Ingredients Of Materials Research Articles

Periwinkle Shell as Mixing Ingredient in Concrete: A Review

Growing population which also pushes for rising demand for seafood results in a generation of seashells which are thrown as environmental pollution waste after the edible meat is consumed. Meanwhile, the utilisation of natural resources as mixing ingredients for the production of concrete materials continues to increase over the year. The use of periwinkle shells as mixing ingredients in concrete materials can lower the dependency on natural aggregate supply. This paper discusses the properties of periwinkle shell and method of treatment prior to their usage as a cement and coarse aggregate as well as the mechanical properties of concrete produced using this seashell waste. Overall, the replacement of periwinkle shell as cement and coarse aggregate must be integrated in a specified percentage to enhance the performance of the concrete. For cement replacement, 5% of replacement gives the highest strength, meanwhile 10% of replacement as coarse aggregate can meet the desired strength. The increase in the use of periwinkle shell quantity as cement or coarse aggregate replacement reduces concrete workaibility. The integration of periwinkle shell influences the compresssive strength of concrete. Accomplishment in replacing periwinkle shell as cement and coarse aggregate would reduce pollutiion due to shell dumping and save natural resources. However, further investigation in terms of durability properties is recommended.

Advances in formation and application of self-assembled nanoparticles from traditional Chinese medicine

Due to the diverse sources and unique structures, the chemical components of Chinese medicinal materials are easy to self-assemble to form nanoparticles. The formation of self-assembled nanoparticles(SAN) can not only affect the absorption and distribution of the effective ingredients in Chinese medicinal materials but also may improve the biological activity of the effective ingredients or their simple mixtures, which is of great significance for revealing the compatibility mechanism of Chinese medicine prescription, developing new Chinese medicine products, and producing new nanomaterials. This paper reviews the formation, isolation, characterization, and application of SAN of Chinese medicines, and discusses the problems and development trends of the relevant research, which can provide reference for the further study and promote the innovation and application of such SAN.

Engineering Properties of Sweet Potato Starch for Industrial Applications by Biotechnological Techniques including Genome Editing.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is one of the largest food crops in the world. Due to its abundance of starch, sweet potato is a valuable ingredient in food derivatives, dietary supplements, and industrial raw materials. In addition, due to its ability to adapt to a wide range of harsh climate and soil conditions, sweet potato is a crop that copes well with the environmental stresses caused by climate change. However, due to the complexity of the sweet potato genome and the long breeding cycle, our ability to modify sweet potato starch is limited. In this review, we cover the recent development in sweet potato breeding, understanding of starch properties, and the progress in sweet potato genomics. We describe the applicational values of sweet potato starch in food, industrial products, and biofuel, in addition to the effects of starch properties in different industrial applications. We also explore the possibility of manipulating starch properties through biotechnological means, such as the CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing. The ability to target the genome with precision provides new opportunities for reducing breeding time, increasing yield, and optimizing the starch properties of sweet potatoes.

Elemental Analysis of Cement and Its Components by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser Ablation Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (LA-TOF-MS)

Coastal and barrage waters are polluted by heavy metals to varying degrees causing potential risks to underwater life. The present study aims to detect the major and trace elements in cement and its components used for the construction of dams and barrages. Essential ingredients of barrage materials including Portland cement, clays, and sediments have been quantitatively analyzed. The compositional analysis was performed using calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) based on the intensities of the optical emission spectra. The analysis by laser ablation time of flight mass spectroscopy (LA-TOF-MS) was performed based on the ionic mass spectra of the constituent elements. The optical emission spectra of the samples revealed the presence of calcium, potassium, iron, and magnesium as major elements, aluminum, titanium, silicon, sodium, and lithium as minor elements, while barium, manganese, and strontium were present at trace concentrations. Toxic and hazardous elements were present within the safe limits. The LA-TOF-MS results conform the LIBS values showing the reliability of these complementary techniques for the compositional analysis of materials.

Research Progress on Catalpol as Treatment for Atherosclerosis.

Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease are common diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates and must be addressed. Their most frequent complications, including myocardial infarction and stroke, are caused by spontaneous thrombotic occlusion and are the most frequent cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis (AS) is the most widespread underlying pathological change for the above diseases. Therefore, drugs that interfere with this pathophysiological process must be incorporated in the treatment. Chinese traditional and herbal drugs can effectively treat AS. With the development of traditional Chinese medicine, the active ingredients in common Chinese medicinal materials must be thoroughly purified prior to their application in western medicine. Various proprietary Chinese medicine preparations with remarkable effects have been used in AS treatment. Catalpol, the active component of Rehmannia glutinosa, belongs to iridoid terpene and has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, insulin resistance improvement, and other related effects. Several reviews have been conducted on this compound and its actions against osteoporosis, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and diabetes and its complications. The current review focused on catalpol’s effect on atherosclerotic plaque formation in different animal models. The potential mechanisms of catalpol to ameliorate AS were also summarized in terms of oxidative stress, inflammation, cell aging, apoptosis, and activation of the silent information regulator factor 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1) pathway.

Inclusion of a protein-rich yeast fraction in rainbow trout plant-based diet: Consequences on growth performances, flesh fatty acid profile and health-related parameters

Fast development of the aquaculture sector in the last decades conducted to a shortage in traditional ingredients (fishmeal and fish oil) that were not anymore avaible in sufficient quantity to purvey such growing aquafeeds needs. Ingredients of plant-derived raw materials, thus started to be preferentially incorporated into aquafeed formulas, and are nowadays being routinely used in most fish feed formulas. However, the total replacement of fishmeal and fish oil has not yet been reached due to negative impacts on feed intake and feed efficiency, perturbations of metabolic and health status, impacts on flesh quality, and growth performances slowdown. Single cell protein sources such as yeast protein products could be an alternative solution to complement and mitigate detrimental effects of plant proteins. This was assessed in a 12 weeks trial in which rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles were fed with a plant-based diet (totally devoid of fishmeal and fish oil), containing 0, 5, 10 or 15% of a protein-rich yeast fraction and microalgae as DHA source.Results indicated that a 15% protein-rich yeast fraction inclusion may upgrade growth performance of trout fed plant-based diets by improving feed conversion ratio and body nitrogen retention. Surprisingly, 5% yeast incorporation in the diet leaded to enhanced accumulation of DHA in whole body that could be linked to a higher expression of the fatty acid elongase 2. Immune status and gut health of fish were also assessed through histological analyses and transcript expression level measurements of immune-related genes in distal intestine complemented by measurement of some plasma immune-related parameters. A lower score of lymphocytes infiltrates in lamina propria of fish distal intestine was observed from 10% inclusion level of the yeast fraction and the calculated overall inflammation score was greatly reduced with 15% inclusion level. In fish fed diets containing 5% and 15% yeast fraction, a higher internal perimeter: external perimeter ratio was measured compared to fish fed the control plant-based group. Inclusion of 15% yeast fraction in the plant-based diet also lead to an increased expression of mucin 5 and claudin a compared to 5% inclusion level. A statistically negative linear correlation was revealed between plasma neutrophils proportions and dietary yeast content. Plasma lysozyme concentration was lower in trouts fed diets containing 10% and 15% yeast fraction. All together, those results revealed that inclusion of yeast in a plant-based diet enables to improve rainbow trout gut health and global immune status.

Preparative separation of specific triterpenoids from Inonotus obliquus based on negative-pressure cavitation extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography

BackgroundInonotus obliquus, a famous dark brown white-rot fungus on birch trees, has remarkable anti-cancer activity due to its special triterpenpoid components. The aims of this study were to develop an efficient and integrated strategy for preparative separation of triterpenoids from Inonotus obliquus and to provide ideas for the preparation of bioactive ingredients in other complex materials. MethodsIn the present study, an integrated technology of negative pressure cavitation extraction (NPCE) and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) separation of four main triterpenoids in Inonotus obliquus was developed for the first time. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the negative pressure cavitation extraction parameters of triterpenoids from Inonotus obliquus. For the rapid and effective preparative separation of triterpenoids, the HSCCC method with Hex-ACN (1:1; v/v) system was established. Significant FindingsThe extraction yield of total triterpenoids reached 17.41 mg/g under the optimal NPCE extraction conditions. The specific four triterpenoids including 3β-hydroxy-lanosta-8, 24-diene-21-al (0.84 mg/g), Inoterpene F (1.09 mg/g), Inotodiol (2.93 mg/g), Lanosterol (1.42 mg/g) were obtained by one step separation with the purities of more than 95%. This is the first report on the preparative separation of triterpenoids from Inonotus obliquus by NPCE-HSCCC.

Evidence for the random singlet phase in the honeycomb iridate SrIr2O6

Strong spin-orbital-coupling magnetic systems with the honeycomb structure can provide bond-directional interactions which may result in Kitaev quantum spin liquids and exotic anyonic excitations. However, one of the key ingredients in real materials$-$disorders$-$has been much less studied in Kitaev systems. Here we synthesized a trigonal SrIr$_2$O$_{6-\delta}$ with $\delta \approx 0.25$, which consists of two-dimensional honeycomb Ir planes with edge-sharing IrO$_6$ octahedra. First-principles computation and experimental measurements suggest that the electronic system is gapped, and there should be no magnetic moment as the Ir$^{5+}$ ion has no unpaired electrons. However, significant magnetism has been observed in the material, and it can be attributed to disorders that are most likely from oxygen vacancies. No magnetic order is found down to 0.05 K, and the low-temperature magnetic properties exhibit power-law behaviors in magnetic susceptibility and zero-field specific heat, and a single-parameter scaling of the specific heat under magnetic fields. These results provide strong evidence for the existence of the random singlet phase in SrIr$_2$O$_{6-\delta}$, which offers a different member to the family of spin-orbital entangled iridates and Kitaev materials.

A Current Perspective to Jam Production

The widespread and growing intake of fruit juice/jam products and their rich phytochemical profile suggest their important potential to affect the health of the populations. The aim of this paper is to review the technology and some of key technical factors that affecting jam production. The fresh fruits and vegetables have limited shelf life and it is necessary to process fresh fruits into different value-added products to increase its availability over an extended period and to stabilize the price during the glut season. The processed products have good potential for internal as well as external trade. The raw materials selected for jam manufacture should be fully ripe and free from defects such as mould and bruises. A perfect kind of jam honours and celebrates the goodness of fruits & value adds and minimizes the post-harvest losses. Jam is the product prepared from sound, ripe, fresh, dehydrated, frozen or previously packed fruits including fruit juices, fruit pulp, fruit juice concentrate or dry fruit by boiling its pieces or pulp or puree with nutritive sweeteners namely sugar, dextrose, invert sugar or liquid glucose to a suitable consistency. The amount of other ingredients (sugar, pectin and acid) is usually calculated according to availability of such ingredients in the basic raw material. Due to the differences in chemical composition of fruits and vegetables the amounts of other ingredients are usually calculated according to availability of such ingredients in the basic raw materials, therefore the analysis of the raw materials is pre-requisite for jam making. Generally, processing of fruits and vegetables offers immense scope for wastage minimization and value addition; thus, can generate significant income and employment in countries of agrarian economy and it is the most suitable method of preservation.

Promaxon-D reinforced brake-pads to ameliorate the noise-vibration performance

A synthetic hydrated calcium silicate (commercially available as Promaxon-D) is used as one of the ingredient in some friction materials (FMs) since it has the ability to improve the porosity of the product due to its very special crystalline structure. The present work aims to evaluate the detailed noise and vibration (NV) performance of Promaxon-D (PD) based pads in comparison with the non-PD based ones. Five different types of Cu-free brake-pads were developed with identical composition but varying wt.% of PD particles (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20) and compensating the difference with barite, a space filler. After characterizing these brake-pads for physical and mechanical properties, NV performance was evaluated following SAE J2521 test standard and also the friction-performance based on the data generated on the same rig. As the PD contents increased, the brake NV performance improved considerably for the selected operating conditions. In view of the overall improvement in both noise and vibration aspects, the pad with 20 wt.% PD (P20) performed best with an overall ~ 3 dBA drop in noise level and ~11% drop in vibration vis-à-vis PD-free pads leading to a conclusion that 20 wt.% PD may be used for improving the NV performance of brake-pads and also increasing the friction level.

The Use of Antioxidant Potential of Chokeberry Juice in Creating Pro-Healthy Dried Apples by Hybrid (Convection-Microwave-Vacuum) Method.

The visible trend in the development of the snack market focuses on the use of innovative technologies such as low-temperature or hybrid processes that allow the preservation of native ingredients of raw plant materials. In addition, the high antioxidant potential of, for example, chokeberry fruit can be used to support technological processes and create new products. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of using chokeberry juice concentrate as a component of an osmotic solution to enrich apple samples with natural bio-ingredients and obtain dried apples with increased content of ingredients with antioxidant properties; pro-healthy apple chips. The research material consisted of apples that underwent osmotic dehydration in solutions of sucrose or sucrose and chokeberry juice concentrate and then were dried by the freeze-drying or the hybrid method. The freeze-drying was more beneficial for maintaining the vitamin C content, while the use of the hybrid method resulted in the preservation of more polyphenolic compounds. The sensory evaluation indicated the need to modify the composition of the osmoactive solution. Due to the use of chokeberry juice concentrate, the content of vitamin C, polyphenols, and the antioxidant activity of dried apples was increased.

Криогенные технологии в биологии и медицине

Cryogenic technologies in biology and medicine Current tendencies of the development of cryogenic technologies in the world practice and in Ukraine have been comparatively analyzed. A special attention has been paid to cryotechnologies in biology and medicine. The features of deriving the biologically active ingredients of natural raw materials by means of cryosublimation fractionation and extraction of lipid fractions with liquefied refrigerants, as well as perspectives of their application when obtaining the products of new generation in pharmacy, cosmetics, food industry have been considered. There were discussed the possibilities of human whole body extreme cryotherapy. Main aspects of its usage in practical public health have been considered.

Viscosity of the Oxide Solutions Based on Silicon Dioxide and Formed upon Melting of Heat-Insulating and Slag-Forming Izoterm-1600 Materials in Metallurgical Units

Measurements are performed and new data are obtained on the viscosities of the solutions formed by the inorganic ingredients of heat-insulating and slag-forming Izoterm-1600 materials based on volcanic silicon dioxide in a liquid phase in the temperature range 1525–1700°C. The influence of the total concentration of basic oxides FeO, MgO, CaO, K2O, and Na2O and the amphoteric Al2O3 oxide on the viscosity of the oxide solution is studied. The concentration–temperature change in the viscosity of the multicomponent oxide solution is described by linear and exponential laws. The obtained dependences make it possible to predict and calculate the viscosity in a low-temperature region. The dependence of the viscosity of the oxide solution on the total concentration of basic oxides and amphoteric Al2O3 is shown to be satisfactorily described by a linear law.

Covalent Grafting of Antimicrobial Peptides onto Microcrystalline Cellulose.

The purpose of this work is to set up a general protocol for the production of antimicrobial materials based on cellulose and peptides. We exploited the chemical ligation reaction to achieve the conjugation of peptides to cellulose; to this aim, we produced thioester peptides and cysteine-modified cellulose. As the thioester handle can be inserted at any position of the peptide, the peptide can be immobilized onto the cellulose through its N- or C-terminal end or through any other position within the sequence. Our experiments performed on Escherichia coli cultures show that the cellulose conjugated to the peptides lasioglossin-III and TBKKG6A causes a significant reduction in the concentration of viable cells as compared to unmodified cellulose. In conclusion, antimicrobial peptides bound to cellulose through a covalent bond retain their activity and therefore have the potential to be used as active ingredients in antimicrobial materials.

Construction Under Adverse Conditions: Poor Water Quality

Construction of any structure extensively involves water. Water is required during construction – for preparation of concrete or mortar or wetting bricks etc and also during post construction stage – for curing and other finishing activities. Quality of water grossly matters – directly or indirectly on the ultimate quality of construction. It is hence very categorically specified in respective Codes and Standards about the required quality of water to be used for construction activities.Substandard quality of water results in damage or deterioration of constructed structure. It is a known fact that any damage is a chemical process. Construction with poor quality of water imparts unhealthy reaction between its contaminating chemicals and other ingredients of construction materials used for that particular construction. With chemical reactions causing deterioration due to poor quality of ingredients of construction materials, chemistry involved in these reactions is required to be addressed.Thus, it is extremely essential to assess chemistry of damages to arrive at root cause of damage then its remedial measures.This paper discusses effects of poor quality of water used for construction activities and their remedial measures.

Effects of superfine grinding on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of Sanchi (Panax notoginseng) flower powders.

Sanchi flowers were traditionally used as functional medicinal ingredient in materials. The study was aimed at evaluating superfine powder product of Sanchi flower, hence in this study, five fractions of dried Sanchi flower powders (SFP) were prepared at variable particle sizes by superfine grinding and evaluated for changes in various properties. Superfine powder with median particle diameter of 25.57μm was produced through grinding. It was evident from the environmental scanning electron microscopy analysis that during superfine grinding, mechanical shear stress played its crucial role in breakdown of the SFP and causes increases in surface area owing to reduction of particle sizes. Superfine grinding could improve solubility, oil holding capacity, and brightness, but decrease the fluidity of SFP. SFP with smallest particle size exhibited highest saponin, minerals, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents accompanied with the best antioxidant activities. Size reduction beyond M200 and M400 led to increasing tendency in IR signature band patterns and marked differences in peak intensities while the powdered samples showed resemblance with respect to peak shapes. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated the lowest melting temperature for SFP fraction with smallest particle size. Conclusively, superfine SFP due to inherent improvement in properties may render several potential applications in manufacturing of food and pharmaceutical additives to impart improved functionalities of finally finished products with uniformity.

Analysis Principles Of Criminal Law In Article 72 Qanun Of Aceh No. 6 Of 2014 On The Jinayat Law

This study describes the applicability of Qanun of Aceh No. 6 of 2014 on the Jinayat law (Qanun of Jinayat) in the order of legislation in Indonesia. Therefore this study to analyze these issues, to examine the legality principle as stated in Article 72 of the Qanun of Jinayat and the rule of law by applying the Qanun of Jinayat. This study uses normative research approach, by analyzing the legal ingredients of primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary. The results and discussion of the research was that Qanun of Jinayat not contrary to the order of Indonesian legislation, both formal legislative process and substantive elements of the rule of law which includes setting legal subjects, actions and sanctions of criminalization. Applicability of Qanun of Jinayat also related to three factors, namely philosophical which is a reflection of the values of the people of Aceh, sociological factors are the result of legal politics of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement and the factors juridical is the order of the constitution and legislation that higher. Qanun of Jinayat law enforcement requires the law enforcement agencies, particularly the police for continued and consistent enforcement in order to create legal certainty. Suggestions can be submitted is law enforcement-led policy-making and increased synergies between law enforcement agencies in law enforcement for action based on Qanun of Jinayat Jarimah regulated in Qanun of Jinayat.Keywords: Qanun of Jinayat in Aceh; Legality; Legislation; Law Enforcement.�

Vegetable Additives in Food Packaging Polymeric Materials.

Plants are the most abundant bioresources, providing valuable materials that can be used as additives in polymeric materials, such as lignocellulosic fibers, nano-cellulose, or lignin, as well as plant extracts containing bioactive phenolic and flavonoid compounds used in the healthcare, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutraceutical industries. The incorporation of additives into polymeric materials improves their properties to make them suitable for multiple applications. Efforts are made to incorporate into the raw polymers various natural biobased and biodegradable additives with a low environmental fingerprint, such as by-products, biomass, plant extracts, etc. In this review we will illustrate in the first part recent examples of lignocellulosic materials, lignin, and nano-cellulose as reinforcements or fillers in various polymer matrices and in the second part various applications of plant extracts as active ingredients in food packaging materials based on polysaccharide matrices (chitosan/starch/alginate).

The antitumor molecular mechanism of Alisma orientalis with c-myc DNA: multi-spectroscopic analysis and molecular simulation

We prepared extracts of Alisma orientalis from Sichuan and Fujian Province, China. Based on the ratio of alisol B 23-acetate (23B) to alisol A 24-acetate (24A) in two Alisma orientalis extracts, we prepared two mixtures of 24A and 23B (24A:23B = 1:3 or 1:10). The antitumor molecular mechanism of the monomers 24A and 23B, the two mixtures and the effective components of Alisma orientalis from different habitats were studied. The MTT assay suggested that the difference in the antitumor activity of Alisma orientalis from different habitats was correlated to the ratio of 24A to 23B. The multi-spectroscopic analysis suggested that the effective components, the monomers and mixtures interacted with c-myc DNA in a partial intercalation manner. The binding strength of the alisol acetates to c-myc DNA was consistent with the anticancer activity, indicating that c-myc DNA was the anticancer target. The molecular simulation indicated that the mixtures were all directly bound to different base pairs of c-myc DNA for a superimposed effect, which led to the binding strength of the mixtures to c-myc DNA was stronger than that of the monomers. The molecules in the 1:3 mixture were all bound to different base pairs of c-myc DNA. However, for the 1:10 mixture, seven molecules of 23B bound to the side chain of 24A, resulting in the mixture with a long chain structure which increased the steric hindrance of 24A. As a result, affinity between 24A and c-myc DNA in the 1:10 mixture was weaker than that in the 1:3 mixture. The antitumor molecular mechanism of the alisol monomers 24A and 23B, the mixtures with different proportions and the effective components of Alisma orientalis from different habitats were studied. The order of the antitumor activity was as follows: Sichuan > Fujian, 24A-23B (1:3) > 24A-23B (1:10) > 23B > 24A. The antitumor activity of Alisma orientalis from different habitats was consistent with the mixtures which were designed according to the contents of the active ingredients of the medicinal materials, indicating that the antitumor activity of Alisma orientalis from Sichuan is better than that from Fujian which is related to the contents of 24A and 23B and the proportion of 1:3 is better than 1:10. The binding strength of the mixtures to c-myc DNA was consistent with the anticancer activity. The mixtures were all directly bound to different base pairs of c-myc DNA for a superimposed effect, which led to the strength of the interaction of the mixtures to c-myc DNA was stronger than that of the monomers. For the 24A-23B (1:3) mixture, the four small molecules bound to c-myc DNA directly and interacted with different base pairs of c-myc DNA. While for the 24A-23B (1:10) mixture, 24A and three 23B molecules interacted with c-myc DNA, the remaining seven 23B molecules bound to the side chain of 24A, which increased the steric hindrance. The binding of the mixture to c-myc DNA was decreased. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Pembuatan Kompos Organik dari Kotoran Sapi

Kurangnya pengetahuan baik secara teoritis maupun praktek mengenai manfaat, fungsi dan cara membuat pupuk organik membuat sebagian besar warga desa Tenggerwetan, Kerek menggunakan pupuk kotoran sapi yang dibakar sebagai bahan utama untuk meningkatkan hasil pertanian mereka. Masyarakat/petani belum begitu paham tentang bagaimana cara pembuatan pupuk kompos dari kotoran sapi yang difermentasi dengan EM4 dan Semanggi. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh melalui observasi dan wawancara langsung dengan warga desa Tenggerwetan, maka penulis berinisiatif untuk melakukan penyuluhan dan pelatihan tentang cara membuat pupuk organik dari kotoran sapi dengan menggunakan bahan utama EM4 ditambah bahan lain yang ada di sekitar warga. Pemilihan kotoran sapi sebagai alternatif pembuatan pupuk organik ialah dikarenakan rata-rata warga memelihara sapi sebagai hewan ternak, selain itu selama ini telah ada warga yang menggunakan kotoran sapi sebagai pupuk. Akan tetapi, karena kurangnya pengetahuan, petani desa Tenggerwetan justru membuat kesalahan fatal karena langsung mencampur kotoran sapi yang belum diolah ke lahan pertaniannya. Akibatnya hal tersebut justru membuat penyakit pada tumbuhan yang mereka kenal dengan nama “akar brendol”. Kegiatan pengabdian ini memakan waktu kurang lebih 14 jam dimulai dari tahap sosialisasi, memastikan ketersediaan bahan utama dan media pembuatan pupuk hingga praktek langsung bersama warga. Hasilnya warga kemudian mulai sadar mengenai manfaat pupuk organik. Akhirnya warga sadar bahwa penggunaan pupuk organik lebih hemat biaya dan tertarik untuk mulai memanfaatan fermentasi kotoran sapi sebagai media penyubur tanah.