Station Infrastructure Research Articles

Cost and benefit battery swapping business model for indonesian electric two-wheeler

Government of Indonesia (GoI) plan to achieve Net Zero Carbon by 2060. One of implementation through Electric Vehicle in the transportation sector where it will drive the reduction of emission and accelerate the demand of global battery. Indonesia has strong position in terms of integrated battery industry. In order to support Electric Vehicle ecosystem, one of value chain related to charging station infrastructures. Nowadays, the charging method for electric vehicles commonly used are battery swapping, conductive and inductive charging. In this paper, we will consider battery charging of electric vehicles, especially electric two-wheeler. In this case, the problem of excessive battery charge time is the main consideration of the users. The development of Battery Swapping Station (BSS) may be an alternative to solving these problems. In the meantime, Battery Swapping Station (BSS) needs a high-level view from stakeholders to understand the cost-benefit ratio of this alternative technology. The objectives of this research are to identify, analyze, and evaluate the current Battery Swapping Station (BSS) technology in market. In this research, it is necessary to have results to establish the policy for manufacture considers large capacity batteries and the standards such as types and specification of batteries as well as swapping stations.

Comparison of Grid Reactive Voltage Regulation with Reconfiguration Network for Electric Vehicle Penetration

Renewable energy sources and EV growth brings new challenges for grid stabilization. Smart grid techniques are required to reconfigure and compensate for load fluctuation and stabilize power losses and voltage fluctuation. Numerical tools are available to equip the smart grid to deal with such challenges. Distribution Feeder reconfiguration and reactive voltage injection to the disturbed grid are some of the techniques employed for the purpose. However, either reconfiguration or injection alone is used commonly for this purpose. In this study, both techniques are applied to EV penetration as load and compared. A balanced IEEE 33 Radial network is used in this study and selected branches with high power losses are targeted for the reactive voltage injection and Minimum Spanning tree techniques (MST). EV charging loads are usually modelled with time base distribution which requires times base power flow analysis for reactive power injection. A comparison between coordinated, reconfiguration, and reactive voltage injection shows differences in power losses, voltage distortion, and cost saving. The analysis is carried out with an integer linear programming technique for coordinated charging, a minimum spanning tree for network reconfiguration, and genetic optimization for reactive power injection. Besides, all power flow analyses are carried out with the Backward/Forward sweep method. The information would help lowering power losses, grid stabilization, and charging station infrastructure planning.

Development of SDR-based network positioning technology. LTE reference signals reception and processing models

The analysis of the problem status of positioning user UE devices using the infrastructure of the eNB base stations of LTE mobile radio networks according to open foreign sources shows the high actuality and relevance of this research area. This paper provides an analysis of the problem status, as well as, formalization of models for receiving and processing LTE reference signals for the layout of a user device built using software-configurable radio technology.

Bayesian network-based risk evaluation model for the operational requirements of the China Railway Express under the Belt and Road initiative

Abstract The operation of the China Railway Express features numerous links across several regions and countries. Effectively controlling the risks involved in the operation of the China Railway Express is crucial for ensuring safety and efficiency and promoting the sustainable development of the China Railway Express. The Bayesian network-based risk-management model was built corresponding to the actual operation of the China Railway Express; the model used an advanced risk-management theory. The sensitivity analysis of risk factors and Bayesian network inference were realized using the expectation-maximization and clique-tree propagation algorithms. Using the risk-checklist method, 17 risk-related factors were analysed on 17 nodes of the Bayesian network from three perspectives—safety, efficiency and effectiveness—based on expert opinions and the actual operating conditions of the China Railway Express. Data from a sensitivity analysis and evidence inference of the Bayesian network model indicated that the sensitivity coefficients of nodes N01, N04, N07, N08 and N17 of the network were high. Moreover, the risk-occurrence probabilities for nodes N01, N04, N06, N07 and N09 were higher in the case of reverse inference. Our results revealed the crucial factors influencing the risk. The identified risk factors included the stability of the political environment in countries along the route, conditions of station infrastructures and the complexity of the process of changing rails and reloading. Further, risk-management suggestions were provided. By establishing a sound risk-management framework, reliable assessment and management could be realized in accordance with changes in the operating conditions of the China Railway Express.

Ontology-Based Semantic Checking of Data in Railway Infrastructure Information Systems

Abstract Semantic checking of railway infrastructure information support data is one of the ways to improve the consistency of information system data and, as a result, increase the safety of train traffic. Existing ontological developments have demonstrated the applicability of description logic for modelling railway transport, but have not paid enough attention to the data resources structure and the railway regulatory support. In this work, the formalization of the tabular presentation of data and the rules of railway transport regulations is carried out using the example of a connection track passport and temporary speed restrictions using ontological means, data wrangling and extraction tools. Ontologies of the various formats data resources and railway station infrastructure, tools for converting and extracting data have been developed. The semantic checking of the compliance of railway information system data with regulatory documents in terms of the connection track passport is carried out on the basis of a multi-level concretization model and integration of ontologies. The mechanisms for implementing the constituent ontologies and their integration are demonstrated by an example. Further research includes ontological checking of natural language normative documents of railway transport.

The New Empirical Path Loss Model for Line of Sight Propagation in HSR Communication System Using Optimization Technique

The study of path loss becomes paramount for the deployment of HSR base station infrastructure. In this letter, a new empirical path loss model for Line-of-Sight (LOS) propagation is constructed. The optimization technique is utilized to validate the model which in this term the unknown parameter values of associated HSR communication system are investigated and compared using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Whale Optimization (WO) and Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) The given curve fitting plots adhere the dynamic scenario of HSR dataset and ultimately FPA predominates other techniques in presenting the model’s accuracy.

AIRFLOW SIMULATION AT THE UKRAINIAN ANTARCTIC STATION

The location of the Ukrainian Antarctic Akademik Vernadsky station leads to several problems related to the need to ensure the livelihood and safety of people. The infrastructure of Vernadsky station is affected by significant climatic loads during the year, such as wind, rain, snow and low temperatures. The destruction or even significant damage to the infrastructure of the Antarctic station can endanger the lives of people who are on it due to the inability to evacuate. The purpose of the study is to determine the fields of wind load distribution within the Antarctic Vernadsky station. This is necessary in order to identify the infrastructure objects that are most affected by wind loads. SolidWorks computer-aided design software environment allows you to build geometric models of objects of varying complexity. That is why this system was chosen to model the infrastructure of the Ukrainian Antarctic Vernadsky station. Simulation modeling of wind load was performed in the computer-aided engineering software of finite element analysis ANSYS. Geometric models of the infrastructure objects of the Ukrainian Antarctic Vernadsky station were created. Simulation modeling of the station under wind load conditions was performed. It is shown that in the case of wind from the mainland, the elements of the station's infrastructure that receive the main wind load are the main building and the VST-200. It is determined that the presence of a pile foundation affects the velocity vector fields, so this element should not be neglected when performing further research. It is shown that practically all objects of the station's infrastructure lead to significant turbulent vortices. Geometric models of the infrastructure objects of the Ukrainian Antarctic station Academician Vernadsky were created. Simulation modeling of the station under wind load conditions was performed. It is shown that in the case of wind from the mainland, the elements of the station's infrastructure that receive the main wind load are the main building and the RVS-200. It is determined that the presence of a pile foundation affects the velocity vector fields, so this element should not be neglected when performing further research. It is shown that almost all infrastructure objects of the station lead to significant turbulent tails when they flow around.

Deployment of Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Station Infrastructure: A Global Overview and Perspectives

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can complement other electric vehicle technologies as a zero-emission technology and contribute to global efforts to achieve the emission reduction targets. This article spotlights the current deployment status of fuel cells in road transport. For this purpose, data collection was performed by the Advanced Fuel Cells Technology Collaboration Programme. Moreover, the available incentives for purchasing a fuel cell vehicle in different countries were reviewed and future perspectives summarized. Based on the collected information, the development trends in the last five years were analyzed and possible further trends that could see the realization of the defined goals derived. The number of registered vehicles was estimated to be 51,437 units, with South Korea leading the market, with 90% of the vehicles being concentrated in four countries. A total of 729 hydrogen refueling stations were in operation, with Japan having the highest number of these. The analysis results clearly indicate a very positive development trend for fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen refueling stations in 2021, with the highest number of new vehicles and stations in a single year, paralleling the year’s overall economic recovery. Yet, a more ambitious ramp-up in the coming years is required to achieve the set targets.

Land use and energy nexus

In this research, the connection between land use and energy has been discussed from two points of view, i.e., the impacts of energy on land use and the impacts of land use on energy. This research identified several direct and indirect land use changes that occur by clearing vegetation, destroying top soils, and relocating human populations during the different stages of extraction, deposition, and transportation of fossil fuels and uranium ore; and during the establishment of renewable energy sources including wind turbines, hydro-power plants, and associated structures (highways, dams, culverts, tunnels, power station infrastructure, and energy transmission networks). Likewise, feedstock cultivation, processing, and transportation to biomass plants, as well as the production of biodiesel from municipal solid waste, require accessible land resources that further contribute to global land-use change. In the case of the impacts of land use on energy, mixed use development was found to be one of the most efficient approaches to achieve energy efficiency. Similarly, energy demand for motorized travel can also be reduced with the development of urban blocks and transit-oriented development. Furthermore, integrated combined heat and power systems, green space, and energy-supporting land use regulations were identified as energy savings strategies that may aid in achieving energy efficiency and ensuring sustainable development.

Infrastructural Imaginaries of Region and Nation in the Pearl River Delta’s Express Railway Link

ABSTRACT The Express Railway Link (XRL) offers unprecedented mobility within the Pearl River Delta and connects Hong Kong to mainland China’s high-speed rail network. As reflected in the pages of regional and national newspapers, the XRL figures prominently in the re-imagining of scales of community and governance in the Pearl River Delta. These ‘infrastructural imaginaries’ are shaped not just by the transportation infrastructure of trains and stations, but also by the migration infrastructure of travel permits and identification cards. Drawing on infrastructure studies and the politics of scale to shed light on the multi-scalar politics of infrastructure in contemporary China, this article traces how understandings of infrastructure and scale changed as the XRL went from regional project to one component of China’s national high-speed rail grid.

Electric Vehicle Charging Station Infrastructure on the Basis of Provinces in Turkey: Analysis through the Metrics

Fosil yakıtların tükenebilir ve çevreye zararlı oluşları, sürdürülebilir ve daha temiz bir çevre oluşturma hedefleri ve batarya teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler fosil yakıtlarla çalışan geleneksel içten yanmalı motorlarla sahip araçlar yerine elektrikli araçlara yönelimi beraberinde getirmiştir. Özellikle son beş yılda elektrikli araç (EA) satışları artış göstermiştir ve önümüzdeki yıllarda bu artışın artarak devam edeceği öngörülmektedir. Artan elektrikli araç sayısı, elektrikli araç şarj istasyonu ihtiyacını da beraberinde getirmektedir. Stratejik planlamalar yapabilmek, yatırımcılara yol gösterebilmek ve elektrikli araç müşterilerine uygun altyapıyı sağlayabilmek için her yöredeki elektrikli araç şarj istasyonu altyapısının detaylı olarak analiz edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, 2020 yılı sonu itibariyle Türkiye’deki elektrikli araç şarj istasyonu altyapısının iller bazında niceliksel durumu ele alınmıştır ve EA şarj istasyonu altyapısının değerlendirilmesine yönelik iki yeni ölçev önerilmiştir. Bu bağlamda EA şarj istasyonu altyapısının değerlendirmesinde kullanılan literatürdeki ölçevler ve bu çalışmada önerilen ölçevler aracılığıyla EA şarj istasyonu durumu tablolar ve bilgi grafiği (infografik) haritaları ile sunulmuştur. Türkiye’nin 81 ili EA şarj istasyonu altyapısı değerlendirme ölçevleri bakımından karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada elde edilen ve sunulan bulguların, elektrikli araç müşterilerine, elektrikli araç şarj istasyonu yatırımcılarına ve elektrikli araçların yaygınlaşması için strateji belirleyecek hükümet ve diğer kamu kuruluşlarına faydalı olacağı öngörülmektedir. Ayrıca, EA şarj istasyonu altyapısında meydana gelecek gelişmelerin ve iyileştirmelerin 2020 yılına göre kıyaslanması ve gelişme hızının takip edilebilmesi için bu yayın referans bir çalışma olarak kullanılabilir.

A Novel Model to Predict Electric Vehicle Rapid Charging Deployment on the UK Motorway Network

Recent transformations from internal combustion engines (ICE) to electric vehicles (EVs) are challenged by limited the driving range per charge, thereby requiring the improvement or substantial deployment of rapid charging infrastructure to stimulate sufficient confidence in EV drivers. This study aims to establish the necessary level of EV motorway service station infrastructure for the United Kingdom (UK) based market. The investigation is founded on increasing the appropriate rapid charger availability and shorter charging times. EV charging patterns are determined, focusing on two Volkswagen iD3 EV models by measuring power curves across field-based rapid chargers at one-minute intervals. Datasets are analysed throughout rapid charging field tests. Additionally, variance synthesis is applied to establish variables within this study’s assessment for rapid charger capacity requirements in the UK. The operational performance for the utilised rapid chargers is correspondingly recorded, whilst the EV range is calculated at 3 miles per kWh, revealing a mean power delivery rate of just 27 kW per hour using a 50 kW rapid charger. Time-of-day charging sessions are used to generate data that is then amalgamated into our previous study data, confirming that rapid charging points on UK motorways are used primarily for EV journey range extension. If fully utilised for an entire 24h period, 434 chargers (with a variance consolidation number of 81) are required to service the UK-based motorway EV user base. Moreover, this study establishes that simply replacing current fuel pumps with individual rapid chargers on a like-for-like basis reduces availability and support for novel and existing users and may impact short-term grid availability.

Intelligent charging planning for electric vehicle commercial parking lots and its impact on distribution network’s imbalance indices

The outstanding demand of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has resulted the expansion of parking lots, while leading issues such as imbalance in power grid. Therefore, the critically planned charging stations infrastructure is essential to resolve these problems. In fact, the distribution network operators (DSO), EV users, and intelligent commercial parking lots (CPL) owners are holding different views that should be considered simultaneously to improve the accuracy of an effective business plan. However, the prime challenge in addressing the planning of CPL is to increase the EV user interest while enhancing the CPL owners’ profit. Simultaneously, DSO requirement for network performance under the appropriate conditions (for example, imbalance) will also be considered. Further one of the main challenges of CPL presence in an imbalanced distribution network is the effect that additionally carry on network imbalance indices. In this paper, a two-stage framework has proposed where the first stage is accompanied with several technical parameters such as battery terms, charge/discharge specifications, and transportation parameters including daily distance traveled, arrival and departure times to the CPL, and amount EV sales, the profitability of the EV charging/discharging program for EV users as well as CPL owners calculated in the optimal CPL scheduling. In the second stage, the effect of CPLs is studied by calculating the imbalance indices in a standard IEEE imbalanced distribution network. Moreover, the results confirm that the average profit for EV users has been increased by 23% compared to the total cost paid for charging EV. Eventually, it is recognized that without changing the distribution network structure and connecting CPL to active commercial loads of the distribution network, the network imbalance could be improved around 30% during EV charging. • Provide intelligent planning to maximize possible charge/discharge rates for electric vehicles in commercial CPLs to increase EV users’ profits. • Modeling and simulation of commercial CPLs taking into account transportation parameters, EV sales and battery terms. • Illustrating the effect of intelligent parking on distribution network imbalance indices.

EV Charging Station with Coin Based Payment System with Solar Power

Abstract: The transportation sector of the world is in the transformation stage, shifting from conventional fossil fuel-powered vehicles to zero or ultra-low tailpipe emission vehicles. To support this transformation, a proper charging station (CS) infrastructure in combination with information technology, smart distributed energy generating units, and favorable government policies are required. The motive of this Project is to address the key aspects to be taken care of while planning for the charging station infrastructure for electric vehicles. The Project also provides major indignation and developments in planning and technological aspects that are going on for the enhancement of the design and efficient management of charging station infrastructure. The Project addresses the present scenario of India related to electric vehicle charging station developments. The Project specially provides a critical review on the research and developments in the charging station infrastructure, the problems associated with it, and the efforts that are going on for its standardization to help the researchers address the problems Keywords: electric vehicle; charging station; EV charging Station; smart charging; charging infrastructure etc

A Community-Driven Approach to Democratize Access to Satellite Ground Stations

If you were to launch a small satellite in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) today, the cost of installing/renting ground stations around the world to maintain global coverage is likely to rival the satellite launch costs. While satellite launch costs for small players have reduced significantly due to the emergence of ride sharing programs operated by both public and private organizations, access to ground station infrastructure is still a luxury due to the immense cost and form factor of the components involved, which need to be installed in a large, elevated area free from any obstructions.

ISO 13909 compliant contractual payment station coal sampling plant: process design and equipment selection for chemical, physical and moisture sampling

The paper discusses the process design and mass balance highlights to illustrate the ISO 13909 compliance of a 4-year-running contractual payment station sampling plant. The plant is used to sample -60mm coal supply to a coal fired power station infrastructure belonging to the South African National Power Utility. Payment parameters are proximate analysis (Calorific Value, Ash-, Sulphur content), physical (size and abrasion index) and moisture content. Over and above ergonomic physical samples and timeous moisture samples, the plant also delivers the crushed chemical sample in triplicate for buyer-, seller- and referee analysis. The lot period was defined as 24 hours production while the system compliance was designed around mass-based sampling. Production varies over a wide range of throughout tonnages from 800-3600 ton/h as dictated by complex boiler and silo operational requirements. The plant required a unique operational philosophy to adapt the number of primary increments (and corresponding time interval) per sublot size to the varying production rates which over a fix lot period results in varying lot size. Furthermore, a contractual grade, calibrated, 6-idler belt scale is used to measure the instantaneous conveyor load which in turn controls the cutter speed via a programmable logic controller (PLC) prompted variable speed drive (VSD) setpoint to sample fixed increment mass to represent fixed production mass interval. The primary belt end crosscut sampler boasts a unique articulated joint design sample chute to fit down the high sample tract; eliminating the delineation errors associated with the previous competitor design.

How much hydrogen should be supplied in the transportation market? Focusing on hydrogen fuel cell vehicle demand in South Korea: Hydrogen demand and fuel cell vehicles in South Korea

Since the Paris Agreement, there has been a global, active transition from internal combustion engine to alternative-fuel vehicles. Accordingly, countries have established long-term low-carbon development strategies, and the transport sector has developed strategies to adopt hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (HFCVs). South Korea has also established policies to revitalize the hydrogen ecosystem and increase the adoption of HFCVs. However, although the country has proposed a HFCV diffusion plan and a target, there has been no adequate hydrogen supply plan. Prior to the diffusion of HFCVs, it is necessary to establish a hydrogen supply plan and forecast hydrogen demand. Thus, this study forecast the demand for HFCVs using the Bass, logistic, and Gompertz models, and the analogy method. The demand for HFCVs in 2040 was then forecast for three scenarios by altering the diffusion rate, and the annual hydrogen demand and daily hydrogen demand per charging station were forecasted. The results show that the daily hydrogen demand per hydrogen station is expected to reach 1 to 2.3 tons by 2040. These findings can be used to establish policies to expand the capacity and infrastructure of hydrogen stations.

Renewable Energy based Multimode Electric Vehicle Charging Station: A Review

Abstract: The goal of this work is to understand working of renewable energy based multimode EV charging station that should be suited for fast charging of Electric Vehicle and that must be putting the least amount of overload on the Utility-grid. The charging station is operated in such way that it is either powered by solar PV-array system or utility-grid, to improve grid stability during peak load hours. A DC bus connects the PV-array interfaced with DC-to-DC converter and the Utility-grid interfaced with DC to AC bidirectional converter. The efficiency of the utilized control approach is decided by a smooth transition between solar connected mode and grid connected mode. Although charging station infrastructure can be employed in many ways like it can be made only grid connected or only solar power connected but the coordinated operation of solar power system and grid can be efficient and economic option for implementation of EV charging stations on large scale. This renewable energy based multimode EV charging station can prove to be very much useful for reducing dependency on fossil fuel-based vehicles and promoting use of electric vehicles on large scale with very reasonable per unit cost of charging them. Keywords: Photovoltaic array (PV), Renewable energy, Grid connected EV Charging station, Electric Vehicle, Hybrid EV charging station

Investigating Key Factors Influencing Purchase Intention of Electric Motorcycle in Indonesia

Indonesia is the top three global motorcycle market, contributing to the high CO2 emissions. Electric motorcycles (EMs) are an effective way to reduce CO2 emissions. This study examines the purchase intentions of EMs that focus on micro-levels, cost, technological and macro-level factors. Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) is used to explore the significant factors and the relationship among these factors in constructing the purchase intention model. The questionnaire survey collected from 1,223 respondents shows that almost 82% of respondents revealed their intention to buy EMs. This result indicates that the future of the EM market is very promising. This research also finds that macro-level, technology and cost factors are significant factors in the purchase intention of EMs. Consumers are still reluctant to buy EMs due to the barriers in the charging station infrastructure, tax and incentive policies, EM prices, battery costs, charging time, and battery life resulting in consumers choosing a "wait and see" decision in adopting EMs. Meanwhile, respondent characteristics such as age, education, and income level do not significantly affect the EM purchase intention. Respondents who have extensive social networks and are concerned about the environment are more willing to adopt EMs.

Electric vehicles charging in India: Infrastructure planning and policy aspects

AbstractFollowing years, electric vehicles (EVs) are promising technology for shifting scattered exhaust emissions in mega‐cities to integrated power plants in rural areas, especially in urban areas. Transport sector electrification and increased popularity of EVs make scientists and researchers, search for charging stations. The ideal position, charge scheduling, and developed charging infrastructure are the primary concern for the large‐scale deployment of EVs. This paper describes the possible demand for EVs charging station infrastructure and challenges in the Indian situation. Along these lines, this study also provides the research community with the latest developments and research findings of charging infrastructure for EVs in India.