Ingredients Of Traditional Medicine Research Articles

Phytochemicals and biological activities of <i>Tetrapleura tetraptera</i> seed extracts

Tetrapleura tetraptera, also known commonly as Prekese or Aidan fruit in Ghana and Nigeria, respectively, is noted for its use in herbal preparations. The fruit in particular is employed as an ingredient in traditional medicine and as a spice across West-Africa. The seed, which forms part of the fruit, is discarded together with the spent fruit. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition as well as the biological activity of the hexane and ethanol extracts of the prekese seed. Our investigation revealed that the extracts contained valuable secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. All extracts exhibited mild to good levels of antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. The ethanol extract had a better biological activity compared to the hexane extract. The biological activities of both the hexane and ethanol extracts were lower compared to those of ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole.

A Simple Validated High-performance Thin-layer Chromatographic-densitometric Analysis Method for Simultaneous Quantitation of Betulin, Lupeol, Stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol in Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees

ABSTRACT Background: Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees is an essential and versatile ingredient in traditional medicine and herbal formulations, owing to their in curing ability against numerous diseases and disorders. There are forms of utilization like hot water extract, Methanol and ethanol extracts, as well as in some eastern parts of India, the plant is used daily as a leafy vegetable for human consumption during the medical treatment2,3. Also, it is considered a nutritious fodder for cattle. With many essential vitamins and minerals, available literature also reports vital phytoconstituents like Betulin, Lupeol, Stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol as therapeutic activity enhancers for Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees. Standardizing these vital phytoconstituents in the raw material will control the quality of the herbal formulations, extracts, and nutritional value. Aim: To develop and validate a HPTLC method-densitometric analysis method for simultaneous quantitation of four phytoconstituents of Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees. Objective: The method should be simple, capable of separating Betulin, Lupeol, Stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol to simultaneously estimate the contents at 366nm and 540nm. Further, the method is validated following the guidelines laid by ICH, Q2 (R1). Materials and Methods: Precoated F254 silica gel TLC plates of Merck were utilized as stationary phase to carry out the separation in combination with n-Hexane: Ethyl acetate (8:2) as mobile phase. After development phytoconstituents were derivatized with Anisaldehyde Sulphuric Acid Reagent and TLC plates are dried at 100 °C for 3 min before visualization at 366nm and 540nm. Results: In summary, the method separates all the phytoconstituents adequately and is specific, the limit of detection–limit of quantification for betulin is 0.8 ng and 2.4 ng, lupeol is 0.3 ng and 1.02 ng, and total sterols is 0.2 ng and 0.7 ng the coefficient of variance for precision (Intraday and Interday) is Not more than (NMT) 5%, Linearity and Range is 0.5ng to 6ng, and Recovery ranges from 88.5% to 96.8%. Conclusion: It is evidential from the obtained results of the study that method is selective, sensitive, and reproducible for simultaneous analysis of Betulin, Lupeol, Stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol in Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees.

The architecture of green space by medicinal plants in the university and its impact on people’s ealth, education and environmental in the Post-Pandemic Time

Medicinal plants have played an essential role in human healthcare as essential ingredients in traditional medicines and the combination of novel drugs. The architecture of the green space in the university is mainly aimed at the cultivation of plant species that have an eye-catching application. But the green space including medicinal plants in the university space has both effects on the physical and mental health of people and has a good view. It can also be used for teaching students. Therefore, the architectural style of successful herbal botanical gardens needs to reflect a broad understanding of botany and encourage creative thinking in garden design and interpretation. Medicinal Plants gardens are more than just a “pleasant place to visit” because of their unique combination of resources, and it offers a unique opportunity to use plants for human well-being. As a result, the architectural design of the garden may have an impact on its performance. The purpose of this article is to describe the effect of medicinal plants on people’s health and education, as well as their architectural design in universities.

Utilization of Phytochemical Content of Nipah Leaf Extract in the Coastal Area of Indonesia

Nypa fruticans Wurmb or ‘nipa’ is a palm plant that includes mangrove commodities, found along the mouths of tropical and subtropical rivers. Nipah forests in Indonesia are spread on the coast of the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua. Coastal communities in Indonesia usually use nipah as an ingredient in traditional medicine, food coloring, to various handicrafts. The main phytochemical composition of nipah is polyphenols, phenolics, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. Therefore, the knowledge and utilization of this nipah plant need to be sought and studied more deeply to optimize its utilization. This study aims to find out the utilization of the phytochemical composition of nipah leaf extract on the coast of Indonesia. The results of the literature study on the phytochemical content of nipa leaves and their use have the potential as traditional medicine, and can act as antioxidants, antidiabetics, antimicrobials (antifungals and antibacterials), anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic. In addition to medicine, nipah plants are also used as roofs, livestock pens, or huts in gardens, brooms, handicrafts, fishing gear, as food coloring, as a source of food and beverages, to renewable energy fuel sources.

In vitro sterilization and callus induction from Cananga odorata forma genuina steenis explants

Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) is a plant with numerous uses, including ornamental use, traditional medicinal ingredient, as fragrance, and cosmetics. The high market demand for ylang-ylang essential oil needs to be supported by information on the in vitro process of callus formation to supports the secondary metabolites production without having to cut or harvest the trees so that biodiversity is maintained. The aims of this study were to analyze the explants sterilization method using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution that was most suitable for the ylang-ylang initiation, and to analyze the effect of BAP and NAA treatment on the formation of ylang-ylang callus. The design used is a completely randomized design. The methods used included the preparation, sterilization, and callus induction using a combination of BAP and NAA hormones with twenty four treatment combinations. The results are: the sterilization of explants with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution at a concentration of 20% (v/v) 10 minutes followed by a concentration of 15% (v/v) 20 minutes was able to produce sterile explants in as much as 67.5% of cases. At the callus induction stage, the highest score of callus formation in leaf explants was in media-23 (BAP 4 ppm plus NAA 5 ppm).

The ethnomedicinal use of vultures by traditional health practitioners in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

African traditional medicine contributes to greater healthcare coverage by providing primary healthcare to rural dwellers, who often have limited access to modern medical services. However, the prevalence of traditional medicine use has been reported to put pressure on biological resources upon which it relies. Indigenous people have identified many wild animals as possessing curative properties. The use of animals and their body parts as ingredients in traditional medicine is often poorly regulated and therefore represents a major challenge for biodiversity conservation. We investigated traditional health practitioners’ ethnomedicinal use of vultures in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In-depth interviews were conducted with 26 traditional health practitioners from two district municipalities. Data collected were analysed through qualitative and quantitative methodologies. We documented seven parts of the vulture that traditional health practitioners used in KwaZulu-Natal. When the Use Value (UV) index was calculated for each part, the head obtained the highest (0.92). Consensus on parts and their uses was generally low across the study group. Of the 21 uses reported for vulture parts, 71% were spiritual-based. The participants were aware of the hunting of vultures through the use of poison but demonstrated different views about the risks associated with using such material. Overall, our findings confirm the increasing use of African vultures in traditional medicine. Raising awareness and upscaling the active involvement of traditional health practitioners in natural resource management may benefit vulture conservation and that of other species commonly used in belief-based practices.

Biotransformation of High Concentrations of Ginsenoside Substrate into Compound K by β-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus.

The rare ginsenoside Compound K (CK) is an attractive ingredient in traditional medicines, cosmetics, and the food industry because of its various biological activities. However, it does not exist in nature. The commonly used method for the production of CK is enzymatic conversion. In order to further improve the catalytic efficiency and increase the CK content, a thermostable β-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris and secreted into fermentation broth. The recombinant SS-bgly in the supernatant showed enzyme activity of 93.96 U/mg at 120 h when using pNPG as substrate. The biotransformation conditions were optimized at pH 6.0 and 80 °C, and its activity was significantly enhanced in the presence of 3 mM Li+. When the substrate concentration was 10 mg/mL, the recombinant SS-bgly completely converted the ginsenoside substrate to CK with a productivity of 507.06 μM/h. Moreover, the recombinant SS-bgly exhibited extraordinary tolerance against high substrate concentrations. When the ginsenoside substrate concentration was increased to 30 mg/mL, the conversion could still reach 82.5% with a productivity of 314.07 μM/h. Thus, the high temperature tolerance, resistance to a variety of metals, and strong substrate tolerance make the recombinant SS-bgly expressed in P. pastoris a potential candidate for the industrial production of the rare ginsenoside CK.

Tectorigenin inhibits inflammation in keratinocytes by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome regulated by the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.

Psoriasis is a prevalent inflammatory skin disease characterized by excessive proliferation and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes, and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the epidermis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Tectorigenin is an active ingredient in traditional medicines and has anti-inflammatory activity. This research explored the effects of tectorigenin on the anti-inflammatory property, autophagy, and the underlying mechanisms in M5 ([IL-22, IL-17A, oncostatin M, IL-1α, and TNF-α])-stimulated HaCaT cells. The in vitro model of mixed M5 cytokines-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes was established to investigate the phenotypic features in psoriasis. Cell viability was assessed by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, cell proliferative rate by EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) assay, and autophagy was detected by immunofluorescence staining. After M5 exposure, the proliferative rate, protein expression of autophagy, and signaling activities of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were measured. The latter were quantitated using quantitative PCR and western blot, respectively. The inflammatory response was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tectorigenin exerted a protective effect in ameliorating the hyperproliferation and inflammation of HaCaT keratinocytes induced by M5 cytokines. Furthermore, tectorigenin on keratinocytes seemed to inactivate NLRP3 inflammasome and inhibit cell proliferation and inflammation response via suppression of TLR4/NF-κB pathway. This study proves that tectorigenin may be a potential therapeutic candidate for psoriasis treatment in future.

The Safety Evaluation of Some Plants of the Zingibereceae Family

: The Zingiberaceae family has long been used by the community as a spice, cosmetic ingredient, spice ingredient, and as an ingredient in traditional medicine. Toxicity testing is also essential as the first step in drug safety parameters before being used as a human drug product. This review article aims to identify and review scientific information from research thatched regarding the safety of the use of plants, especially those from the Zingiberaceae family. A literature study is used as a method in writing this article review. Literature searches were conducted online through search engines such as Google Scholar, Pubmed, and NCBI using the keyword "Zingiberaceae". "Toxicity test" and "Toxicity" followed by each plant's Latin name. The library criteria used are international journals indexed in Scopus Q1 to Q4 and national journals indexed in Sinta S1 to S6 published in the last ten years (2012-2022). A literature search found that 18 plants from the Zingiberaceae family had their toxicity tested acutely, subacutely, and chronically including Alpinia calcarata, Alpinia galanga, Alpinia malaccensis, Amomum compactum Sol. Ex Maton, Boesenbergia rotunda, Curcuma angustifolia. Curcuma caesia, Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorriza, Curcuma comosa, Etlingera elatior, Globba pendula, Hedychium spicatum, Kaempferia galanga, Kaempferia rotunda, Zingiber officinales, Zingiber zerumbet, and Zingiber cassumunar are categorized as non-toxic.

Toba Batak Ethnomedicine in Sipituhuta Village, Pollung District, Humbang Hasundutan Regency, North Sumatra

The importance of introducing medicinal plants of Toba Batak tribe as traditional medicinal ingredients increases public knowledge about their use in general. The objective of this study was to find out the types of plants that have medicinal properties and how they were used by the Toba Batak tribe. The types of research used were descriptive qualitative and quantitative with structured interview methods directly to predetermined informants. The selection of informants was carried out using a purposive sampling method, with a total of 9 informants. Based on the results, there are 90 species and 46 families of plants that have potential as medicine. Based on family, the number of species most widely used by the people of Sipituhuta Village are Zingiberaceae (7 species), Asteraceae (6 species), Poaceae (6 species) and Solanaceae (5 species).

Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Daun Matenasi (Garcinia Sp.) Terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus dan Eschericia Coli

Medicinal plants are very popular among the people of Indonesia as traditional medicinal ingredients. Traditional medicine is a means of supporting public health for generations, long before formal health services and modern medicines touched the layers of society. One of the medicinal plants which is efficacious as a medicine for diarrhea is matenasi leaf (Garcinia sp). Diarrhea is an infectious disease that often occurs in Indonesia due to Escherichia coli bacteria. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of methanol extract using the paper disc diffusion method which is dripped with 10 µl of the test solution using a micro pipette. The concentrations of the methanol extract used were 50%, 75%, and 100% compared to the positive control, namely 30 µl chloramphenicol solution. Matenasi leaves using methanol extract have strong antibacterial activity at a concentration of 100%. For Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a concentration of 100% with a diameter of 22.67 mm (very strong category), Escherichia coli bacteria with a concentration of 100% with a diameter of 18.25 mm (strong category). The methanol extract of matenasi leaves has the potential as an antibacterial against Stapylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.

PERFORMANCE OF BLACK PEPPER CUTTINGS AS INFLUENCED BY GROWING MEDIA

Black pepper is a highly valued spice and an important ingredient in traditional medicine. The increase in black pepper cultivation to improve farmers’ income in Nigeria is constrained by poor seedling survival from vine cuttings. Using imported media to reduce mortality is expensive for low- ncome farmers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of local growing media (topsoil, sawdust, and fresh rice hull) on the establishment and growth of black pepper vine cuttings in the nursery under screenhouse conditions. A repeated pot experiment was conducted using a randomised completed block design, with 9 treatments and four replicates. The following treatments were used: 100% topsoil (T1), 100% sawdust (T2), 100% rice hull (T3), 50% topsoil+50% sawdust (T4), 50% topsoil+50% rice hull (T5), 75% topsoil+25% sawdust (T6), 25% topsoil+75% sawdust (T7), 75% topsoil+25% rice hull (T8), and 75% rice hull +25% topsoil (T9). Data on sprouting, mortality and growth were evaluated. The results showed that T2 and T4 significantly reduced the number of days to sprouting compared to T1, T5 and T9, while T6, T7 and T8 exhibited a similar behaviour in the two plantings. Vine mortality was significantly higher in T3 compared to the other treatments, except for T5 and T8 in the second planting. With respect to number of leaves and leaf area, T2 and T6 showed significantly higher values at 8 and 12 weeks after planting (WAP), respectively; whereas T1 had significantly higher values at 16 and 20 WAP compared to the other treatments in both plantings. The results indicated that the most appropriate growing media for early transplanting are 100% sawdust and 50% topsoil+50% sawdust, while 100% topsoil is the most suitable for delayed transplanting.

Standardization in AYUSH systems: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) perspectives

ABSTRACT The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the National Standard Body of India, responsible for the development of Indian standards for products, processes, and services related to all consumer goods. BIS formulates standards in line with the national priorities for various sectors. Recently, BIS has created a dedicated department of standardization in the Ayush systems. Prior to this, the activity of standards formulation related to Ayush systems was being undertaken across several departments like Food and Agriculture Department (FAD), Medical Equipment and Hospital Planning Department (MHD), and the Service Sector Department (SSD) in the BIS. Total 28 standards related to different topics like single herbs (17), Ayurveda and Yoga terminologies (6), Panchakarma equipment (2), Cotton Yoga Mat (01), Yoga centre-service requirements (01), and test methods for pesticide residue in herbs used as ingredients in traditional medicines (01) have already been published under these departments. Thirty (30) documents related to Indian Standards for herbs used in Ayush systems are under publication and thirty-three (33) have recently completed the wide circulation stage. A document on specification for Stainless Steel Neti Pot is also under publication, whereas preliminary draft Indian standards for Vastra dhouti and Sutra neti are in the process of being formulated. Inclusion of ‘Ayush’ in a modified adoption of an ISO standard on ‘Medical Tourism’ by the BIS, is also poised to boost the Medical Value Tourism related to Ayush sector A proposal from India for creation of dedicated Technical Committee (TC) on “Ayush systems” in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is under consideration for re-submission to the ISO. Three (03) proposals from India in the field of Ayurveda informatics are accepted for formulation of international deliverables in the Working Group 10 – “Traditional Medicine” under the ISO TC 215 – “Health Informatics”. Formulation of Indian Standards as well as ISO deliverables is aimed at making available safe and effective Ayush interventions at the global market. This will not only augment the global visibility of Ayush systems but will also boost the international trade in this ‘Sunrise Sector’.

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Sunscreen Cream with Methanol Extract of Euchema cottonii

Seaweed has been widely used as a traditional medicinal ingredient by the community for generations. One species of seaweed, Eucheuma cottonii, is known that contains many antioxidant compounds. The antioxidant in seaweed is mainly in the form of polyphenolic antioxidative compounds, especially flavonoids. Flavonoid and tannin are two compounds that perform as antioxidant activity and have been considered as potential sunscreen ingredients.
 The test methods used in this study include SPF value determination test, sensitivity test, homogeneity test, pH test, and viscosity test. Sensitivity test was conducted by 20 semi-trained panelists. The data was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA SPSS version 21.0.

The impact of environmental and climatic variables on genetic diversity and plant functional traits of the endangered tuberous orchid (Orchis mascula L.)

Understanding how environmental factors shape patterns of genetic and phenotypic variations in a species is necessary for conservation and plant breeding. However, these factors have not yet been completely understood in tuberous orchid species used to make ‘Salep’, an important ingredient in traditional medicine and beverages in middle eastern countries and India. In many areas, increasing demand has pushed species to the brink of extinction. In this study, 198 genotypes from 18 populations of the endangered species Orchis mascula L. spanning a large-scale climatic gradient in northern Iran were used to investigate patterns of genetic diversity and plant functional traits. Populations were sampled from three land cover types (woodland, shrubland, and pastureland/grassland). Plant height, stem length, number of flowers, bulb fresh and dry weight, glucomannan, and starch concentrations showed high variation among populations and were significantly related to land cover type. In general, genetic diversity was high, particularly in those from eastern Hyrcanian; additionally, populations showed a high level of genetic differentiation (G'st = 0.35) with low gene flow (Nm = 0.46). The majority of genetic differentiation occurred within populations (49%) and land cover types (20%). The population structural analysis using the AFLP marker data in K = 4 showed a high geographical affinity for 198 O. mascula genotypes, with some genotypes having mixed ancestry. Temperature and precipitation were found to shape genetic and phenotypic variation profoundly. Significant isolation by the environment was observed, confirming the strong effect of environmental variables on phenotypic and genetic variation. Marker-trait association studies based on MLM1 and MLM2 models revealed significant associations of P-TGG + M-CTT-33 and E-AGG + M-CGT-22 markers with plant height and glucomannan content. Overall, a combination of large-scale climatic variables and land cover types significantly shaped genetic diversity and functional trait variation in O. mascula populations.

A Review of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity Properties of Piper Species.

Antioxidants are compounds that are able to inhibit the negative effects that come from free radicals. The phenomenon of imbalanced antioxidant production and the accumulation of free radicals in cells and tissues can cause oxidative stress. Excessive free radicals that enter the body cannot be warded off by endogenous antioxidant compounds so that the required antioxidant compounds can come from the outside, which helps in the performance of endogenous antioxidants. Antioxidants that come from outside consist of synthetic and natural antioxidants; however, synthetic antioxidants are not an option because they have toxic and carcinogenic effects. Therefore, the use of natural ingredients is an alternative method that is needed to create a new natural antioxidant compound. Piper species are being considered as possible medicinal plants for the development of new sources of antioxidants. Several studies have been carried out starting from the extract levels, fractions, and compounds of the Piper species, which showed good antioxidant activity. Currently, some of these plants are being used as ingredients in traditional medicines to treat allergies, toothaches, and coughs. This review examines the distribution, botanical data, pharmacology, especially antioxidant activity, and the compounds contained in five Piper species, namely Piper amalago L., Piper betle L., Piper hispidum Sw., Piper longum L., and Piper umbellatum L.

ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND TOTAL PHENOLS OF WILD POINSETTIA (Euphorbia heterophylla) AS POTENTIAL TEA INFUSION PRODUCT

The use of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) is known as a traditional medicinal ingredient. The potential of this plant is the latex which can be used as a protease enzyme and the leaves can be used as herbal tea or tea infusion. To provide the potential of dried wild poinsettia, the total phenols and antioxidant capacity were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the antioxidant capacity was assessed by DPPH assays. Phytochemical screening of dried wild poinsettia leaves which were dried at different temperatures (50 ºC & 60 ºC) and drying times (2, 3, & 4 h) showed total phenols and antioxidant capacity which have potential health properties and benefits on human health, such as anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anticancer, and as antimicrobial agents. The antioxidant activity values varied from 40.07 – 56.50%, and the highest values (56.50 ± 2.35) were obtained at 50 ºC for 2 h of the drying process. Total phenols in those tea leave varied from 11.47 – 13.41 mg GAE/g. The highest phenol content (13.41 ± 0.30 mg GAE/g) was found in dried tea leaves which were dried at 60 ºC for 4 h of the drying process. According to the result, the significant inverse linear correlation (p<0.05) was confirmed between treatments of drying duration, while not in the temperature. Generally, these dried leaves have a high antioxidant capacity and total phenol content and may be an important food source as tea infused with antioxidant phenolic compounds to prevent oxidative stress diseases.

Polyphyllin I improves myocardial damage in coronary artery disease via modulating lipid metabolism and myocardial apoptosis.

Polyphyllin I (PPI) is a famous traditional medicine ingredient, which has been explored in wide range of areas. Nevertheless, whether PPI exerts any functions in coronary artery disease (CAD) is still uncertified. Herein, we probed the effect and mechanism of PPI on lipid metabolism and myocardial dysfunction in myocardial cells and CAD rat model. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-treated H9c2 cells model was constructed for the in vitro experiments, and CAD model in vivo was established by high-fat feeding. After management with PPI, the correlated factors of lipid metabolism and myocardial function were investigated. The apoptosis of myocardial cells was assessed by Annexin V-FITC/PI kit and TUNEL staining. The apoptosis-associated factors (caspase 3, cleaved caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl-2) were tested by Western blot analysis. The MEK/ERK inhibitorwas applied and the functions of MEK/ERK pathway in myocardial damage were investigated. H/R-treated H9c2 cells model was constructed for the in vitro experiments, and CAD model in vivo was established by high-fat feeding. After management with PPI, the correlated factors of lipid metabolism and myocardial function were investigated. The apoptosis of myocardial cells was assessed by Annexin V-FITC/PI kit and TUNEL staining. The apoptosis-associated factors (caspase 3, cleaved caspase 3, Bax, and Bcl-2) were tested by Western blot analysis. The MEK/ERK inhibitorwas applied and the functions of MEK/ERK pathway in myocardial damage were investigated.PPI improved lipid metabolism disorder in H/R-induced H9c2 cells or in CAD rat model. Additionally, PPI attenuated myocardial dysfunction in CAD rats via enhancing left ventricular systolic pressure, maximum rate of change of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dtmax ), and arterial blood flow (CF). The apoptosis of myocardial cells was lessened by PPI management, which was further verified by reducing Bax and cleaved caspase 3 expression. Furthermore, PD0325901 (MEK/ERK inhibitor) weakened the effect of PPI on myocardial dysfunction, lipid metabolism, and myocardial cell apoptosis in CAD rats. The research confirmed the protective effect of PPI on myocardial damage in CAD, which was regulated by MEK/ERK pathway.

Application Of Dryer Machines In The Development Of Karo Traditional Herb Business In Tambar Malem Group In Batu Jong Jong Village, Langkat, North Sumatra

The partner of the service activity is the Tambar Malem Group which is engaged in the business of Karo traditional herbs for traditional medicinal ingredients. The Tambar Malem group which consists of housewives to date still producing traditional Karo ingredients . Mitra is located in Bahorok District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra Province. Partner problems in the field of production. In production still use simple tools and manuals so the amount of production is still small. The implementation method uses education and counseling,focus group discussions, ,accompaniment, evaluation. Solutions to partner priority problems from (1) Aspectproduction including Focus Group Discussion (2) procurement and use of equipment (3) preparation of materials; (3) Implementation of training (4) Evaluation. The results of the service activities Increasing knowledge and management skills of business development and implementation of drying machine technology

Potential of Traditional Medicinal Plants and Utilization in Galela Community, North Halmahera

This research was carried out in Soatobaru Village, West Galela sub District for 2 months, aims to identify the types of plants used by the Galela community as traditional medicinal ingredients, including sections and methods of processing. The method used is the survey method where the team conducts direct observations to the field and then takes the potential drug specimen, as well as conducting interviews with respondents for information on plant parts and processing methods. Data analysis is carried out descriptively based on the results of research and presented in the form of graphics, images and tables. The results showed that 27 species were found and came from 24 medicinal plants at the study site, which could be grouped in 6 habitus, namely trees, shrubs, palma bushes, vines and herbs. There are 15 types that use leaves, 12 types of use fruit, 3 types used seeds, 2 types using roots and tubers, and 1 type using fruit water.