Use Of Ingredients Research Articles

Synthesis, physiochemical characterization, and in vitro antitumor activity of the amide and pH cleavable hydrazone conjugates of γ-tocotrienol isomer of vitamin E with methoxy-poly(ethylene) glycol

The anticancer activity of water soluble methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) derivatives of tocotrienol (T3) isomers of vitamin E was previously found to be reduced when compared to the parent free isomers. This could be due to the ester bond formation between the mPEG and the 6-OH group on the chroman moiety of the T3 isomer. To further investigate, the objectives of the current study were to (1) synthesize and characterize stable amide and cleavable hydrazone conjugates between mPEG and carbon-5 on the chroman moiety of T3, and (2) examine the cytotoxicity of the newly synthesized mPEG conjugates against breast (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and pancreatic (BxPC-3 and PANC-1) cancer cells. Conjugates were synthesized by direct conjugation of succinyl chloride derivatives of mPEG to the α-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol isomers of vitamin E, and were characterized by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectrometry. The micelles of the amide and hydrazone self-assembled conjugates were characterized for size, zeta, CMC, and stability at different pH media. The hydrolysis of the hydrazone conjugate was pH dependent with highest release at acidic (pH 5.5) conditions, whereas the amide conjugate was stable in all tested media. The amide conjugate nonetheless showed greater cytotoxicity than the hydrazone conjugate, which suggested that maintaining solubility and the presence of free 6-OH group are important for γ-T3 to exert anticancer activity in vitro. The results from the current study demonstrated the importance of considering the nature of the chemical bond between T3 and mPEG when designing functional ingredients for use in drug delivery.

ROS Scavenging and Anti-Wrinkle Effects of Clitocybin A Isolated from the Mycelium of the Mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca.

Clitocybin A, an isoindolinone from Clitocybe aurantiaca, was investigated to assess its anti-wrinkle properties, through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging and elastase inhibitory activities, procollagen synthesis, and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression, in human primary dermal fibroblast-neonatal (HDF-N) cells. Clitocybin A exhibited no significant cytotoxicity up to 10 ppm in HDF-N cells, with cell viability and cell proliferation activity greater than 94.6% and 91.9%, respectively. Strong and concentration-dependent ROS radical scavenging activities of clitocybin A were observed following irradiation with UVB at 30 mJ/cm2. Furthermore, clitocybin A treatment of cells at 0.1, 1, and 10 ppm exhibited decreased elastase activity, in a concentration-dependent manner, by 1.97%, 6.6%, and 8.31%, respectively, versus the control group. The effects of clitocybin A on procollagen synthesis and MMP-1 expression were investigated. Clitocybin A treatment of cells at 1, 5, and 10 ppm increased procollagen synthesis, by 67.9%, 74.4%, and 112.9%, respectively, versus the control group. At these concentrations, MMP-1 expression decreased significantly following UV irradiation. Together, these findings suggest that clitocybin A may be an effective ingredient for use in anti-wrinkle cosmetic products.

Pilot-scale ceramic membrane filtration of skim milk for the production of a protein base ingredient for use in infant milk formula

The protein composition of bovine skim milk was modified using pilot scale membrane filtration to produce a whey protein-dominant ingredient with a casein profile closer to human milk. Bovine skim milk was processed at low (8.9 °C) or high (50 °C) temperature using ceramic microfiltration (MF) membranes (0.1 μm mean pore diameter). The resulting permeate stream was concentrated using polyethersulfone ultrafiltration (UF) membranes (10 kDa cut-off). The protein profile of MF and UF retentate streams were determined using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Permeate from the cold MF process (8.9 °C) had a casein:whey protein ratio of ∼35:65 with no αS- or κ-casein present, compared with a casein:whey protein ratio of ∼10:90 at 50 °C. This study has demonstrated the application of cold membrane filtration (8.9 °C) at pilot scale to produce a dairy ingredient with a protein profile closer to that of human milk.

Antioxidant potential of edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) protein hydrolysates and their ultrafiltration fractions.

Mushroom protein isolate (MPI) from Agaricus bisporus was hydrolyzed using Alcalase, Pancreatin, Flavourzyme, Alcalase-Pancreatin and Alcalase-Flavourzyme. The obtained hydrolysates (MPHs) were ultrafiltered to generate peptide fractions (UFs) of molecular sizes (<1, 1-3, 3-5 and 5-10kDa). The electrophoretic profile results indicated that the enzymatic systems were efficient in hydrolyzing the MPI into low molecular weight peptides. Hydrolysate yields of >57% and protein recoveries of >43% were obtained. Effective concentration that scavenged 50% (EC50) of DPPH radicals was similar for the MPHs while inhibition against linoleic acid oxidation was strongest (66.49%) for Alcalase-Flavourzyme hydrolysate on day 5 of incubation. UFs exhibited a concentration-dependent FRAP, with the highest activity for fractions from Alcalase and Pancreatin recorded in 1-3kDa. The antioxidant activities of MPHs and their UFs suggested that they could be potential bioactive ingredients for use in the formulation of functional foods as well as natural antioxidants in lipid food systems.

Antioxidant properties, selected enzyme inhibition capacities, and a cosmetic cream formulation of Thai mango seed kernel extracts

Purpose: To investigate the antioxidant properties, the inhibition of selected enzyme activities of ultrasonication-assisted mango seed kernel extract (MSKE), and to evaluate the physical stability and skin irritation properties of a cosmetic cream formulated with MSKE. Methods: Choke-Anan MSKE and a Kaew cultivar of Thai mangoes were prepared by ultrasonication-assisted extraction. Antioxidant activities (DPPH, FRAP, H 2 O 2 scavenging assay, ABTS), antityrosinase, anti 5-lipoxygenase, antihyaluronidase and anti α-glucosidase were determined. Cosmetic creams containing 0, 1, 2 and 3 % of MSKE were prepared and evaluated for physical stability. The most stable formulation was subjected to the clinical skin irritation test. Results: The yield, total polyphenol content, antioxidant properties and inhibition of 5- lipoxygenase, hyaluronidase and α-glucosidase were higher (p 0.05) in tyrosinase inhibition activity compared to arbutin. However, a slightly lower α-glucosidase inhibition activity than acarbose was observed. The cosmetic cream containing 1 % Choke-Anan MSKE had good physical stability with no skin irritation. Conclusion: MSKE exhibits good antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activity. Thus, it is a potentially natural functional ingredient for use in food and cosmetic industries. Keywords: Mango, Antioxidant, Enzyme inhibitory activities, Cosmetic product stability, Skin irritation

Comparison between two bioassay methods for detect the insecticidal activity of some plant extracts against adults of Tribolium confusum du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

The plant derived products are become the more popular ingredients for use as domain component in the medicaments, cosmetic products and pesticides and many thing ells, that for their nice properties and their wiled spread. The scientists need a good methods for bioassay the plant derived compounds as insecticides for detect their effect as contact or fumigant insecticides, in this study two methods for bioassay a contact toxicity bioassay (C.T.B.) and fumigation toxicity bioassay (F.T.B.) were examined using seven ethanolic extracts that are the superior toxic against adults of T. confusum, the results showed that, concerning the LT50 values the difference between the two methods was statistically significant only with ethanol extract of Thyme when the difference between these methods were significant with ethanol extracts for all of Caper, Thyme and Nabq using the LT90 values, Generally with these subjected extracts (Caper ; Thyme ; Nabq ; Nerium) the C.T.B. was the best method for bioassay.

Editable chemical structure files (SK2 and MDL mol) of pesticide active ingredients

This Dataset contains a long list of online, freely available sk2 and MDL mol files of a number of pesticide active ingredients for use by anyone interested (students, teachers, researchers, etc.).

Streamlining US Regulatory Reviews of Modified Microbial Ingredients for Use in Animal Feed

Streamlining US Regulatory Reviews of Modified Microbial Ingredients for Use in Animal Feed

Flexing the PECs: Predicting environmental concentrations of veterinary drugs in Canadian agricultural soils.

Veterinary drugs administered to food animals primarily enter ecosystems through the application of livestock waste to agricultural land. Although veterinary drugs are essential for protecting animal health, their entry into the environment may pose a risk for nontarget organisms. A means to predict environmental concentrations of new veterinary drug ingredients in soil is required to assess their environmental fate, distribution, and potential effects. The Canadian predicted environmental concentrations in soil (PECsoil) for new veterinary drug ingredients for use in intensively reared animals is based on the approach currently used by the European Medicines Agency for VICH Phase I environmental assessments. The calculation for the European Medicines Agency PECsoil can be adapted to account for regional animal husbandry and land use practices. Canadian agricultural practices for intensively reared cattle, pigs, and poultry differ substantially from those in the European Union. The development of PECsoil default values and livestock categories representative of typical Canadian animal production methods and nutrient management practices culminates several years of research and an extensive survey and analysis of the scientific literature, Canadian agricultural statistics, national and provincial management recommendations, veterinary product databases, and producers. A PECsoil can be used to rapidly identify new veterinary drugs intended for intensive livestock production that should undergo targeted ecotoxicity and fate testing. The Canadian PECsoil model is readily available, transparent, and requires minimal inputs to generate a screening level environmental assessment for veterinary drugs that can be refined if additional data are available. PECsoil values for a hypothetical veterinary drug dosage regimen are presented and discussed in an international context. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:331-341. © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Health.

The photoprotective effects of 2-benzoyl-3-phenylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide against UVB-induced damage in HaCaT cells.

With the increasing levels of atmospheric ozone depletion, there has been much concern about the causal effects of high levels of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface on skin cancer. This has led to growing interest in identifying new active ingredients for use in commercial sunscreens. In our study, the chemical compound 2-benzoyl-3-phenylquinoxaline 1,4-dioxide (BPQ) prepared by the Beirut reaction was tested for its ability to protect a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) against ultraviolet B radiation (280-315nm). We show that BPQ exhibited strong absorbance in the UVB range, with an overall absorption spectrum very similar to that of Padimate-O, a well-known active ingredient used in commercial sunscreens. HaCaT cells, which were irradiated with UVB in the presence of multiple doses of BPQ, exhibited, in a dose-dependent fashion, a significantly higher viability and lower oxidative stress levels than cells irradiated in the absence of drug. Our results show that BPQ is a potential photoprotective drug that holds great promise for use as an active ingredient in commercial sunscreens.

Edible films based on cassava starch and fructooligosaccharides produced by Bacillus subtilis natto CCT 7712

The objectives of this work were to produce fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) by using the microorganism Bacillus subtilis natto CCT 7712 and to employ these FOSs as a functional ingredient in cassava starch edible films, which were characterized according to their microstructure, mechanical and barrier properties. The produced FOSs could be easily dissolved, resulting in homogeneous filmogenic solutions, which were easily manipulated to obtain films by casting. FOSs were added in different concentrations (0, 1, 5 and 10g/100g solids), and glycerol was used as a plasticizer (20g/100g solids). All formulations resulted in films that had a good appearance and were easily removable from the plates without bubbles or cracks. The FOSs exerted a plasticizing effect on the starch films and decreased their glass transition temperature. The addition of FOSs resulted in higher solubility and elongation and a decreased water vapor permeability of the films. FOSs were shown to be a promising ingredient for use in edible starch films.

Safety of organic silicon (monomethylsilanetriol, MMST) as a novel food ingredient for use as a source of silicon in food supplements and bioavailability of orthosilicic acid from the source

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to food (ANS) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of organic silicon (monomethylsilanetriol, MMST) as a novel food ingredient for use as a source of silicon in food supplements, and on the bioavailability of silicon from this source. MMST is proposed to be used as an aqueous solution at a concentration of 4.1 mM, corresponding to 115 mg Si/L. The anticipated intake of silicon from the proposed uses and use levels of 60–90 mL/day of MMST solution corresponds to approximately 7–10 mg Si/day. Data from in vitro and in vivo tests showed no genotoxic effect of MMST. From a 90-day toxicity study in rats a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was set at the concentration of 20.5 mM of MMST, corresponding to 232 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day of MMST, the highest dose tested and technically achievable. The Panel considered these data as fulfilling the requirements for the evaluation of the safety of the novel food ingredient and did not request additional testing neither for chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity nor for reprotoxicity and developmental toxicity. The Panel therefore concluded that the proposed use and use levels of MMST as a source of silicon to be used in food supplements is not of safety concern. The conversion of MMST to orthosilicic acid (OSA), the form under which silicon is typically present in food, could not be directly measured, and therefore, the Panel based its opinion on the indirect evidence provided and concluded that OSA is released from MMST and silicon bioavailable from the source. The Panel did not conclude on the safety of MMST in terms of the amount of silicon that may be consumed, as this is outside the remit of the ANS Panel.

Reduction of nitrogen excretion and emission in poultry: A review for organic poultry

ABSTRACTOrganic poultry is an alternative to conventional poultry which is rapidly developing as a response to customers' demand for better food and a cleaner environment. Although organic poultry manure can partially be utilized by organic horticultural producers, litter accumulation as well as excessive nitrogen still remains a challenge to maintain environment pureness, animal, and human health. Compared to conventional poultry, diet formulation without nitrogen overloading in organic poultry is even more complicated due to specific standards and regulations which limit the application of some supplements and imposes specific criteria to the ingredients in use. This is especially valid for methionine provision which supplementation as a crystalline form is only temporarily allowed. This review is focused on the utilization of various protein sources in the preparation of a diet composed of 100% organic ingredients which meet the avian physiology need for methionine, while avoiding protein overload. The potential to use unconventional protein sources such as invertebrates and microbial proteins to achieve optimal amino acid provision is also discussed.

Industrial Biotechnology: Coordinated Framework Make-Over and Lots More

Industrial BiotechnologyVol. 11, No. 5 CommentaryIndustrial Biotechnology: Coordinated Framework Make-Over and Lots MoreLynn L. BergesonLynn L. BergesonSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:21 Oct 2015https://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2015.29011.llbAboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View articleFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byStreamlining US Regulatory Reviews of Modified Microbial Ingredients for Use in Animal Feed David J. Glass1 October 2016 | Industrial Biotechnology, Vol. 12, No. 5Impact of TSCA Reform on EPA Regulation of Industrial Biotechnology David J. Glass1 August 2016 | Industrial Biotechnology, Vol. 12, No. 4 Volume 11Issue 5Oct 2015 InformationCopyright 2015, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Lynn L. Bergeson.Industrial Biotechnology: Coordinated Framework Make-Over and Lots More.Industrial Biotechnology.Oct 2015.237-245.http://doi.org/10.1089/ind.2015.29011.llbPublished in Volume: 11 Issue 5: October 21, 2015Online Ahead of Print:September 23, 2015PDF download

Safety assessment of a novel active ingredient, acetyl aspartic acid, according to the EU Cosmetics Regulation and the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety guidelines.

Acetyl aspartic acid (A-A-A) was proposed as a new novel active ingredient for use in cosmetics. The safety of A-A-A was assessed by following an in-house-developed 'New Ingredient Testing Strategy', which was designed in accordance with the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) notes of guidance and the requirements of Annex I of the EU Cosmetics Regulation. The aim of the project was to determine whether A-A-A was safe for use in cosmetics and to determine a maximum permitted safe level in the formulations. A literature review was conducted, consulting over 40 different information sources. This highlighted a number of gaps which required testing data. A-A-A was tested for phototoxicity according to OECD test guideline 432, skin irritation according to OECD test guideline 439 and eye irritation according to OECD test guideline 437. Dermal absorption of A-A-A was measured according to OECD test guideline 428 and was used to calculate the margin of safety (MoS). Finally, A-A-A was tested in a human repeat insult patch test (HRIPT) and a 14-day in-use tolerance study. A-A-A was non-phototoxic and was non-irritating to skin and eyes in in vitro testing. Dermal absorption was calculated to be 5%. The MoS for A-A-A was 351, at a level of 5%, for all cosmetic product types, indicating no systemic safety toxicity concern. A-A-A at 5% under occlusive patch on a panel of 50 adult volunteers induced no skin irritation or allergic reaction in the HRIPT study. Finally, repeated application of A-A-A to the periocular area, twice per day for 14 days, in 21 female volunteers, demonstrated that 1% A-A-A was well tolerated following dermatological and ophthalmological assessment in a cosmetic formulation. A-A-A was assessed as safe by the cosmetic safety assessor for use in cosmetics at a level of 5% in all cosmetic product types, in line with the requirements of the EU Cosmetics Regulation and in accordance with the SCCS notes of guidance.

In-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial properties of fermentatively and enzymatically prepared chicken liver protein hydrolysates.

Protein hydrolysates were prepared from chicken liver using fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis. The lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus acidilactici NCIM5368 was employed in the fermentation process and a commercial protease (Alcalase® 2.5) was used in enzymatic hydrolysis. Chicken liver hydrolysates prepared by fermentation (FCLH) and enzymatic hydrolysis (ECLH) revealed appreciable amounts of protein [55.85 and 61.34%; on dry weight basis, respectively]. Fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis resulted in 14.3 and 26.12% of degree of hydrolysis. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power, scavenging of superoxide, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azino-bis-3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radicals were determined for both FCLH & ECLH. FCLH & ECLH showed total antioxidant activity of 0.99 and 1.13μg AAE mg(-1) proteins, respectively; while, they scavenged 96.14 and 92.76% of DPPH radicals respectively. FCLH showed higher ABTS radical scavenging activity (32.16%) than ECLH (19.29%). Superoxide anion scavenging activity of FCLH & ECLH were found to be 95.02 & 88.94%, respectively. Residues obtained after both treatments also exhibited antioxidant activities. FCLH reported highest antagonistic activity against Listeria monocytogenes (30mm); while, ECLH showed antibacterial activity only against Micrococcus luteus (12mm). Both hydrolysates have the potential to be a protein rich ingredient for use in formulated foods and possible help in reduction of oxidative stress.

Fibra de casca de laranja como substituto de gordura em pão de forma

Os subprodutos da indústria de frutas possuem alta qualidade nutricional, de forma que sua transformação em ingredientes para aplicação em produtos alimentícios é de grande importância. No presente estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos da substituição total da gordura em pães de forma através da utilização de fibra de casca de laranja (0 a 5%), um subproduto industrial. A adição da fibra de laranja foi combinada ao uso de α-amilase (10 a 50ppm), através de um planejamento experimental fatorial completo 22. Para fins de comparação, foi elaborada uma formulação controle, sem fibras, sem enzimas e com 2% de gordura. A qualidade dos pães foi avaliada através de análises de vida útil (por índice de retrogradação, DSC), volume, cor, atividade de água e análise sensorial. A fibra de laranja, associada ao uso de enzimas, contrapôs os possíveis efeitos negativos causados pela ausência da gordura, para as concentrações de fibra e enzima estudadas, permitindo a obtenção de pães isentos de gordura e com fibras. A presença de 2,5% de fibra de laranja combinada ao uso de 30ppm de α-amilase gerou um pão com volume 23% maior ao alcançado pela amostra controle e com índice de aceitação em torno de 80%

Antioxidative Properties and Mineral Composition of Defatted Meal of Oileferous Brassica Germplasm

Brassica defatted meal possess technologically functional properties due to presence of health-promoting phytochemicals such as phenolics, vitamins C & E, phytic acid, flavonoid, promising anticarcinogenic dietary compounds and has the potential to be a good ingredient for use in aquaculture, animal and human diets. The present study focused on evaluating the antioxidative properties and mineral composition of defatted meal of 25 oileferous Brassica genotypes. The study revealed that all the methanolic extracts of defatted meal showed good to moderate in vitro antioxidative activity in a dose dependent manner at levels of 5-20 mg/mL in comparison to standard antioxidants viz. gallic acids, catechin and BHT. The maximum reducing power was observed in Bio22 at 700 nm in a dose dependent manner followed by Bio24 and Bio9. The methanolic extracts of Bio2, Bio4 and Bio20 exhibited maximum scavenging activity at dose level of 20 µL of the extract. The chelating activity was observed to be maximum in Bio11 followed by Bio14 and Bio24. The total phenol content (TPC) and ortho-dihydroxy phenol content varies from 0.057-0.112 g/100 g and 0.007-0.027 g/100 g respectively. Mineral analysis revealed different quantitative make up of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in all the 25 genotypes.

The quest for indigenous aquafeed ingredients: a review

AbstractThe growing demand for fish food products worldwide heightens the pressure on the current availability of feed ingredients, especially marine resources such as fishmeal and fish oil, for aquaculture feed production. To address this concern, the potential of novel ingredients for use in feed formulations needs to be tapped. This paper highlights recent researches undertaken concerning the dietary inclusion of various indigenous ingredients classified as seaweeds, leaf meals, oilseed meals, vegetable oils and medicinal herbs, and their effects on growth performance, feed intake, feed utilization efficiency, nutrient retention, disease resistance and other physiological activities among consumer species. Moreover, this paper presents information regarding their nutritive values, optimum inclusion levels and recommended protocols that can improve their potential as feed additives or fishmeal replacements.

Bioactive capacity, sensory properties, and nutritional analysis of a shelf stable protein-rich functional ingredient with concentrated fruit and vegetable phytoactives.

Well-known health-protective phytochemicals from muscadine grape and kale were stably complexed with food grade protein (soy or hemp protein isolates) to create biofortified food ingredients for use in a variety of convenient, portable food formulations. The bioactive (anti-inflammatory) potential, sensory attributes and proximates of the prepared formulations were evaluated in this study. Anti-inflammatory properties of the protein-phytoactive ingredient particles were contributed by the polyphenolic content (muscadine-protein) or the combination of polyphenol, carotenoid, and glucosinolate content (kale-protein aggregates). Phytoactive compounds from the fortified matrices suppressed at least two biomarkers of inflammation; most notable with the expression of chronic pro-inflammatory genes IL-6 and Mcp1. Sensory analysis suggested both sweet and savory functional food applications for the biofortified ingredients. Proximate analyses determined that fortification of the soy protein isolate (SPI) with muscadine or kale bioactives resulted in elevated dietary fibers, total carbohydrates, and free sugars, but did not increase calories/100 g dry matrix compared to unfortified SPI. Overall protein content in the aggregate matrices was about 37% less (muscadine-SPI, kale-SPI and kale- HP50) or 17.6% less (muscadine-HP50) on a weight basis, likely due to solubility of some proteins during preparation and partial displacement of some protein mass by the fruit and vegetable phytoactive constituents.