Infrastructure-less Wireless Networks Research Articles

Energy-efficient protocols for environmental monitoring in wireless sensor networks: A review

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is defined as an infrastructure-less wireless network containing a substantial amount of the sensor's data deployed in an ad hoc manner to form a network. Sensor nodes are used along with onboard process data to monitor the environment in a particular area. Sensors are connected to the base station, which also functions as a processing unit within the WSN system. A base station is used to share the data with the help of the internet. Sensor nodes within WSN have limited power, resulting in a reducing lifespan, especially in human-inaccessible locations. This paper reviews the energy-efficient protocols for environmental monitoring and energy-harvesting WSNs. This paper investigates three protocols, viz., the low energy adaptive clustering protocol, the distributed energy-efficient clustering protocol, and the stable election protocol. The result-driven approach followed in this paper presents a comparative analysis of these protocols to find the best protocol for energy efficiency. Throughput indicating packets received successfully at the base station has been evaluated in this paper. This metric indicates the effectiveness of the protocols in achieving a longer lifespan for the sensors. Furthermore, the dynamic deployment and challenges associated with environmental monitoring applications, considering the physical, network, and medium access control layers, have been discussed in this paper. Given the above, this paper presents a systematic literature review to identify the interdisciplinary work done by researchers towards the applications of WSNs in the field of environmental monitoring.

Location-Based Hybrid Video Streaming Protocol for VANETs

The services and applications provided by video streaming over Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) have recently become very attractive to technology users. In VANETs, the moving vehicles on the roads take great advantage of this radio link by exchanging information with each other related to the safety, traffic jams, accidents, and condition of the roads via video streaming. On the other hand, this transmission domain poses many challenging issues like frequent disconnections due to fast-speed vehicles, longer transmission delays, and inefficient link consumption etc. numbers of routing strategies have been proposed in the literature that aimed to address these challenges of an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). This article is based on a Location-Based Hybrid Video Streaming Protocol (LBHVSP) that has been proposed with the intent to minimize the challenges related to video transmission as well as the attainment of high network performance. The idea presented is a motivation from the dynamic nature of transceiver and receiver transmission power, accompanied by the range-based localization techniques for inter-space computation of vehicular nodes. LBHVSP is a 2-way protocol that works as a combination of infrastructure-based and infrastructure-less wireless networks that tends to minimize the average packet delay for efficient utilization of bandwidth. It is a two-phase solution, firstly frames are transmitted to the second hop node available in the direct range that minimizes the traveling path in terms of hop count and ultimately yields minimal delay. Secondly, this technique utilizes the Road Side Units (RSUs) having wired connectivity for a faraway destination. Experimental results using different transmission scenarios reveal its efficacy by attaining maximum average packet throughput, minimum average packet drop rate, and minimum average per-packet delay in Signal Transmission Power and Packet Reception Power Threshold values. The proposed scheme has outperformed the state-of-the-art transmission scenarios in terms of static parameters. Varying transmission and reception powers subject to the inter-distance have shown remarkable outcomes. In comparison to pre-existing VANET protocols like DyTE and DSR, proposed scheme has shown an average improvement of 30% in packet drop rate, and 80% rise in throughput, approximately. Besides, our scheme has shown a remarkable decline in transmission delay as well. On comparing the LBHVSP performance against recent VANET communication protocol, it comes out that it attains the maximum throughput and delay improvement. Furthermore, to cater the packet drop, a smart re-transmission strategy should be designed particularly for multimedia streaming and video message exchange.

Analysis on the Improvement of Energy Efficiency by using its Models in Wireless Sensor Networks

Aims and Background: A self-configured and infrastructure-less wireless network is named as a wireless sensor network (WSN), which has the role of monitoring physical or environmental conditions like sound, motion, temperature, vibration, and pollutants for passing their data throughout the network to a center of location where the data could be easily observed as well as analyzed. Methodology: In WSN, the small-sized sensor node is working with a very small battery with limited energy. Replacing the battery or recharging the battery is not feasible, and so, the energyefficient operation of WSN is the key factor. While designing routing protocols (RPs) for WSNs, one among the significant goals is energy conservation owing to this lower power. Totally, three models, namely, state, cluster, and content, were utilized for enhancing energy efficiency (EE). Each protocol has its own way of routing that varies from the other in terms of the parameters selected or the approach. Results: This paper explicates a survey on WSNs, upgrading EE in WSN based on the state model, EE improvement in WSN based on the cluster model, and EE enhancement in WSN using a contentbased model with its performance comparison. Conclusion: This paper evaluates the number of cluster heads (CHs) of CADS in different nodes with different schemes for WSNs and a comparison of the four schemes in WSNs.

Secure Routing and Reliable Packets Transmission In MANET Using Fast Recursive Transfer Algorithm

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) autonomous operation can be multi-hop it is the infrastructure-less wireless network. Security is one of the biggest challenges in Mobile Adhoc Network. The MANETs security there are considerations must be so that the routing protocol in order to protect the secure data transmission. In the routing and security that is an important aspect for in a MANETs, existing method routing protocol, however, is not enough to security requirements. The proposed method using Fast Recursive Transmission Algorithm (FRTA) used designed to maximize the data security, routing optimization, minimizing the impact of malicious attack using Collision Detection Avoid Algorithm (CDAA) activity over the MANET and select the best path. Table-driven routing protocols, also known as proactive routing protocols, mandate that every node on the network keep up-to-date routing data. To maintain consistent routing information for network nodes, these protocols propagate frequent updates to the routing table throughout the network, necessitating changes to the network topology. There's a lot of overhead from these upgrades. The suggested FRTA algorithm lowers node data loss rates and increases network energy efficiency. Table-driven routing protocols, also known as proactive routing protocols, mandate that every node on the network keep up-to-date routing data. To maintain consistent routing information for network nodes, these protocols propagate frequent updates to the routing table throughout the network, necessitating changes to the network topology. There's a lot of overhead from these upgrades. The suggested FRTA algorithm lowers node data loss rates and increases network energy efficiency. The proposed method shows high performance than other existing evaluations of the most advanced security and routing energy, end-to-end delay, packet transfer rate, packet loss

Exploring the Role of Wi-Fi Direct's Service Discovery Protocol in Forming Wireless Collaboration Networks: A Scoping Review

The increasing ubiquity of mobile devices and the Internet has become a hallmark of modern society, yet challenges persist in ensuring reliable communication networks during unforeseen disruptions, such as pandemics, war, or natural disasters. Despite the advancement of Wi-Fi technology, the development of a comprehensive model for temporary communication networks based on Wi-Fi interfaces during these disruptions remains inconclusive. The temporary and infrastructure-less wireless network created by mobile devices is referred to as a Wireless Collaboration Network (WCN). To assess the extent to which wireless protocols have been leveraged in forming Wireless WCN, a scoping review was conducted. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature, specifically focusing on the Service Discovery (SD) protocol of Wi-Fi Direct within the Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) domain. Our investigation delved into solutions developed by researchers in this domain and the various metrics employed to evaluate the performance of these solutions. The scoping review protocol encompassed nine distinct steps, ranging from formulating research questions to synthesizing results. The review process involved examining three major databases: IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Scopus, with the assistance of Mendeley for data organization and filtering. In total, our search identified 186 records across these databases. After rigorous screening, which included removing duplicates, irrelevant articles, and inaccessible content, we selected 35 articles for comprehensive review. These reviewed articles were then summarized and presented in a table, offering valuable insights into article titles, objectives, measurement parameters, techniques employed, and the noteworthy contributions of each work. The table serves as an invaluable resource for researchers in the field, facilitating a deeper understanding of the research landscape and enabling easier access to the collective knowledge within this domain.

Joint Energy Predication and Gathering Data in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) is an infrastructure-less wireless network deployed in an increasing number of wireless sensors in an ad-hoc manner. As the sensor nodes could be powered using batteries, the development of WSN energy constraints is considered to be a key issue. In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), wireless mobile chargers (MCs) conquer such issues mainly, energy shortages. The proposed work is to produce an energy-efficient recharge method for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Network (WRSN), which results in a longer lifespan of the network by reducing charging delay and maintaining the residual energy of the sensor. In this algorithm, each node gets sorted using the K-means technique, in which the data gets distributed into various clusters. The mobile charges execute a Short Hamiltonian cycle opposite direction to reach each cluster’s anchor point. The position of the anchor points is calculated based on the energy distribution using the base station. In this case, the network will act as a spare MC, so that one of the two MCs will run out of energy before reaching the BS. After the current tours of the two MCs terminate, regression analysis for energy prediction initiates, enabling the updating of anchor points in the upcoming round. Based on the findings of the regression-based energy prediction model, the recommended algorithm could effectively refill network energy.

Hybrid of WOA-ABC and proposed CNN for intrusion detection system in wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (i.e., WSNs) are self-configured and infrastructure-less wireless networks that monitor environmental or physical factors, such as sound, temperature, vibration, motion, pressure, or pollutants, and collaborate with the base station for analysis of their data. A sink, also known as a base station, serves as a link between customers and the network. However, WSNs have various challenges such as high energy consumption, high bandwidth demand, quality of service, compression techniques, data processing, and intrusion. To avoid intrusion, an intrusion detection system is the best solution. It investigates the network by gathering enough information from each node and detecting abnormal sensor node behavior. The intrusion detection system is primarily divided into two steps: feature extraction/selection and classification. In this work, we introduced a new intrusion detection system based on a deep learning network. For feature selection, a proposed hybrid WOA-ABC algorithm is used, and a proposed CNN architecture is used for classification. In WSN there are various attacks available mainly DoS attack, Sybil attack, black hole attack, wormhole attack, etc. In this paper, the NSLKDD dataset is used for intrusion detection. In the NSLKDD dataset, numerous attacks available but those attacks come under 4 types of attacks. There are Dos, UR2, R2L, and probe. So, in this work mainly we concentrate to classify these 4 types of attacks. Compared to the existing method our proposed architecture gives the best performance result in terms of execution time, detection rate, accuracy, and false alarm rate. When compared to existing approaches, our proposed mechanism minimizes execution time by 76.54 %.

Performance Analysis of Multi-Channel CR Enabled IoT Network with Better Energy Harvesting

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can be termed as an auto-configured and infrastructure-less wireless networks to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure and motion etc. WSNs may comprise thousands of Internet of Things (IoT) devices to sense and collect data from its surrounding, process the data and take an automated and mechanized decision. On the other side the proliferation of these devices will soon cause radio spectrum shortage. So, to facilitate these networks, we integrate Cognitive Radio (CR) functionality in these networks. CR can sense the unutilized spectrum of licensed users and then use these empty bands when required. In order to keep the IoT nodes functional all time, continuous energy is required. For this reason the energy harvested techniques are preferred in IoT networks. Mainly it is preferred to harvest Radio Frequency (RF) energy in the network. In this paper a region based multi-channel architecture is proposed. In which the coverage area of primary node is divided as Energy Harvesting Region and Communication Region. The Secondary User (SU) that are the licensed user is IoT enabled with Cognitive Radio (CR) techniques so we call it CR-enabled IoT node/device and is encouraged to harvest energy by utilizing radio frequency energy. To harvest energy efficiently and to reduce the energy consumption during sensing, the concept of overlapping region is given that supports to sense multiple channels simultaneously and help the SU to find best channel for transmitting data or to harvest energy from the ideal channel. From the experimental analysis, it is proved that SU can harvest more energy in overlapping region and this architecture proves to consume less energy during data transmission as compared to single channel. We also show that channel load can be highly reduced and channel utilization is proved to be more proficient. Thus, this proves the proposed architecture cost-effective and energy-efficient.

Performance Evaluation of Support Vector Machine Kernels in Intrusion Detection System for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor network is very popular in the industrial application due to its characteristics of infrastructure-less wireless network and self-configured for physical and environmental conditions monitoring. However, the dynamic environments of wireless network expose WSN to network vulnerabilities. Intrusion Detection System (IDS) has been used to mitigate the vulnerability issue of network. Researches towards the efficiency improvement of WSN-IDS has been extensively done because the rapid growth of technologies influence the growth of network attacks. Implementation Support Vector Machine (SVM) was found to be one of the optimum algorithms for the improvement of WSN-IDS. Yet, classification efficiency of SVM is based on the kernel function used because different kernel gives different SVM architecture. Linear classification of SVM has limitation to maximize the margin due to the dynamic environment of wireless network which consist of nonlinear data. Since maximizing the margin is the primary goal of SVM, it is crucial to implement the optimum kernel in the classification of nonlinear data. Each SVM model in this research use different kernels which are Linear, RBF, Polynomial and Sigmoid kernels. Further, NSL-KDD dataset was used for the experiment of this research. Performance of each kernel were evaluated based on the experimental result obtained and it was found that RBF kernel provides the best classification accuracy with the score of 91%. Finally, discussion based on the findings was made.

An Efficient and Stable Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad Hoc Network

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is mainly designed to set up communication among devices in infrastructure-less wireless communication network. Routing in this kind of communication network is highly affected by its restricted characteristics such as frequent topological changes and limited battery power. Several research works have been carried out to improve routing performance in MANET. However, the overall performance enhancement in terms of packet delivery, delay and control message overhead is still not come into the wrapping up. In order to overcome the addressed issues, an Efficient and Stable-AODV (EFST-AODV) routing scheme has been proposed which is an improvement over AODV to establish a better quality route between source and destination. In this method, we have modified the route request and route reply phase. During the route request phase, cost metric of a route is calculated on the basis of parameters such as residual energy, delay and distance. In a route reply phase, average residual energy and average delay of overall path is calculated and the data forwarding decision is taken at the source node accordingly. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, normalized routing load and control message overhead as compared to AODV.

A Review of Support Vector Machine-based Intrusion Detection System for Wireless Sensor Network with Different Kernel Functions

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is among the popular communication technology which capable of self-configured and infrastructure-less wireless networks to monitor physical or environmental conditions. WSN also is the most standard services employed in commercial and industrial applications, because of its technical development in a processor, communication, and low-power usage of embedded computing devices. However, WSN is vulnerable due to the dynamic nature of wireless network. One of the best solutions to mitigate the risk is implementing Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to the network. Numerous researches were done to improve the efficiency of WSN-IDS because attacks in networks has been evolved due to the rapid growth of technology. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is one of the best algorithms for the enhancement of WSN-IDS. Nevertheless, the efficiency of classification in SVM is based on the kernel function used. Since dynamic environment of WSN consist of nonlinear data, linear classification of SVM has limitations in maximizing its margin during the classification. It is important to have the best kernel in classifying nonlinear data as the main goal of SVM to maximize the margin in the feature space during classification. In this research, kernel function of SVM such as Linear, RBF, Polynomial and Sigmoid were used separately in data classification. In addition, a modified version of KDD’99, NSL-KDD was used for the experiment of this research. Performance evaluation was made based on the experimental result obtained. Finally, this research found out that RBF kernel provides the best classification result with 91% accuracy.

WNOS: Enabling Principled Software-Defined Wireless Networking

This article investigates the basic design principles for a new Wireless Network Operating System (WNOS), a radically different approach to software-defined networking (SDN) for infrastructure-less wireless networks. Departing from well-understood approaches inspired by OpenFlow, WNOS provides the network designer with an abstraction hiding (i) the lower-level details of the wireless protocol stack and (ii) the distributed nature of the network operations. Based on this abstract representation, the WNOS takes network control programs written on a centralized, high-level view of the network and automatically generates distributed cross-layer control programs based on distributed optimization theory that are executed by each individual node on an abstract representation of the radio hardware. We first discuss the main architectural principles of WNOS. Then, we discuss a new approach to automatically generate solution algorithms for each of the resulting subproblems in an automated fashion. Finally, we illustrate a prototype implementation of WNOS on software-defined radio devices and test its effectiveness by considering specific cross-layer control problems. Experimental results indicate that, based on the automatically generated distributed control programs, WNOS achieves 18%, 56% and 80.4% utility gain in networks with low, medium and high levels of interference; maybe more importantly, we illustrate how the global network behavior can be controlled by modifying a few lines of code on a centralized abstraction.

Energy Efficient Routing Protocol based on Clustering for Multi-Hop Infrastructure-Less Wireless Networks

The evolution of mobile computing devices to share information has forced mobile users to opt for a Wide Area Network (WAN). Infrastructure-less network has captured all the surroundings. Therefore, in this work a Cluster based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (CERP) for has been proposed for multi-hop infrastructure-less wireless networks and has been compared with widespread existing protocols. This routing protocol has the capability to identify the backbones from all the existing nodes within the network and circulate them within acceptable time limit. CERP backbones maintain its unique arrangement. They remain stimulated for multi-hop packet hoping while remaining in power budgeting mode. The alternative sensor nodes occasionally check if the present nodes are awaken and can set up itself as the backbone of the network. In order to identify the nodes that are not required and to regulate backbone within specifically defined geographical area, researchers opt to organize a scrutinizer from the backbone. This has to be done beneath them and also in between of the geographic area of the entire network. It has been predicted that the amount of energy saved using proposed protocol will amplify exclusively up to some extent once the density increases.

DIFFERENT INTRUSION AND ITS DETECTION OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK: A REVIEW

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become an emerging technology of wireless communication and computing. Wireless Sensor Network is a self-configured, infrastructure-less wireless network which comprises of a few to large number of spatially distributed autonomous sensor nodes and a base station. The function of the base station is to interface user and network. A sensor node combines hardware and software. The main deployment of sensor network is sensing, data processing and transmitting data. WSN has different application in enemy intrusion detection in the battlefield in the military application, medical field, atmospheric disaster, agricultural and industrial applications. In Wireless sensor network each node is a battery-operated low power device and operated in ad-hoc principle, which indicates network power is mainly dependent on rate of energy consumption. Ad-hoc networking nature of WSN allows the attacker for different types of attacks from passive eavesdropping to active attacks. As WSN requires hop by hop routing to transport the packets to the destination, any intermediate node acting maliciously can drop, modify or misguide the traffic traversing through it. Confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, data freshness and quality of service (QoS) are the most important issues for wireless sensor nodes. An attacker may collect and destroy sensitive information if the transmission is not properly encrypted. However, avoiding collision and providing cooperation among the nodes during the transmission are done by using medium access control protocols. This paper focuses on the security threats on the resource restricted design and deployment characteristics along with the requirements to design a secured WSN system. In this paper wormhole attacks, black hole attacks, Sybil attacks, hello flood attack, denial of service attacks and private attacks are investigated. In this paper different link layer attacks are also discussed. Not only does this document about the popular attacks in different layers of WSN, but also provides some remedies against these attacks

Mobile Health Personal-to-Wide Area Network Disaster Management Paradigm

As full-scale natural disasters unfold, telecommunication infrastructures and services are among the most impacted, halting the necessary communications to and from the disaster zones, including the humanitarian operators and the people in need. The temporary relief can be achieved by establishing infrastructureless (ad-hoc) wireless networks; however, ad-hoc networks, instead of providing direct services to the end-users and affected people, provide direct connectivity to the localized service providers, which indirectly cover end-users. From a range of services provided by the humanitarian operators, healthcare has by far the top priority, which is the focus of this paper, through the utilization of smartphones in a Mobile Health (mHealth) perspective, which is an emerging concept in the smart-city paradigm for monitoring and tracking end-user health conditions. This paper covers the disaster management paradigm based on a novel bidirectional mHealth disaster recovery system and its protocol design and associated implications.

Maximum Accuracy in MANET-Node-Localization Using Multi-Stage Trackerwith Less Time-Complexity

An ad hoc network (referred as MANET), is also called as mobile ad-hoc network and also wireless ad hoc network, is automatic self-configuring, infrastructure-less wireless network of mobile devices, and it widely used in various areas. Wireless sensor network composed of wireless sensor nodes and these nodes can do processing, sensing, computation and wireless communication. Because of its more functionality and low cost of energy consumption the wireless sensors are used widely in various areas such as ranging from sensors for environment, road safety, home, peer-to-peer messaging, vehicular ad hoc communications, health, disaster recovery operations, robots, weapons, defense, etc. The localization information is very important for the operation of MANET because of security, routing, and other needs. This articles mainly contracts with the network node station identification in wireless environment with maximum accuracy. There are many methods of localization exist for MANET, and this paper discusses, compares and explains the betterments through experimental localization methods. Localization process is a vital and essential part in lots of applications that signifies a supplementary procedure in a network function or sometime it can be a primary goal of the application. Localization, as an essential procedure is also desirable based on data mining and data fusion, efficient routing with the view of hierarchical data aggregation. The hierarchical aggregation method itself signifies beneficial function of all data networks as it decreases important energy consumption and saves bandwidth in ad hoc network. And also it makes sure of repeatability-of-tests through multiple test-environments which is a problematic task in many situations in wireless networks. Eventually the accuracy of the location identification is critical aspect of any algorithm and technique that will be the important aspect of this paper.

Dynamic Priority Based Reliable Real-Time Communications for Infrastructure-Less Networks

This paper proposes a dynamic priority system at medium access control (MAC) layer to schedule time sensitive and critical communications in infrastructure-less wireless networks. Two schemes, priority enabled MAC (PE-MAC) and optimized PE-MAC are proposed to ensure real-time and reliable data delivery in emergency and feedback systems. These schemes use a dynamic priority mechanism to offer improved network reliability and timely communication for critical nodes. Both schemes offer a notable improvement in comparison to the IEEE 802.15.4e low-latency deterministic networks. To ensure more predictable communication reliability, two reliability centric schemes, quality-ensured scheme (QES) and priority integrated QES, are also proposed. These schemes maintain a pre-specified successful packet delivery rate, hence improving the overall network reliability and guaranteed channel access.

Fuzzy hierarchical ant colony optimization routing for weighted cluster in MANET

Wireless mobile network likely will be a set of self-directed systems. In which they are not only based on the unfixed infrastructure-less wireless network. This paper gives a major scope for routing ad-hoc network using fuzzy hierarchical ant colony optimization routing by maintaining the sustainability of the cluster head inside a cluster is very difficult in the adhoc network. The selected cluster head among the nodes is based on the quality of service parameter of the nodes. The weight assigned to the cluster head will determine how long the cluster head will hold. The fuzzy hierarchical ant colony optimization routing is used to select the optimized cluster head by way of in a cluster and the optimal cluster head will increase the routing. Ant colony optimization, Fuzzy Rules for Cluster Head Selection Process and Cluster’s Gateway are the three processes involved in the proposed FHACO protocol. The parameters taken for our proposed algorithm are the buffer size, energy consumption, routing overhead, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay throughput of wireless system. The system is implemented in network simulator-2 and it is assessed to gather weighted clustering technique. The experimental analysis shows that fuzzy hierarchical ant colony optimization produces a better result in maintaining the persistence of the cluster head.

A Middleware Solution for Wireless IoT Applications in Sparse Smart Cities.

The spread of off-the-shelf mobile devices equipped with multiple wireless interfaces together with sophisticated sensors is paving the way to novel wireless Internet of Things (IoT) environments, characterized by multi-hop infrastructure-less wireless networks where devices carried by users act as sensors/actuators as well as network nodes. In particular, the paper presents Real Ad-hoc Multi-hop Peer-to peer-Wireless IoT Application (RAMP-WIA), a novel solution that facilitates the development, deployment, and management of applications in sparse Smart City environments, characterized by users willing to collaborate by allowing new applications to be deployed on their smartphones to remotely monitor and control fixed/mobile devices. RAMP-WIA allows users to dynamically configure single-hop wireless links, to manage opportunistically multi-hop packet dispatching considering that the network topology (together with the availability of sensors and actuators) may abruptly change, to actuate reliably sensor nodes specifically considering that only part of them could be actually reachable in a timely manner, and to upgrade dynamically the nodes through over-the-air distribution of new software components. The paper also reports the performance of RAMP-WIA on simple but realistic cases of small-scale deployment scenarios with off-the-shelf Android smartphones and Raspberry Pi devices; these results show not only the feasibility and soundness of the proposed approach, but also the efficiency of the middleware implemented when deployed on real testbeds.

Mathematical Derivation of MIMO Based MANET to Improve the Network Performance

The proliferations of research activities in wireless communication stimulated researchers to develop a new technology and a technique to enable efficient and purposeful application in mobile ad hoc network. This new technique was developed by invention of MIMO technology and its tremendous potential in wireless network. The advantage of MIMO technology is it’s high data rate and improved transmission efficiency in ad hoc network, wireless communication, IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi) and IEEE 802.16e (WiMAX) standards. Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has several significant applications in infrastructure-less wireless network. MIMO technology has played a key role to improve the transmission efficiency in MANET. Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) communication both are very emerging in modern wireless communication system. Main focus of this research work is to improve the spectral efficiency of the MANET. MANET and MIMO communication are studied separately to analyze the performance of these networks. Analysis of this work can further help to implement an integrated network or MIMO based mobile ad hoc network. And finally analysis the performance of the integrated network (MIMO-MANET) to improve the spectral efficiency.