Abstract
The spread of off-the-shelf mobile devices equipped with multiple wireless interfaces together with sophisticated sensors is paving the way to novel wireless Internet of Things (IoT) environments, characterized by multi-hop infrastructure-less wireless networks where devices carried by users act as sensors/actuators as well as network nodes. In particular, the paper presents Real Ad-hoc Multi-hop Peer-to peer-Wireless IoT Application (RAMP-WIA), a novel solution that facilitates the development, deployment, and management of applications in sparse Smart City environments, characterized by users willing to collaborate by allowing new applications to be deployed on their smartphones to remotely monitor and control fixed/mobile devices. RAMP-WIA allows users to dynamically configure single-hop wireless links, to manage opportunistically multi-hop packet dispatching considering that the network topology (together with the availability of sensors and actuators) may abruptly change, to actuate reliably sensor nodes specifically considering that only part of them could be actually reachable in a timely manner, and to upgrade dynamically the nodes through over-the-air distribution of new software components. The paper also reports the performance of RAMP-WIA on simple but realistic cases of small-scale deployment scenarios with off-the-shelf Android smartphones and Raspberry Pi devices; these results show not only the feasibility and soundness of the proposed approach, but also the efficiency of the middleware implemented when deployed on real testbeds.
Highlights
Today, it is estimated that some 15 billion devices are connected, and this number is set to explode to 50 billion by 2020, in and around urban centers [1]
In order to estimate the RAMP Opportunistic Networking (RON) component behavior, we have deployed our middleware in a multi-hop spontaneous environment with: Android smartphones with 2.1 GHz Cortex-A53 processor and 3 GB of RAM, running Android 7.0; Raspberry Pi 3 Single Board Computers (SBC) with 1.2 GHz
Performance results reported below are based on experimentation over real and off-the-shelf devices, with the main purpose of testing the technical soundness and practical feasibility of the communication and coordination mechanisms used in RAMP-WIA
Summary
It is estimated that some 15 billion devices are connected, and this number is set to explode to 50 billion by 2020, in and around urban centers [1]. Middleware, which extends our previous solution along 4 primary guidelines: (i) proper management of single-hop wireless link among sensors, controllers, and other nodes of the network to increase the dynamicity of the overall network (Section 4); (ii) effective multi-hop packet management considering that sparse networks are likely to be partitioned and packets dispatched among sensors and controllers should be properly managed by intermediary nodes (Section 5); (iii) reliable and resilient actuation of sensor nodes considering that controllers could be interested in issuing commands only if (most of) sensor nodes are reachable, otherwise the command should be safely aborted (Section 6); and (iv) dynamic upgrade of sensor nodes by supporting the distribution and deployment of new software components on-the-fly (Section 7)
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