ultimately the metaphysical structure of the universe to which it refers. Attending to the categories at play here reveals the basic “logic” of Peirce’s theory from which its rational coherence is discernable. As such, it may be argued that given the inherent logic of his position, Peirce’s theory amounts to a reasonable abduction, as well as one that possesses some unique theoretical merits in comparison to other alternative cosmogonies that have been proposed in the history of philosophy and modern astronomy.

Health risks, social security, and religious choice of rural residents

Purpose – The reform and opening up have triggered a “revival” of religious belief in rural China. The purpose of this paper is to explain why rural residents are increasingly becoming religious, by analysing the inherent relationship between their risks and religious choice, and conducts a preliminary investigation of the common characteristics of rural believers and the determinants of their religious choice. Design/methodology/approach – The authors applied a logit model to test the determinants of rural residents’ religious choice. The authors used sample survey data collected in 2008 from the rural area of Songxian County, Henan Province. Findings – The results suggest that age, sex, political status, health risks, and social security have a significant effect on rural residents’ religious choice. On this basis, the authors have discussed the inherent logic of “disease-related religious practice”. From these results, the paper points out that lack of basic public services such as medical care due to the government’s withdrawal from these fields has increased the health risks of rural residents, triggering a “revival” of religious belief in rural China. Originality/value – This paper has improved on previous research in two ways. First, it analyses the relationship between health risk and religious choice, shedding light on the underlying causes of the religious revival in rural China. Second, the methodology involves an analysis of household survey data, thus filling the gap created by less-rigorous quantitative analysis in rural China-based religious research.