Sunscreen Ingredients Research Articles

Dual Functional Titanium Hydride Particles for Anti‐Ultraviolet and Anti‐Oxidant Applications

AbstractTiO2 is a typical anti‐ultraviolet agent in sunscreen cream, but it suffers from a lack of anti‐oxidant activity for scavenging reactive oxygen species. Other traditional sunscreen ingredients, such as C60 and ferulic acid, have moderate antioxidant and UV protection capabilities, and the products do not provide further UV protection. Herein, titanium hydride (TiH1.97) particles with dual functions of anti‐oxidant and anti‐ultraviolet are presented as an active material to remove the highly oxidizing and harmful hydroxide free radicals from the skin surface. Owing to the active hydrogen in TiH2, it shows great potential to eliminate hydroxyl radicals, and the rate is roughly proportional to the exposed surface area (50% /20 min). Together with the biocompatibility of the in situ formed TiO2, which has a strong ability to absorb ultraviolet light during OH radical scavenging. At the same time, adding titanium hydride to sunscreen also enhances sun protection. The SPF value of sunscreen containing 1% titanium hydride and 20% titanium dioxide can reach 31.8, which exceeds the 20% titanium dioxide (15) by more than twofold. Therefore, titanium hydride with anti‐ultraviolet and antioxidant functions can be regarded as a promising and safe ingredient for sunscreen cream.

The best formulation of compounds contained in herbal plants as sunscreen: A review

The harmful effects of exposure to light (UV) can be prevented by using sunscreen. This study aims to determine the best formulation contained in various herbal plants to be used as a manufacturing material sunscreen. The method in this study is the study of literature from the research journal database on the internet, namely through google scholar and Proquest University of Mataram. Sunscreens are assessed in terms of light protection factor expressed by the SPF value (Sun Protection Factor) to determine the effectiveness of sunscreen preparations or the ability to withstand UV rays. Several types of herbal plants that grow in various regions in Indonesia contain photoprotective bioactive compounds. Aromatic ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a herbal plant widely used as an ingredient in sunscreens with a high protection category. Cinnamic derivatives, namely ethyl para-methoxycinnamate (EPMS), are one of the compounds contained in aromatic ginger and can be used as a manufacturing material sunscreen that is good and safe for the skin.

Trust your sunscreen with caution: A literature review on the side effects of sunscreen

Sunscreen use has grown significantly in recent years due to its ability to block harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays and reduce skin problems such as sunburn, aging skin, and immunosuppression. This review examines the ingredients in sunscreen and the effects they have. Substances including oxybenzone, avobenzone, homosalate, octisalate, enzacamene, and benzophenone enter the systemic circulation. The discovery of these substances in plasma and urine sparked concerns about their safety and the requirement for additional study into the long-term consequences they produce. The adverse effects of benzophenone, ecamsule, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, methylisothiazolinone, homosalate, octinoxate, aluminum oxide, and cinnamate derivatives such as octyl methoxycinnamate and octocrylene are also covered in this research. The mechanism of action of UV filters, as well as methods for assessing the effectiveness of sunscreens such as the sun protection factor, persistent pigment darkening, and immune protection factor, is elaborated. This literature review will also discuss the safety and effectiveness of the compounds used in sunscreen formulation as well as any potential health risks and toxicities.

Multifunctional bismuth oxide (Bi2 O3 ) particles: Evidence for selective melanoma therapy.

The current study investigates the therapeutic and optical properties of bismuth oxide (Bi2 O3 ) particles for selective melanoma therapy and prevention. The Bi2 O3 particles were prepared using a standard precipitation method. The Bi2 O3 particles induced apoptosis in human A375 melanoma cells but not human HaCaT keratinocytes or CCD-1090Sk fibroblast cells. This selective apoptosis appears to be associated with a combination of factors: increased particle internalization (2.29 ± 0.41, 1.16 ± 0.08 and 1.66 ± 0.22-fold of control) and enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (3.4 ± 0.1, 1.1 ± 0.1 and 2.05 ± 0.17-fold of control) in A375 cells compared to HaCaT and CCD-1090SK cells, respectively. As a high-Z element, bismuth is also an excellent contrast agent for computer tomography, which renders Bi2 O3 a theranostic material. Moreover, Bi2 O3 displays high UV absorption and low photocatalytic activity compared to other semiconducting metal oxides, which opens further potential fields of application as a pigment or as an active ingredient in sunscreens. Overall, this study demonstrates the multifunctional properties of Bi2 O3 particles surrounding the treatment and prevention of melanoma.

Effect of Na and Al doping on ZnO nanoparticles for potential application in sunscreens.

This study investigated the environment-friendly production and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) doped with sodium (Na) and aluminum (Al) metals to decrease the photocatalytic activity of ZnO for use in sunscreen. The metal-doped zinc oxide (ZnO) materials were prepared by the microwave method using extracts of Averrhoa carambola, also known as star fruit, as a reducing agent. The effects of metal-ion doping on the crystal structure, morphology, and optical characteristics of ZnO were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The sun protection factor (SPF) of the sunscreen formulations containing undoped ZnO, Na-doped ZnO (Na/ZnO), and Al-doped ZnO (Al/ZnO) NPs were found to be 10.10, 25.10, and 43.08, respectively. Therefore, Na/ZnO and Al/ZnO showed increased SPF. Additionally, the prepared nanomaterials and sunscreens were effective against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and showed antioxidant activities. The methylene blue (MB) degradation was used to evaluate the photocatalytic activities of the undoped ZnO, Na/ZnO, and Al/ZnO NPs, which were found to be 66%, 46%, and 38%, respectively. Therefore, due to the structural defects of ZnO NPs, their photocatalytic activity was decreased with Na- and Al- doping. Additionally, Al/ZnO is an ideal candidate as an ingredient in sunscreens.

Evaluation of the Physical Properties and Anti-aging Microemulgel Sunscreen Nyamplung Oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L.)

Exposure to UV rays can cause photoaging, and a photoprotective compound can be used to prevent it, as well as being used as an active ingredient in sunscreen. The potential side effects and contamination of existing sunscreens on the market call for alternatives such as natural ingredients. Nyamplung oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) has the potential to be used as a sunscreen gel, with a 30.46 SPF value in its formulation. However, Nyamplung oil has the disadvantage of being hydrophobic. Therefore, this study aims to formulate it in the form of a microemulsion gel as a dual-action sunscreen with anti-aging activity. The optimization of the microemulsion formula were performed using Design Expert software, with observations on droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. The sunscreen was tested for its SPF value, percent (%) erythema transmission (%Te), percent (%) pigmentation transmission (%Tp), and percent (%) residual elastase enzyme activity (%AE), to demonstrate its anti-aging activity, as well as being tested for its physical properties against the effects of storage, temperature, and photostability, and its safety in potential irritation on rabbits. The optimum micro emulsion formula had a droplet size of 172.46 nm, a PDI of 0.196, and a zeta potential of -6.36 mV. The microemulgel sunscreen met the physical requirements of gel preparations, with an SPF value of 25.73, %Te and %Tp values for sunblock protection categories, and providing 62.96% anti elastase activity at a concentration of 10%. The sunscreen was stable during storage and with the influence of temperature. However, the sunscreen indicated a decrease in SPF value by 18.19% after a photostability test.

Effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on melanin interference toxicity and transgenerational toxicity of ethylhexyl salicylate based on DNA methylation sequencing

Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) are new hydrophobic organic pollutants in the aquatic environment. When ingested by aquatic organisms, OUVFs can induce a variety of toxic effects in organisms and be transferred to offspring. However, as the main active ingredient in sunscreens, OUVFs have rarely been investigated for their melanin interference toxicity or transgenerational toxic effects on aquatic organisms and their interactive toxic effects with nanoplastics (NPs). Here, we show the mechanism by which OUVFs interfere with melanogenesis in parental or offspring zebrafish and the effect of polystyrene (PS) NPs on the melanin-interference effect of OUVFs. We found that EHS induced significant enrichment of the melanogenesis pathway, inhibited the expression of the key melanin gene microphthalmia-associated transcription factor a (mitfa) and induced the mitf tyrosinase (tyr)-dopachrome tautomerase (dct)-tyrosinase related protein 1 (tyrp1) signaling cascade in parents, which ultimately induced a decrease in melanin content. After reproduction, transgenerational melanin interference effects of EHS may occur through the maternal inheritance of mitfa. Coexisting PS-NPs may inhibit the melanin interference toxicity or transgenerational toxicity of EHS by reducing ultraviolet irritation to the skin through adsorption of EHS. Our results demonstrate the ecotoxic potential of OUVFs in terms of melanin interference and the interference of PS-NP carrier effects on the toxicity of OUVFs. We anticipate that our assay will contribute to the assessment of the toxic effects of OUVFs and provide a basis for the interactive ecotoxicity assessment of PS-NPs and hydrophobic organic pollutants.

Molecular Networking Revealed Unique UV-Absorbing Phospholipids: Favilipids from the Marine Sponge Clathria faviformis.

Analysis of extracts of the marine sponge Clathria faviformis by high-resolution LC-MS2 and molecular networking resulted in the discovery of a new family of potentially UV-protecting phospholipids, the favilipids. One of them, favilipid A (1), was isolated and its structure determined by mass and tandem mass spectrometry, NMR, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and computational studies. Favilipid A, which has no close analogues among natural products, possesses an unprecedented structure characterized by a 4-aminodihydropiridinium core, resulting in UV-absorbing properties that are very unusual for a phospholipid. Consequently, favilipid A could inspire the development of a new class of molecules to be used as sunscreen ingredients. In addition, favilipid A inhibited by 58-48% three kinases (JAK3, IKKβ, and SYK) involved in the regulation of the immune system, suggesting a potential use for treatment of autoimmune diseases, hematologic cancers, and other inflammatory states.

Photoprotective and antigenotoxic properties of Cutibacterium acnes ecotypes native to terrestrial subsurface habitats.

Actinobacteria are known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites with skin-protective properties. This study aimed to investigate the photoprotective and antigenotoxic properties against UVB of extracts obtained from Cutibacterium acnes strains. Bacterial growth was measured spectrophotometrically and the constant maximum growth rate (μ) value to each strain, were calculated. In vitro photoprotection efficacy was evaluated using in vitro indices such as sun protection factor (SPFespectrophotometric) and critical wavelength (λc). UVB-antigenotoxicity was also evaluated using the SOS Chromotest. Correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between SPFespectrophotometric and extract concentration and the %GI estimates. Among the studied strains, one showed low (6.0≤SPFespectrophotometric≤14.9) and eight showed media (15.0≤SPFespectrophotometric≤29.9) UVB photoprotection efficacy. All of them resulted in broad-spectrum (UVA-UVB) photoprotection (λc > 370nm). In total, two C. acnes ecotypes with different growth rates were evidenced, but the protective metabolites in the extracts were produced without the influence of growth rate. Photoprotective efficacy depended on the extract concentration and was correlated with antigenotoxicity. We demonstrated that C. acnes extracts can be used as sunscreen ingredients that reduce UVB-induced genotoxicity.

Antioxidant and ultraviolet shielding performance of lignin-polysaccharide complex isolated from spent coffee ground

Spent coffee ground (SCG) is a representative type of biomass waste with huge annual output. To better develop high value applications of SCG, in this study, the lignin-polysaccharide complex (LPC) was isolated from SCG by applying effective ball milling and the subsequent solvent extraction of 96 % 1, 4-dioxane aqueous solution. In addition to the comprehensive analyses of the obtained LPC regarding its chemical composition, surface morphology, molecular weight distribution, characteristic functional groups, surface chemical linkages, and thermal stability, its potentials in radical scavenging and UV shielding had been emphatically investigated. As revealed from the results, a proper duration (e.g., 4 h) of UV irradiation could evidently enhance the radical-scavenging capacity of LPC, ascribed to the increasing number of antioxidant groups. Moreover, the LPC-containing composite sunscreens also exhibited strengthened UV resistance after UV irradiation, which may benefit from the UV-induced conjugated structures and the π–π stacking of aromatic rings from both LPC and the active ingredients in commercial sunscreen. Therefore, LPC is highly promising to be exploited for the development of novel antioxidants and UV-shielding products, by virtue of its characteristic chemical structure and potential synergistic effect with other active ingredients from the composite.

Lignin-grafting alternative copolymer of 3,4-dihydrocoumarin and epoxides as an active and flexible ingredient in sunscreen

Grafting modification of ligninviathe ROP of biobased 3,4-dihydrocoumarin (DHC) and epoxides (EPO) results in a series of EHL-g-P(DHC-alt-EPO) with good anti-UV and antioxidation performance, and biocompatibility for potential as an active ingredient in sunscreen.

A novel inclusion complex of oxybenzone with C-methylresorcin[4]arene deters skin permeation.

Oxybenzone (OXB), a very widely used sunscreen ingredient has the potential to block both UVA and UVB but can penetrate through skin. Studies have revealed its presence in the blood and urine of most humans, which may lead to long-term health effects. As the confined cavities of macrocycles can alter the physical and chemical properties of encapsulated guests, in this study, we investigated the formation of host-guest complexes between C-methylresorcin[4]arene and OXB. Combined experimental (NMR spectroscopy, UV/vis absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy) and theoretical investigation confirmed the formation of a weak host-guest complex that had a 1 : 1 stoichiometry. Furthermore, skin permeation testing revealed that complexation by C-methylresorcin[4]arene significantly reduced the skin permeation of OXB which can potentially limit the harmful effects of this organic sunscreen.

A combined experimental and theoretical study on p-sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene encapsulated sulisobenzone

Sunscreen ingredients such as sulisobenzone (SBZ) have the tendency to degrade when exposed to UV-radiation, which becomes a major problem for their further development and application in the cosmetic industry.

Polyphenolic condensation assembly enabled biocompatible, antioxidative, and light-colored tea sunscreen formulations with broadband UV protection

A biocompatible, antioxidative, and light-colored sunscreen with full-band absorption was prepared solely from naturally reproducible tea polyphenols by a facile and efficient strategy.

Sun protective activity of natural herbs as emerging trend in dermatology: a review

One of the major organs in the body is the skin, which shields the body from numerous sorts of external stimuli and harm as well as moisture loss due to constant exposure to sunlight. Ultraviolet B (UV-B) light exposure has a negative impact by causing DNA damage that may ultimately lead to transformation. Although there are several sunscreen chemicals in use, their effectiveness and safety are still up for debate. Effectiveness is assessed using indicators such as the degree of sun protection and the protection factor against chronic pigment darkening. Sunscreen is a substance that protects the skin from excessive UV exposure. Due to their ability to shield skin from sunburns caused by UV radiation, sunscreen use is widely prescribed for sun protection (the sun protection factor or SPF). Sunscreens can be found in a variety of forms, including cream, lotion, gel, sticks, sprays, and lip balms. They can only be used externally. A review of organic sunscreen ingredients has been made.

Sun protective activity of natural herbs as emerging trend in dermatology: a review

One of the major organs in the body is the skin, which shields the body from numerous sorts of external stimuli and harm as well as moisture loss due to constant exposure to sunlight. Ultraviolet B (UV-B) light exposure has a negative impact by causing DNA damage that may ultimately lead to transformation. Although there are several sunscreen chemicals in use, their effectiveness and safety are still up for debate. Effectiveness is assessed using indicators such as the degree of sun protection and the protection factor against chronic pigment darkening. Sunscreen is a substance that protects the skin from excessive UV exposure. Due to their ability to shield skin from sunburns caused by UV radiation, sunscreen use is widely prescribed for sun protection (the sun protection factor or SPF). Sunscreens can be found in a variety of forms, including cream, lotion, gel, sticks, sprays, and lip balms. They can only be used externally. A review of organic sunscreen ingredients has been made.

Sunscreens Percutaneous Absorption and Ingredients Concentration in Human Plasma and Urine: A Systematic Review.

Sunscreen application is widespread and incorporated into daily life. Although FDA has approved 16 sunscreen ingredients, recent studies suggest a revaluation of their potential adverse effects. This systematic review assesses sunscreens’ percutaneous absorption, toxicity, and their ingredients concentration in urine and plasma. The search was conducted in Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane until 05/08/2021. Data from 21 studies with related inclusion criteria were extracted. 18 studies reported sunscreen complications such as rash, irritation, immune system disorders, stratum corneum DNA damage, and hormonal disruption, 4 articles reported maximum concentration of sunscreen ingredients in plasma, and 4 articles reported urinary concentration of ingredients. In 2016, the FDA suggested a plasma concern level of 0.5 ng/mL for sunscreen ingredients. Sunscreen ingredients including avobenzone, octocrylene, ecamsule, homosalate, octisalate, enzacamene, octinoxate, and oxybenzone were detected more than 0.5 ng/mL after in blood 1-4 daily applications. Sunscreen application reduces the risk of sunlight harmful effects but could have advers effects related to their percutaneous penetration. Taken together, related data provide the impetus for detailed analysis of sunscreen toxicology. Also, highly adsorbed ingredients should be replaced with less adsorbed compounds to minimize body accumulation and the associated risks. Also, life time infant and children sunscreen exposure provide furthur impetus for in-depth toxicologic investigations

ACTIVITY OF SOLAR SCREEN FROM AVOCODO SKIN EXTRACT (PERSEA AMERICANA MILL.) IN VITRO

Sunscreen is a preparation that is used on the surface of the skin that works to absorb, scatter or reflect ultraviolet light. Therefore, it is necessary to use the ingredients to become active ingredients in sunscreen. The research objectives are to (a) To determine the total flavonoid content and total polyphenol content of avocado peel extract (Persea americana Mill.). (b) Knowing the sunscreen activity of avocado skin extract (Persea americana Mill.). This type of exploratory experimental research is based on a quantitative approach. The results showed that avocado skin extract (Persea americana Mill.) has a total flavonoid content of 10.855 mgQE/g extract and a total polyphenol content of 221.593 mgGAE/g extract. It is known that avocado peel extract (Persea americana Mill.) has sunscreen activity with an SPF value of 3.887 at a concentration of 500 ppm including minimal protection category. The results of the activity test showed that avocado skin sunscreen potential had phenolic comp

Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Sunscreen Cream with Methanol Extract of Euchema cottonii

Seaweed has been widely used as a traditional medicinal ingredient by the community for generations. One species of seaweed, Eucheuma cottonii, is known that contains many antioxidant compounds. The antioxidant in seaweed is mainly in the form of polyphenolic antioxidative compounds, especially flavonoids. Flavonoid and tannin are two compounds that perform as antioxidant activity and have been considered as potential sunscreen ingredients.
 The test methods used in this study include SPF value determination test, sensitivity test, homogeneity test, pH test, and viscosity test. Sensitivity test was conducted by 20 semi-trained panelists. The data was statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA SPSS version 21.0.

Review on photoprotection: a clinician's guide to the ingredients, characteristics, adverse effects, and disease-specific benefits of chemical and physical sunscreen compounds.

Photoprotection is a critical health prevention strategy to reduce the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and visible light (VL). Methods of photoprotection are reviewed in this paper, with an emphasis on sunscreen. The most appropriate sunscreen formulation for personal use depends on several factors. Active sunscreen ingredients vary in their protective effect over the UVR and VL spectrum. There are dermatologic diseases that cause photosensitivity or that are aggravated by a particular action spectrum. In these situations, sunscreen suggestions can address the specific concern. Sunscreen does not represent a single entity. Appropriate personalized sunscreen selection is critical to improve compliance and clinical outcomes. Health care providers can facilitate informed product selection with awareness of evolving sunscreen formulations and counseling patients on appropriate use. This review aims to summarize different forms of photoprotection, discuss absorption of sunscreen ingredients, possible adverse effects, and disease-specific preferences for chemical, physical or oral agents that may decrease UVR and VL harmful effects.