Availability Of Infrastructure Research Articles

Уровни цифрового неравенства: особенности проявления в Уральском федеральном округе

Introduction. Access to information, digital products and services contributes to reducing barriers in individual’s interaction with state, organizations, and other individuals, also providing opportunities for human development. The author assesses the digital inequality level of the constituent entities of the Ural Federal District.Materials and methods. Theoretically, the research is based on the concept of three levels of digital inequality, according to which inequality can be manifested at the level of access to Internet and information and communication technologies; at the level of the users’ digital skills and competencies; at the level of benefits obtained from the use of digital technologies and impacting individual life chances. The materials used are: statistical data of the Russian information society development monitoring, research on the digital literacy of the Russian population, conducted by the Analytical Center of the National Agency for Financial Research, the Russian Association of Electronic Communications, the Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Communications of the Russian Federation and the National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, as well as the results of an expert survey conducted by the author in 2023 with state civil servants of the Sverdlovsk region and employees of “Electronic government operator”, the state budgetary institution of the Sverdlovsk region.Results. The article reveals the specific features of digital inequality of the entities of the Ural Federal District. The geographical features of the region paradoxically affects the digital inequality level. The more compactly located territories of the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen and Chelyabinsk regions provide for the appropriate infrastructure with better broadband Internet access. A social consequence of low Internet access in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is, in part, that not all medical organizations can be connected to the Integrated National Health Information System. In addition, there is no direct correlation between Internet access and digital skills development. On the contrary, remoteness and inaccessibility of territories act as drivers for the development of digital competencies of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yugra residents, who are more efficient in using digital technologies in e-commerce and public services.Discussions and conclusions. “Bridging the Digital Divide” federal program implementation will increase the information infrastructure availability. Conscious and focused effort is required to improve digital literacy and cyber hygiene of the population.

Analysis of Policy Implementation and Availability of Infrastructure on the Implementation of Early Breastfeeding Initiation After Cesarean Section Delivery in Private Hospitals in Kudus District

Early initiation of breastfeeding (IMD) is placing the infant on the mother's chest or abdomen and allowing the infant to seek the mother's nipple within the first hour of birth. Caesarean section (SC) poses challenges to the implementation of Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD) in both internationally and nationally recommended hospital programs for maternal and infant care. The purpose of this study was to analyze policy implementation and analyze the availability of hospital facilities in the implementation of Early Breastfeeding Initiation (IMD) after Sectio Caesarean delivery. The research design was descriptive qualitative. The main informants of the study were SPOg doctors, implementing midwives and the Head of the Central Surgical Unit. Supporting informants are laboring mothers, central surgery unit nurses, pediatricians, hospital management. Data collection using in-depth interviews and observation. Data validity strategy using source triangulation. There is a policy contained in the decree of the hospital director and the hospital SOP as a work instruction for the implementing unit, monitoring is carried out every delivery and the division of tasks is carried out situationally. The number, competence and infrastructure are available well enough to support the implementation of IMD after Sectio Caesarea delivery in the hospital

Leisure constraints towards accessible tourism: self-characteristics of people with disability along tourism value chains

ABSTRACT Despite the intensifying legal focus on enhancing accessible infrastructure, people with disability are still often marginalized in traveling. To facilitate the advancement of accessible tourism, this research employs the self-categorization theory, incorporating the experiences of individuals with disabilities within all stages of the travel process. Following a qualitative approach, leisure constraints of people with hearing, seeing, learning, and mobility disability in traveling are examined, deriving potential pathways towards holistic accessible tourism value chains from a multidimensional disability perspective. The findings of this study show a lack of awareness among industry stakeholders regarding the needs of people with disabilities. This is indicated by inaccessibility and weak reliability of information, insufficient sensitisation of staff, or the absence of adequate feedback possibilities. Inherent to this, participants evolve structural and interpersonal constraints, particularly in the pre-travel and on-site phases. While positive travel experiences lead to an increase in the self-confidence of people with disabilities, negative examples trigger intrapersonal constraints, whereby travel plans are discarded due to a self-categorization as individuals with limited opportunities for social inclusion. Theoretical contributions as well as implications for practice are derived to address shortcomings along accessible tourism value chains.

Decision Support System for Determining the Location of Public Electric Charging Stations (SPLU) with Machine Learning

Electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular as an environmentally friendly alternative, but the main challenge is the availability of adequate charging infrastructure. This research aims to develop a decision making system for determining the best public electric vehicle charging station (SPLU) locations utilizing machine learning. The purpose of this research is to find out the process of determining the location of Public Electric Charging Stations (SPLU) using a Machine Learning-based decision making system. This research uses quantitative methods with AHP techniques to determine the criteria weights and machine learning to recommend the best SPLU locations based on spatial data, surveys, and social media. The location recommendations are displayed in the form of an interactive digital map with visualizations of the suitability level to facilitate decision making.

ICF-based hearing and functioning assessment: validation and research outcomes of utilizing the HEAR-COMMAND tool for patients with mild to moderately severe hearing loss and individuals with normal hearing.

Current clinical assessments for Hearing Loss (HL) are often limited to controlled laboratory settings in which a narrow spectrum of hearing difficulties can be assessed. A majority of the daily life challenges caused by HL cannot be measured in clinical methodologies. To screen the individuals' needs and limitations, a questionnaire named the HEAR-COMMAND tool was developed and qualitatively validated through an international collaboration, aligning with the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health Framework (ICF) Core Sets for Hearing Loss. The tool empowers healthcare professionals (HCPs) to integrate the ICF framework into patient assessments and patient-reported outcomes (PRO) in clinical and non-clinical settings. The aim is to provide a general foundation and starting point for future applications in various areas including ENT and hearing acoustics. The outcome can be employed to define and support rehabilitation in an evidence-based manner. This article presents the validation and research outcomes of using the tool for individuals with mild to moderately severe HL in contrast to normal-hearing individuals. Using a cross-sectional multicenter study, the tool was distributed among 215 participants in Germany, the USA, and Egypt, filled in German, English, or Arabic. Three outcome scores and the corresponding disability degree were defined: hearing-related, non-hearing-related, and speech-perception scores. The content and construct validation were conducted, and the tool's internal consistency was assessed. The extracted constructs included "Auditory processing functionality", "Sound quality compatibility", "Listening and communication functionality", "Interpersonal interaction functionality and infrastructure accessibility", "Social determinants and infrastructure compatibility", "Other sensory integration functionality", and "Cognitive functionality". Regarding content validity, it was demonstrated that normal-hearing participants differed significantly from individuals with HL in the hearing-related and speech-perception scores. The reliability assessment showed a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.9). The outcome demonstrated the HEAR-COMMAND tool's high content and construct validity. The tool can effectively represent the patient's perspective of HL and hearing-related functioning and enhance the effectiveness of the treatment plans and rehabilitation. The broad range of targeted concepts provides a unique overview of daily life hearing difficulties and their impact on the patient's functioning and quality of life.

Kuntowijoyo's Perspective Prophetic Education Concept and Its Implementation in Aqidah Moral Subjects

This research aims to determine the concept of Prophetic Education from Kuntowijoyo's perspective, its implementation, as well as supporting and inhibiting factors in the implementation of Prophetic Education in the Aqidah Moral subjects at MA Miftahul 'Ulum Purwakarta. This research focuses on the application of Kuntowijoyo's prophetic education in Akidah Akhlak lessons at MA, using a qualitative approach with data collection techniques such as interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of data reduction, data presentation and data verification. The results of this research show that according to Kuntowijoyo, prophetic social science has three main components, namely amar ma'ruf (humanization), nahi munkar (liberation), and iman billah (transcendence) within the framework of the Al-Qur'an, Surah Ali-Imran verse 110. The implementation of prophetic education is reflected in the learning objectives, learning materials, and learning evaluation in the Aqidah Moral subjects. Supporting factors in implementing prophetic education include the important role of educators and the availability of adequate facilities and infrastructure. Meanwhile, the obstacles faced include a lack of role models from teaching staff in madrasas and inadequate supervision of students.

Land suitability and human adaptation: River Siang from Sangam to Pongging, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Land suitability in mountainous regions profoundly influences human adaptation strategies, particularly in environments shaped by morphometric characteristics. This study focuses on the Siang river valley from Sangam to Pongging, Arunachal Pradesh, India, employing Land Suitability Analysis (LSA) to assess terrain viability for settlement, and orchard cultivation. Key determinants such as topographic features, drainage morphometry, and infrastructural accessibility were analyzed to develop thematic maps delineating optimal zones for different land uses. The research underscores how geomorphic attributes and accessibility influence settlement patterns and orchard suitability, with lower elevations proving favorable for settlements and orchards due to accessible topography and climatic conditions. By integrating spatial analysis techniques and assessing variables like elevation, slope, and proximity to infrastructure by euclidian distance and pareto principle (80/20 rule), this research provides a comprehensive framework for informed land use planning. Strategic planning recommendations emphasize sustainable practices and community engagement to balance development needs with environmental preservation in Arunachal Pradesh's rugged terrain. It advocates for collaborative efforts between stakeholders to optimize land utilization and foster resilient development amidst challenging environmental conditions. This initial attempt aims to raise awareness among land users, planners, research workers, and administrators to ensure proper and effective land management.

Inter-institutional laboratory standardization for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance through wastewater-based epidemiology applied to Mexico City

ObjectivesWastewater-based surveillance applied to SARS-CoV-2 viral load quantification for COVID-19 has become one of the most relevant complementary tools in epidemiologic prevention programs worldwide. However, this valuable decision-making tool still requires fine-tuning to produce comparable results between laboratories, especially when applied to the surveillance of megacities. MethodsSix laboratories across Mexico and one from the United States executed an interlaboratory study to set up a singular standardized protocol considering method cost, installed infrastructure, materials available, and supply availability for SARS-CoV-2 quantification from five Mexico City sampling sites across this megacity. ResultsComparable data from processing outcomes in the Mexican laboratories and in the external international laboratory serve as a validating data source. The Bland–Altman comparison showed consistency, with cycle threshold values within ±1.96 SD of SARS-CoV-2 genetic copies for the standard curve quantification, with a mismatch of two laboratories. In addition, MS2 bacteriophage recovery rates varied between 35% and 67% among all participating laboratories. Finally, the efficiency of viral genetic material recovered from all participating laboratories varied between 65% and 93% for the participating laboratories. ConclusionThis work lays the foundation for extensive and continuous wastewater-based surveillance application across independent Mexican laboratories in a time- and resource-effective manner.

Innovation Management Of The Leading Program In Improving The Quality Of Graduates (Sequential Exploratory Design Mix Method Study At MAN 2 Kudus)

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of success of MAN 2 Kudus students who have many academic and research achievements achieved institutionally, nationally and internationally. This success is also proven by recognition based on the publication of two Decrees of the Directorate General of Islamic Education, namely Decree of the Directorate General of Islamic Education Number 6757 of 2020 concerning the designation of MAN 2 as a research madrasa and Decree of the Directorate General of Islamic Education Number 1834 of 2021 which states that MAN 2 Kudus is a superior madrasah in the academic field. With some of this evidence, it shows that MAN 2 Kudus has good superior program innovation management so that it has an influence on improving the quality of its graduates. This research aims to find out the quality of graduates from the superior academic and research program at MAN 2 Kudus, how the initiation, implementation, support and evaluation of superior academic and research programs improve the quality of graduates and to find out whether the innovation management of superior programs has an effect on the quality of graduates at MAN 2 Kudus This type of research uses mixed methods. The population in this study were 736 students in superior program classes and teachers who taught superior program classes. The research sample was 101. The data collection techniques were questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentation. The data analysis technique used is 1) quantitative analysis using Smart PLS, 2) qualitative analysis using interactive model analysis. The results of this research conclude 1) The quality of graduates from the superior academic and research program at MAN 2 Kudus reached a score of 81.49% of what was expected. This can be stated qualitatively as good. 2) Innovation management of superior academic and research programs in improving the quality of graduates at MAN 2 Kudus is carried out by: a. Initiation of superior academic program innovation includes program formulation, human resource adjustments and setting superior standards. b. Implementation of superior academic program innovations includes: dividing programs, adding supporting materials and adjusting human resources c. The supporting capacity for innovation in superior academic and research programs includes the availability of infrastructure, the availability of educators and research supervisors and stakeholder awareness. d. Evaluation of superior academic and research program innovation is carried out by: evaluating the initiation, implementation and supporting capacity of academic and research programs. Meanwhile, quantitatively, superior program innovation management has a significant influence on the quality of graduates.

Barriers to the adoption of routine surgical video recording: a mixed-methods qualitative study of a real-world implementation of a video recording platform

BackgroundRoutine surgical video recording has multiple benefits. Video acts as an objective record of the operative record, allows video-based coaching and is integral to the development of digital technologies. Despite these benefits, adoption is not widespread. To date, only questionnaire studies have explored this failure in adoption. This study aims to determine the barriers and provide recommendations for the implementation of routine surgical video recording.Materials and methodsA pre- and post-pilot questionnaire surrounding a real-world implementation of a C-SATS©, an educational recording and surgical analytics platform, was conducted in a university teaching hospital trust. Usage metrics from the pilot study and descriptive analyses of questionnaire responses were used with the non-adoption, abandonment, scale-up, spread, sustainability (NASSS) framework to create topic guides for semi-structured interviews. Transcripts of interviews were evaluated in an inductive thematic analysis.ResultsEngagement with the C-SATS© platform failed to reach consistent levels with only 57 videos uploaded. Three attending surgeons, four surgical residents, one scrub nurse, three patients, one lawyer, and one industry representative were interviewed, all of which perceived value in recording. Barriers of ‘change,’ ‘resource,’ and ‘governance,’ were identified as the main themes. Resistance was centred on patient misinterpretation of videos. Participants believed availability of infrastructure would facilitate adoption but integration into surgical workflow is required. Regulatory uncertainty was centred around anonymity and data ownership.ConclusionBarriers to the adoption of routine surgical video recording exist beyond technological barriers alone. Priorities for implementation include integration recording into the patient record, engaging all stakeholders to ensure buy-in, and formalising consent processes to establish patient trust.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Quang Nam Province (Vietnam) from 2020 to 2022-A Study on Serotypes Distribution and Immunology Factors.

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is the most prevalent and fastest-growing vector-borne disease globally, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe and, in some cases, fatal. Quang Nam province in Vietnam can serve as a model for dengue epidemiological study, as it is an endemic region for DHF with a tropical climate, which significantly constrains the health system. However, there are very few epidemiological and microbiological reports on Dengue virus (DENV) serotypes in this region due to the limited availability of advanced surveillance infrastructure. Aims of the study: This study aims to (1) assess the PCR positivity rates among hospitalized patients with clinical Dengue presentation; (2) identify the circulating DENV serotypes; and (3) assess the impact of secondary DENV infections on outbreak severity by detecting the presence of DENV-specific IgG antibodies in the plasma of DENV-infected patients. Materials and methods: Blood samples from patients clinically diagnosed with DHF and admitted to Quang Nam General Hospital (2020-2022) were analyzed. RNA extraction was performed using the NKDNA/RNAprep MAGBEAD kit, followed by Multiplex Reverse Transcription real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (MLP RT-rPCR) for DENV detection and serotype identification. Positive samples were further tested for DENV-specific IgG antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The PCR positivity rate among hospitalized patients was approximately 68% throughout the study period. A significant shift in DENV serotypes was observed, with DENV-2 initially dominant and later giving way to DENV-1. IgG was detected in nearly half of the MPL RT-rPCR-positive samples, indicating secondary DENV infections. Conclusions: Our study highlights persistent dengue prevalence and dynamic shifts in DENV serotypes in Quang Nam province, emphasizing the need for improved diagnostic strategies and timely sample collection. The significant serotype shifts and the presence of IgG in hospitalized patients suggest potential severe outcomes from recurrent DENV infections, possibly linked to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect, underscoring the importance of advanced surveillance, vector control, vaccination campaigns, and public education to predict and prevent future DHF epidemics.

Open Science, Open Data and Open Access infrastructure: interview with Tullio Basaglia

Open Science, Open Data and Open Access infrastructure: interview with Tullio Basaglia

Unveiling Consumer Perceptions and Preferences in the Era of Disruptive Innovation of New Energy Vehicles Market in China

This study examines Chinese consumers' perceptions and responses to disruptive innovations within the New Energy Vehicles (NEVs) market, utilizing a questionnaire survey to explore awareness, perceived value of technological advancements, and the impact of these perceptions on adoption decisions. The survey, encompassing a diverse demographic of 154 respondents, highlights a female majority with a significant representation from the "25-34" age group, indicating a young, educated demographic with a considerable interest in NEVs. Analysis reveals a moderate familiarity with NEVs, a high valuation of technological progress, and a clear recognition of charging infrastructure availability as critical factors influencing adoption. Primary barriers identified include the high initial cost and limited charging infrastructure, with the data suggesting a strong potential for NEVs market growth if these concerns are addressed. Additionally, the survey uncovers optimistic future expectations among consumers, closely tied to government policies, technological advancements, and evolving market trends. This research contributes to understanding consumer attitudes in the rapidly changing NEVs landscape, offering insights for stakeholders to foster adoption and align strategies with consumer preferences and needs, underscoring the necessity for focused educational and marketing efforts to mitigate existing barriers and leverage consumer interest in technology.

Literature Review: Analysis of The Presentation of Humanity Conditions: A Case Study of Inherent Houses in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze fire emergency preparedness in Indonesian hospitals through a systematic review of previous studies. Using a systematic literature review method, this study identified and synthesized key findings from related studies. The results showed that fire emergency preparedness in hospitals in Indonesia still needs improvement, especially in terms of emergency response systems, human resource capacity, availability of facilities and infrastructure, and coordination with related parties. Efforts to improve preparedness need to be carried out comprehensively, involving collaboration between hospitals, government, fire department and the community.

Mycology laboratory diagnostic capacity for invasive fungal diseases in public hospitals in Vietnam.

This was a cross-sectional study on the availability of laboratory infrastructure and capacity for the diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases in 24 public hospitals in Vietnam in 2023. Among the hospitals surveyed, 66.7% (14/21) had specialised personnel assigned for mycology testing, and 95.8% (23/24) had a separate microbiology laboratory space. Microscopy and culture methods are available in nearly all laboratories for isolate identification. Antifungal susceptibility testing is only performed for yeasts in 16/24 (66.7%) laboratories. Non-culture methods are hardly used in laboratories. Strengthening local laboratory capacities is essential to meeting health needs in these endemic regions.

Towards the Direct Observation of the Local and Electronic Structure Evolution of Positive Electrode Materials by X-Ray Raman Scattering and X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy

The emergence of high brilliance synchrotron sources and the availability of more sophisticated infrastructure have opened doors to advanced material characterization, enabling a profound understanding of new processes and mechanisms in battery research. [1] More specifically, non-resonant Valence-to-Core X-ray emission spectroscopy (VtC-XES) and X-ray Raman scattering (XRS) stand out as complementary photon-in/photon-out X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The unique capability of these techniques lies in their access to soft X-ray edges using a hard X-ray beam, providing comprehensive information on both the electronic and local structure, due to their high sensitivity to local structure and coordination. [2,3] In this work, two different families of materials with different compositions and crystal structures are studied using XES and XRS.The first part focuses on the detailed study of oxygen substituted KVPO4F1-xOx (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) using VtC-XES combined to ab initio theoretical calculations. The average working potential increases with increasing oxygen content by activating the V3+/4+ and V4+/5+ redox couples and replacing the VO4F2 “ionic” entity by {V=O}O5 unit with a highly “covalent” vanadyl-type bond. [4] VtC-XES allowed us to distinguish the contributions of V-F, V-O, and V=O bonds in the local environment, with spectral intensities highly correlated to the F- and O2- anionic composition. In addition, specific spectral evolutions are also associated to the presence of highly covalent V=O bonds, strongly influencing the electrode potential of the material.The second part examines a series of electrochemically obtained LiyNiO2 layered oxide materials (y = 0.02, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.67, 1.0). VtC-XES performed at the Ni Kβ emission line allows to study the local structure evolution around Ni, whereas XRS spectroscopy at both the O K-edge and Ni L2,3 L-edges gives an access to the interplay between Ni and O through the hybridized states of Ni 3d and O 2p. [5] This work provides a survey on both the cationic and anionic redox processes, and unveils the underlying phenomena related to the charge compensation processes occurring in this material.Overall, we present a comprehensive study of different polyanionic and layered oxide positive electrode materials using complementary X-ray spectroscopic techniques to probe both the local and electronic structures. We demonstrate that they allow to follow and understand evolution and changes in the local structure in materials of intricate crystal structures.AcknowledgementThis work was supported by the DESTINY Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions COFUND PhD Programme (Grant Agreement #945357) co-funded by the European Union's Horizon2020 research and innovation program and the Synchrotron SOLEIL. ANR is also acknowledged for funding the RS2E network through the STORE-EX Labex Project ANR-10-LABX-76-01. Alistore-ERI network is also acknowledged.

The Pentahelix Role in Tourism Destination Management Sebangau National Park Palangka Raya City

The existence of Sebangau National Park in Central Kalimantan is a government effort to save and protect ecosystems that have started to deteriorate in the Sebagau area due to logging, poaching, and forest burning for land clearing conducted illegally by the community. In addition to these problems, the existence of Sebangau National Park is also to minimize the impact caused by global warming in the form of high air temperatures, which can trigger forest and peatland fires which occur almost every year in Palangka Raya City. Forest fires can damage ecosystems, releasing carbon and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere so that they can pollute water, soil and air. In addition, the smoke produced can also interfere with public health. The involvement of Pentahelix actors in the management of the Sebangau National Park tourism destination in Palangka Raya City is to make tourism at this destination sustainable. This research is designed as qualitative research supported by quantitative data, often referred to as a mixed method. Data collection was conducted through observation, semi-structured interviews, document studies, and questionnaires. The analysis method used in this study is Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) to map the role of Pentahelix with three elements consisting of: actor elements, need elements, and constraint elements. The ISM analysis results identified the main actors in the management of the Sebangau National Park tourism destination in Palangka Raya City as the Sebangau National Park Office in Palangka Raya City (government) and the Getek Maju Mandiri Group (community). The primary need in management is the Pentahelix collaboration and sustainable ecotourism. The main constraints in management are the incomplete availability of facilities and infrastructure and the lack of coordination between the government, private sector, and community.

Optimizing green and gray infrastructure planning for sustainable urban development

The anticipated increase in urban population of 2.5 billion people by 2050 poses significant environmental challenges. While the various environmental impacts of urbanisation have been studied individually, integrated approaches are rare. This study introduces a spatially explicit model to assess urbanization’s effects on ecosystem services (green infrastructure availability, cooling, stormwater retention) and the environmental impact of building construction (material demand, greenhouse gas emissions, land use). Applied to the Netherlands from 2018 to 2050, our results show that integrating green infrastructure development with building construction could increase green areas by up to 5% and stabilize or increase ecosystem service provisioning. Dense building construction with green infrastructure development is generally more beneficial across the Netherlands, reducing resource use and enhancing ecosystem services. Conversely, sparse construction with green infrastructure is more advantageous for newly built areas. These findings offer insights into the environmental consequences of urbanization, guiding sustainable urban planning practices.

The Role Of Human Resource Management In Improving Teacher Performance In The Independent Learning Curriculum

The focus of this research is the role of human resource management in improving teacher performance in Cibeber District, Cilegon City in terms of implementing management functions in the Independent Learning Curriculum. This research uses a qualitative approach, data collection techniques through observation, interviews and documentation, data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the research show that the role of Human Resource Management in improving teacher performance in Cibeber District , Cilegon City, namely by planning, organizing, directing and supervising, can be said to be quite good. First, planning by conducting a needs analysis and providing understanding regarding the The Independent Learning Curriculum and learning tools that must be prepared by teachers. Second, organizing by placing and dividing tasks according to abilities and educational background. Third, direction is carried out by providing direction and guidance regarding the tasks and responsibilities given as well as providing motivation in the form of giving awards for teacher performance achievements. Fourth, supervision is carried out by the school principal through class visits and supervisors from the Education Management Unit. The implications of the research results suggest that elementary schools provide training to teacher councils regarding learning media so that the communication and educational interaction process between teachers and students can take place appropriately, try to increase the availability of facilities and infrastructure for the smoothness and success of the learning process, and work together to improve each other. teacher performance, both from school principals, education staff, teaching staff (teachers), and school supervisors within the Education Management Unit and it is hoped that everything that has been achieved can be improved.

Assessing the digital competence of in-service university educators in China: A systematic literature review

Rapid growth has been witnessed in digital technologies, resulting in significant productive changes in communication and information technology-oriented practices in different fields. Hybrid teaching or blended learning has gained progressively widespread acceptance in the educational process, and concerns about teachers' information and communication technology (ICT) competence or digital competence have become prevalent. This study adopts a systematic review to interpret and analyse the relevant research findings, aiming to systematically investigate the existing models and paradigms of ICT competence or digital capacities and to understand further how these models and paradigms are applied specifically within the context of Chinese universities. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 out of 801 candidate studies were accessed from Web of Science, Scopus and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. The findings indicate that the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) and the National Educational Technology Guides for Teachers in Higher Education (CETG) are frequently used to evaluate college educators' digital proficiency or ICT capability in China. Educators’ demographic characteristics, self-efficacy, external factors such as institutional policies and the availability of infrastructure and training collectively influence how digital teaching is integrated within Chinese higher education institutions. By conducting a systematic review of research trends and the critical factors affecting the digital competence of faculty in Chinese universities, this study aims to equip policymakers and educators with a deeper understanding of how to prepare for educational shifts in the digital era and thereby ensure the sustainability of professional development.