Inhalation Rate Research Articles

Relationship between Aerosols Exposure and Lung Deposition Dose

We conducted a systematic study to evaluate the relationship of exposure to aerosols with specific focus on airborne ultrafine particles and the effective dose in the lungs of humans or animals. By multiplying particle concentration size distributions with lung deposition curves of the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) model, the lung deposition concentrations, which could be directly linked to the effective dose via inhalation rate and exposure time, were estimated. The calculations were performed on a number of representative particle size distributions ex-tracted from measurement data in the literature. Apart from the evaluation of the lung depos-ited particle concentration, we investigated whether and how the lung deposited particle con-centration depended on the diameter of the main mode of the considered size distribution and if there was a potential animal surrogate for human beings in inhalation exposure studies. The average deep-lung deposited fraction (sum of alveolar and trachea-bronchial deposited concentrations divided by the ambient concentration) depended on the inhaled aerosol size distribution and the considered metric (number, surface area or mass). It was slightly higher in terms of number than for surface area and mass. Moreover, the lung deposited particle frac-tion depended also on the diameter of the main mode of the inhaled aerosol size distribution: the smaller the diameter of the main mode, the higher the lung deposited particle fraction. Our study aims at a better understanding of the correlations between the particle parameters meas-ured in exposure studies and the dose metrics in the lung, which in turn facilitates the risk as-sessment of ambient ultrafine particles.

Cadmium sulfide-induced toxicity in the cortex and cerebellum: In vitro and in vivo studies

Living organisms have an innate ability to regulate the synthesis of inorganic materials, such as bones and teeth in humans. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) can be utilized as a quantum dot that functions as a unique light-emitting semiconductor nanocrystal. The increased use in CdS has led to an increased inhalation and ingestion rate of CdS by humans which requires a broader appreciation for the acute and chronic toxicity of CdS. We investigated the toxic effects of CdS on cerebellar cell cultures and rat brain. We employed a ‘green synthesis’ biosynthesis process to obtain biocompatible material that can be used in living organisms, such as Viridibacillus arenosi K64. Nanocrystal formation was initiated by adding CdCl2 (1 mM) to the cell cultures. Our in vitro results established that increased concentrations of CdS (0.1 μg/mL) lead to decreased cell viability as assessed using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidant status (TOS). The in vivo studies showed that exposure to CdS (1 mg/kg) glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were increased. Collectively, we describe a model system that addresses the process from the synthesis to the neurotoxicity assessment for CdS both in vitro and in vivo. These data will be beneficial in establishing a more comprehensive pathway for the understanding of quantum dot-induced neurotoxicity.

Indoor particle inhalability of a stationary and moving manikin

Understanding particle inhalation caused by human activity is vital for developing estimates of inhalation exposure in indoor environments. This study used Computational Fluid Dynamics to compare nasal aspiration efficiency of a stationary manikin in uniform airflow and a moving manikin in stagnant air. The model was a full-scale body with detailed facial features at the nose. The stationary manikin case adopted a constant freestream velocities of 0.2 m/s and 0.4 m/s representing typical office wind environments; while the moving manikin case considered a walking speed of 0.4 m/s as a comparison case, followed with additional higher walking speeds (0.8 m/s and 1.6 m/s) to investigate realistic walking scenarios. Inhalation rates through the nose included light and medium breathing at 15 and 27 L per minute.The aspiration efficiency (AE) was used to quantify the nasal particle inhalability from an upstream release source. In order to evaluate the inhalability for the moving manikin, a 3-dimensional particle source was created and validated with a 2-dimensional particle source, which was common in studies for stationary manikins. Discrepancies in aspiration efficiencies were quantified between using 2- and 3-dimensional particle sources. The particle inhalability for a moving manikin was estimated for three particle sizes and three walking speeds. The inhalability of a walking manikin was found higher than a stationary manikin facing the wind, less relevant to particle sizes but more related to walking speeds. This study quantified the particle inhalability for moving manikins to characterise a more comprehensive scenario for modelling human respiration and developing estimations of particle exposure.

Spatial trends, health risk assessment and ozone formation potential linked to BTEX

The current study set out to examine BTEX species comprehensively in order to assess their spatiotemporal distribution, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment, and ozone formation potential (OFP), source identification, and sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in the capital city of Qom, Iran. Data were gathered from 16 sampling stations in the winter and spring seasons. The average BTEX levels of both sampling periods were 22.49 for toluene, 15.2 for benzene, 12.38 for xylene, and 5.69 for ethylbenzene. Higher concentrations were observed in the city center and in the proximity of a power plant. Pollution source identification was carried out using principal component analysis (PCA). PCA and the T/B ratio both indicated that industrial sources are the primary pollution source in the spring, while, in the winter, BTEX levels were driven by traffic sources. The highest OFP was determined to be from xylene, followed by toluene, ethylbenzene, and benzene. Among the BTEX species, benzene had the highest cancer and non-cancer risk above and under the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s standard, respectively. Pollutant concentration was the most sensitive parameter followed by body weight, inhalation rate, and exposure frequency.

Particle exposure and inhaled dose while commuting in Lisbon

While commuting, individuals are exposed to high concentrations of urban air pollutants that can lead to adverse health effects. This study aims to assess commuters’ exposure to particulate matter (PM) when travelling by car, bicycle, metro and bus in Lisbon. Mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were higher in the metro. On the other hand, the highest BC and PN0.01-1 average concentrations were found in car and bus mode, respectively. In cars, the outdoor concentrations and the type of ventilation appeared to affect the indoor concentrations. In fact, the use of ventilation led to a decrease of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and to an increase of BC concentrations. The highest inhaled doses were mostly observed in bicycle journeys, due to the longest travel periods combined with enhanced physical activity and, consequently, highest inhalation rates.

봄과 여름철 부산 도심에서 도보 및 대중교통 이용자의 초미세먼지 (PM2.5) 노출과 흡입량 비교

봄과 여름철 부산 도심에서 도보 및 대중교통 이용자의 초미세먼지 (PM2.5) 노출과 흡입량 비교

Monitoring of Volume of Air in Inhalation From Triflo Using Video Processing

Breathing exercise training with a flow-oriented incentive spirometer (or Triflo) is important in lung expansion rehabilitation for patients with lung surgery or pulmonary injury. In this article, we propose a novel technique to estimate the volume of air inhaled and the sustained inhalation time based on video processing. The proposed technique combines a randomized circle detection algorithm to detect the three balls in Triflo tubes and a normalized cross-correlation algorithm to track these three balls that rise due to inhalation. The values of inhalation and the sustained inhalation time intervals are automatically recorded as screenshots on a personal computer for later analysis by a doctor. Three major experiments were conducted to verify the advantages of this proposed system. The first experiment evaluated the performances of both the ball detection and the tracking algorithms showing 3.68% error. The second experiment applied the proposed method implemented, so that it displays in plots the changes in the inhalation rate, as the training of a postoperative volunteer progressed. In the last experiment, a healthy subject employs Triflo to test the inhalation training format for lung volume regeneration with three levels of difficulty, to record the number of successful breathing maneuvers. When the data are displayed in rate versus time plots, a graph can help a doctor to appropriately plan the training program for the benefit of patients, because a more adaptable therapy can be realized and varying degrees of difficulty can be implemented. In addition, the patients can comfortably practice in home-based rehabilitation, seeing the improvements in the inspiratory muscle performance in computer screenshots.

VARIATION SIMULATION OF RADON CONCENTRATION IN THE TISSUES AND ORGANS OF THE BODY BY AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT.

In this study, a new model based on electric circuit theory has been introduced to simulate the dynamics of radioactive chemically inert gases in the human body. For this manner, it is assumed that inert gas is transported through the body to various organs via the blood stream. In this simulation, a voltage source is equivalent to gas generation in the atmosphere, the conductivity is equivalent to the cardiac output of the organ, the capacitor capacitance is equivalent to the volume of blood or tissue and voltage across a capacitor is equivalent to the gas concentration in air or blood or a tissue. This simulation can be used to study the dynamics of any inert gas whose partition coefficients are known. We use this simulation to study the dynamics of radon in human body. The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that describes the fate of radon in systemic tissue has been used for this simulation. Using this simulation, the effective dose equivalent resulting from inhalation of radon has been estimated. The calculated values agree with the previously reported value. Also, using the model, it has been shown that after inhalation of radon gas, absorbed dose has been decreased in different tissues by increasing the inhalation rate without radon. So that, by doubling the inhalation rate and the rate of cardiac output, the value of the absorbed dose has been decreased 11.88% in the adipose tissue, 25.49% in the red marrow tissue and 20.3% in the liver organ.

Atmospheric aerosols and inhalable particle number count during Diwali in Dehradun

This work presents the effects of fireworks display during Diwali on the short-term elevation of atmospheric aerosols and associated particle deposition in human respiratory tract at Dehradun, located in the foothills of the Himalayas. During Diwali in the years 2017 and 2018, the real-time particle number count (PNC) and particulate matter (PM) with the aerodynamic diameter of 0.01 to 35 μm were measured using an aerosol spectrometer. The 2-year mean ± SD of PNC, PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 during the Diwali period was observed to be 23,861 ± 13,307 (# cm−3), 85.63 ± 38.64, 97.10 ± 40.36 and 134.21 ± 44.80 (μg m−3), respectively. Interestingly, PM mass concentration (PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10) and PNC during the Diwali period was 1.8–2.1 folds compared to the pre-Diwali period. Air mass back trajectory analysis revealed no long range transport or trans-boundary source during Diwali, which suggests that the air quality of Dehradun is influenced by local air pollution activities like fireworks, wood burning and automobile emissions. Furthermore, the number of particles inhalable in nucleation, Aitken and accumulation size mode was calculated using PNC and inhalation rate. Inhalable particles during Diwali were two times the pre-Diwali period. This study is first of its kind study over the foothills of Himalayas that illustrates the interferences of air pollution and their impact on human health during the festival period.

Patient-specific modeling of aerosol delivery in healthy and asthmatic adults.

The magnitude and regional heterogeneity of airway obstructions in severe asthmatics is likely linked to insufficient drug delivery, as evidenced by the inability to mitigate exacerbations with inhaled aerosol medications. To understand the correlation between morphometric features, airflow distribution, and inhaled dosimetry, we perform dynamic computational simulations in two healthy and four asthmatic subjects. Models incorporate computed tomography-based and patient-specific central airway geometries and hyperpolarized 3He MRI-measured segmental ventilation defect percentages (SVDPs), implemented as resistance boundary conditions. Particles [diameters (dp) = 1, 3, and 5 μm] are simulated throughout inhalation, and we record their initial conditions, both spatially and temporally, with their fate in the lung. Predictions highlight that total central airway deposition is the same between the healthy subjects (26.6%, dp = 3 μm) but variable among the asthmatic subjects (ranging from 5.9% to 59.3%, dp = 3 μm). We found that by preferentially releasing the particles during times of fast or slow inhalation rates we enhance either central airway deposition percentages or peripheral particle delivery, respectively. These predictions highlight the potential to identify with simulations patients who may not receive adequate therapeutic dosages with inhaled aerosol medication and therefore identify patients who may benefit from alternative treatment strategies. Furthermore, by improving regional dose levels, we may be able to preferentially deliver drugs to the airways in need, reducing associated adverse side effects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although it is evident that exacerbation mitigation is unsuccessful in some asthmatics, it remains unclear whether or not these patients receive adequate dosages of inhaled therapeutics. By coupling MRI and computed tomography data with patient-specific computational models, our predictions highlight the large intersubject variability, specifically in severe asthma.

A field study to estimate inhalation rates for use in a particle inhalation rate exposure metric

Particle inhalation rate (PIR) is an air pollution exposure metric that relies on age-, sex-, and physical activity-specific estimates of minute respiratory volume (MRV; L/min-kg) to account for personal inhalation patterns. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)-generated MRV estimates derive primarily from relatively homogenous populations without substantial cardiorespiratory challenges. To determine if these MRV estimates are relevant to populations in generally poor cardiorespiratory health (e.g., the Boston Puerto Rican Health Study (BPRHS) population) or whether population-specific estimates are needed, we 1) estimated population-specific MRVs and compared them to USEPA MRV estimates, and 2) compared exposure distributions and health effect estimates using PIR with population-specific MRVs, PIR with USEPA MRVs, and ambient particle number concentration (PNC). We recruited 40 adults (80% Puerto Rican, mean age = 60.2 years) in Boston with health characteristics similar to the BPRHS population. We measured pulse, oxygen saturation, respiration rate, and inspiratory volume while participants walked, stood, sat, and lay down. Pulse, respiration rate, inspiratory volume, and MRV were greater when participants were walking/standing compared to sitting or lying down. We then calculated MRVs adjusted for age, sex, measured body weight, and physical activity using data from 19 Puerto Rican participants who wore a nose clip or held their nostrils closed. We applied the population-specific and USEPA MRVs to estimate ultrafine particle exposure for participants in the BPRHS (n = 781). We compared exposure distributions and health effect estimates using the PIR with population-specific MRV estimates, PIR with USEPA MRV estimates, and ambient concentrations. We found that while population-specific MRVs differed from USEPA MRVs, particularly for unhealthy participants, PIR exposure distributions and health effect estimates were similar using each exposure metric. Confidence intervals were narrower using the PIR metrics than ambient PNC, suggesting increased statistical efficiency. Even in our understudied population, using USEPA MRVs did not meaningfully change PIR estimates.

Pedestrian exposure to PM2.5, BC and UFP of adults and teens: A case study in Xi’an, China

To evaluate the exposure of adults and teens to fine particles (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and ultrafine particles (UFP) as they walked along urban roads, an investigation was performed using mobile measurement devices on two types of urban roads (arterial and collector) in Xi'an. The inhalation dose model, considering exposure concentration, inhalation rate, and trip time, was employed to estimate the personal inhaled dose of pollutants for adults and teens. Multivariate linear regression was used to explore impact factors that contributed to their exposure variability. Results showed large spatial and temporal pollutant concentration variations along the designed route. Pedestrians experienced higher exposure concentrations on the arterial road than on the collector road. Teens faced higher PM2.5 and BC inhaled doses than adults on all the streets studied, although sometimes being exposed to lower concentrations than adults. In addition, gender-related inhaled dose differences between teens were more significant than those for adults. The overall background concentrations explained the greatest variability in pollutant exposures, from 18.7% for BC to 40.4% for PM2.5. Ambient concentrations and traffic volume as well as pollution hotspots (pedestrian cigarette smokers, restaurants, and open burning) were identified as major factors affecting the pollutant concentrations.

Computational fluid dynamics investigation of particle intake for nasal breathing by a moving body

Particle intake by human breathing is important for developing relevant estimates of exposure in the indoor environments; however, relatively few studies are devoted to the influence from human activities. This study evaluates the nasal inhalability of micron particles for a manikin in motion by transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The model was built using a full-scale manikin with key facial features at the nose and mouth. The manikin was moving at a speed of 0.8 m/s through stagnant air in an indoor environment achieved by dynamic mesh. Three nasal inhalation rates of 15, 27, and 40 LPM (litres per minute) and four particle sizes (7, 22, 52, and 82 μm) were considered. The particle intake fraction was calculated to quantify the nasal inhalability of particles over different conditions. Fluid flow field of the motion-induced wake flow and particle trajectories were visualized to reveal the principles of the particle inhalability for a body in motion. This study quantifying the particle intake for a moving manikin will help to characterize a more holistic scenario for respiration modellings and developing estimates of exposure affected by human activities.

Exposure levels and health damage assessment of dust in a coal mine of Shanxi Province, China

The concentrations, health risks and quantitative probabilistic health effects for dust at four workplaces from a coal mine in Shanxi were discussed. A total of 582 dust samples from 21 types of works in various workplaces were collected and analyzed, and their mean concentration ranged from 1.29 to 19.38 mg/m3. The probabilistic health damages assessment for coal miners caused by dust were conducted by Monte Carlo simulations and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) inhalation risk model. The roadheader drivers and drillers in driving place suffered the greatest health risks with the average value of 5.60×10-6 and 5.55×10-6, respectively. The health risks in other workplaces are relatively lower and in the sequence of coal place, transshipment point, and shotcreting point. The health damages for coal miner at various workplaces followed a lognormal distribution, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) ranked in the following sequence: driving face (1.76±0.14a) > coal face (1.63±0.06a) > transshipment point (1.24±0.11a) > shotcreting point (0.97±0.07a). Sensitivity analyses indicate that exposure duration (ED) have the greatest impact on the dust health damages, followed by exposure time (ET), inhalation rate (IR) and dust concentration (C). These results provide basic information for dust pollution control and health management in coal mines.

Blood Pressure Responses to Air Pollution in Chinese Children: Effect Modification by Obesity

PURPOSE: To assess effect modification by obesity on the association between pollutants and blood pressure (BP) in Chinese children. METHODS: We investigated 26,039 Chinese children, aged 6-18 years old, from 50 elementary schools and 44 middle schools from seven provinces in China in 2014. The weight, height, waist circumferences, and BP were measured. Total seven and half months concentrations of particulates with an aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 and ≤10 μm (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone (O3) sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxides (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) were assessed based on the measurement from national monitoring stations and the personal short-term inhalation rate. Two-level regression analysis was used to examine the effects, controlling for sex, age, early life factors, physical activity, screen time, socioeconomic status, passive smoking exposure, and family history of hypertension. RESULTS: The results showed that associations existed between elevated BP and pollutants. The increase in systolic BP ranged from 0.21 mmHg per 62.2 mg/m3 increase for CO (95%CI: 0.03-0.40 mmHg) to 1.49 mmHg per 1320.4 μg/m3 increase for PM10 (95%CI: 1.21-1.86 mmHg). The increases in mean diastolic BP ranged from 0.42 mmHg per 368.6 μg/m3 increase for NO2 (95%CI: 0.22-0.62 mmHg) to 0.82 mmHg per 1320.4 μg/m3 increase for PM10 (95%CI: 0.54-1.10 mmHg). Compared to children with normal weight or non-abdominal obesity, underweight, overweight, obese, or abdominally obese children exhibited consistently stronger effects. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings indicate that high levels of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO are associated with increased BP among Chinese children. Underweight, overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity may increase the risk.

Inhale, exhale: Why particulate matter exposure in animal models are so acute?

Ecotoxicological studies that try to describe the effects of particulate matter (PM) on human health are important in order to gain a deeper understanding of their effects in disease outcomes. Because exposure protocols are not easily comparable, evaluating human PM exposure is a difficult task. Thus, interpreting ambiguous or conflicting results from different experiments could lead to misleading conclusions about the true nature of PM effects. To address these issues, we compiled a collection of relevant research articles in order to compare present PM exposure methods and extract data related to concentration, inhalation rates (IR), and doses. We also compare the experimental exposure levels reported in these articles to PM levels around the world. In particular, our dataset covers reported results from 75 research articles. To allow for comparison between protocols, we used this data to fit a normalization equation that depends upon concentration, exposure time, dose, inhalability, and physiological parameters. Based on the collected research papers, instillation is the prevalent exposure method. Also, the median PM IR from these experiments is three orders of magnitude higher than the PM IR found in environmental conditions (EAP). Experiments employing inhalation of concentrated PM show IR results that are two orders of magnitude higher than EAP; these results are cause for concerns, since the PM exposure were acute, sudden, and higher than the worst-case exposure scenarios reported by the world megacities. We also found that different PM exposure protocols are sources for the observed variability in physiological response results found from animal models. We discuss these findings and make suggestions for future exposure methodologies. Such considerations should be valuable for quantifying PM exposure in disease outcomes.

Personal exposure to black carbon in Stockholm, using different intra-urban transport modes

The traffic microenvironment has been shown to be a major contributor to the total personal exposure of black carbon (BC), and is key to local actions aiming at reducing health risks associated with such exposure. The main aim of the study was to get a better understanding of the determinants of traffic-related personal exposure to BC in an urban environment.Personal exposure to ambient levels of BC was monitored while walking, cycling and traveling by bus or car along four streets and while cycling alternative routes simultaneously. Monitoring was performed during morning and afternoon peak hours and at midday, with a portable aethalometer recording one-minute mean values. In all, >4000 unique travel passages were performed. Stepwise Linear Regression was used to assess predictors to personal exposure levels of BC.The personal BC concentration ranged 0.03–37 μg/m3. The average concentrations were lowest while walking (1.7 μg/m3) and highest traveling by bus (2.7 μg/m3). However, only 22% of the variability could be explained by travel mode, urban background BC and wind speed. BC concentrations measured inside a car were on average 33% lower than measured simultaneously outside the car. Choosing an alternative bicycle route with less traffic resulted in up to 1.4 μg/m3 lower personal exposure concentrations.In conclusion, traveling by bus rendered the highest personal BC concentrations. But when taking travel time and inhalation rate into account, the travel-related exposure dose was predicted to be highest during walking and cycling. It is however probable that the benefits from physical activity outweigh health risks associated with this higher exposure dose.It is clear that road traffic makes an important contribution to personal exposure to BC regardless of mode of intra-urban transport. Our data suggest that commuting along routes with lower BC levels would substantially decrease commuter's exposure.

Quantitative health risk assessment of inhalation exposure to automobile foundry dust

With a growing awareness of environmental protection, the dust pollution caused by automobile foundry work has become a serious and urgent problem. This study aimed to explore contamination levels and health effects of automobile foundry dust. A total of 276 dust samples from six types of work in an automobile foundry factory were collected and analysed using the filter membrane method. Probabilistic risk assessment model was developed for evaluating the health risk of foundry dust on workers. The health risk and its influencing factors among workers were then assessed by applying the Monte Carlo method to identify the most significant parameters. Health damage assessment was conducted to translate health risk into disability-adjusted life year (DALY). The results revealed that the mean concentration of dust on six types of work ranged from 1.67 to 5.40mg/m3. The highest health risks to be come from melting, cast shakeout and finishing, followed by pouring, sand preparation, moulding and core-making. The probability of the risk exceeding 10-6 was approximately 85%, 90%, 90%, 75%, 70% and 45%, respectively. The sensitivity analysis indicated that average time, exposure duration, inhalation rate and dust concentration (C) made great contribution to dust health risk. Workers exposed to cast shakeout and finishing had the largest DALY of 48.64a. These results can further help managers to fully understand the dust risks on various types of work in the automobile foundry factories and provide scientific basis for the management and decision-making related to health damage assessment.

ExpoApp: An integrated system to assess multiple personal environmental exposures

To assess environmental exposures at the individual level, new assessment methods and tools are required. We developed an exposure assessment system (ExpoApp) for smartphones. ExpoApp integrates: (i) geo-location and accelerometry measurements from a waist attached smartphone, (ii) data from portable monitors, (iii) geographic information systems, and (iv) individual's information. ExpoApp calculates time spent in microenvironments, physical activity level, inhalation rate, and environmental exposures and doses (e.g., green spaces, inhaled ultrafine particles- UFP). We deployed ExpoApp in a panel study of 158 adults from five cities (Amsterdam and Utrecht- the Netherlands, Basel- Switzerland, Norwich- UK, and Torino- Italy) with an UFP monitor. To evaluate ExpoApp, participants also carried a reference accelerometer (ActiGraph) and completed a travel-activity diary (TAD). System reliability and validity of measurements were evaluated by comparing the monitoring failure rate and the agreement on time spent in microenvironments and physical activity with the reference tools. There were only significant failure rate differences between ExpoApp and ActiGraph in Norwich. Agreement on time in microenvironments and physical activity level between ExpoApp and reference tools was 86.6% (86.5–86.7) and 75.7% (71.5–79.4), respectively. ExpoApp estimated that participants inhaled 16.5 × 1010 particles/day of UFP and had almost no contact with green spaces (24% of participants spent ≥30 min/day in green spaces). Participants with more contact with green spaces had higher inhaled dose of UFP, except for the Netherlands, where the relationship was the inverse. ExpoApp is a reliable system and provides accurate individual's measurements, which may help to understand the role of environmental exposures on the origin and course of diseases.

The Relationship between Ventilation with Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) of Benzene at the Shoe Home Industry in Romokalisari Surabaya

The objectives of this study were to identify the relationship of Ventilation with Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) of benzene at the shoe home industry in Romokalisari, Surabaya. This researchwas observational, cross-sectional study 10 workers as the total population. The data was analysed using cross tabulation to calculate the frequency of Ventilation and Excess Cancer Risk (ECR), that obtained from the value of benzene Carcinogen Intake (Ink), benzene concentration in work environment (C), worker�s weight (Wb), inhalation rate (R), length of work/day (tE), working frequency/year (fE), duration of work (Dt), and average time period (t avg ). Analysis relationship between Ventilation with Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) of benzene carcinogen was using Coefficient-Contingency Test and Prevalence Risk (PR). From observation it was found that most of the workplace were not ventilated (9 places/90). Concentrations of benzene 0.04 mg/m 3 -2.91 mg/m 3 , inhalation rate (R) 0.5 m 3 /hr-0.7 m 3 /hr, length of work per day (tE) 8 hours/day-15 hours/day, working frequency (fE) 312-365 days/year, duration of work (Dt) 14-43 years, weight of worker�s (Wb) in 8 people (80) � 70 Kg, CSF benzene 0.055 mg/m 3 , and excess cancer risk (ECR) > 10 -4 indicated that there was a possibility of carcinogenic health risks. P-value was 0.035, meaning there was a relationship between the existence of ventilation with the Excess Cancer Risk (ECR) of benzene carcinogen in workers. Prevalence Risk (PR) was 9.0, meaning that the absence of ventilation has a 9 times greater risk of carcinogen health effects. Recommendations were by providing better ventilation in the workplace, consuming CYP2E1 enzyme contained in cow liver and salmon to lower benzene concentration in the body, it is necessary for risk management to include medical tests, added air vents, replaced with safer materials, and communicated to use personal protective equipment. 12,16 . © 2019, Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.