Watermark Information Research Articles

WMNet: A Lossless Watermarking Technique Using Deep Learning for Medical Image Authentication

Traditional watermarking techniques extract the watermark from a suspected image, allowing the copyright information regarding the image owner to be identified by the naked eye or by similarity estimation methods such as bit error rate and normalized correlation. However, this process should be more objective. In this paper, we implemented a model based on deep learning technology that can accurately identify the watermark copyright, known as WMNet. In the past, when establishing deep learning models, a large amount of training data needed to be collected. While constructing WMNet, we implemented a simulated process to generate a large number of distorted watermarks, and then collected them to form a training dataset. However, not all watermarks in the training dataset could properly provide copyright information. Therefore, according to the set restrictions, we divided the watermarks in the training dataset into two categories; consequently, WMNet could learn and identify the copyright information that the watermarks contained, so as to assist in the copyright verification process. Even if the retrieved watermark information was incomplete, the copyright information it contained could still be interpreted objectively and accurately. The results show that the method proposed by this study is relatively effective.

Robust Dual Domain Twofold Encrypted Image-in-Audio Watermarking Based on SVD

Security and privacy have been continuously compromised in the modern multimedia network by various signal processing attacks. As a result, digital data owners are losing copyright protection, data security, and content authentication. A secure and robust digital watermarking scheme must protect digital works from the copyright and neutralize and counteract these potential threats. However, the existing audio watermarked strategies based on discrete wavelet transform face robustness issues relating to external attacks, and the embedding of unencrypted watermarks (text, image, and voice) easily violates security. Besides, these schemes failed to achieve a balance between the conflicting watermarking parameters, embedding capacity, and imperceptibility. As a solution, a robust dual-domain twofold encrypted image-in-audio watermarking scheme is proposed that initially exploits the binary image through Arnold encryption and Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem codes. Thus, it improves the watermark image's security, and intruders can’t extract the watermark information directly. Prior to watermark embedding, both the encrypted image and the host audio signal are decomposed by dual-tree complex wavelet transforms , short-time Fourier transform, and singular value decomposition. It gives back two matrices, one for the encrypted image and the other for the host audio signal. The singular values of the matrices are used for embedding purposes. These threefold transformations improve capacity, imperceptibility, and complimentary level robustness against various digital signal processing attacks. The proposed system is evaluated experimentally based on improved security, robustness, embedding capacity, and imperceptibly compared to existing audio watermarking approaches.

Robust Digital Image Watermarking in YCbCr Color Space using Hybrid Method

The image watermarking is widely used to provide the security. This paper provides the conceptual framework on image watermarking which is widely used for security purpose within the epoch of data and communication technology. Detailed discuss has been provided on the basis of the three phases. In the first phase of present paper focus has been made on image watermarking and data set will be prepared on which watermarking technique will be executed. Second phase need to locate a specific watermarking technique [LWT- WALSH HADMARD-SVD] which will provide appropriate results in term of PSNR and processing time. In second phase various attacks will be tested on images so that implemented method must stand against various attacks. Last phase emphasise on reverse process will be executed to extract cover and watermark image. Proposed technique is based on the secure encryption watermark .It is associated with image encryption. The encryption algorithm had been introduced in which watermarking information was based on the size of an image. It is clear from the outcomes of the hybrid proposed technique shows that it provides more security than the existing technique. Proposed techniques provide high level of security as compared to existed technology.

Robust Blind Watermarking Algorithm Based on Contourlet Transform with Singular Value Decomposition

In this Letter, we propose a blind and robust multiple watermarking scheme using Contourlet transform and singular value decomposition (SVD). The host image is first decomposed by Contourlet transform. Singular values of Contourlet coefficient blocks are adopted to embed watermark information, and a fast calculation method is proposed to avoid the heavy computation of SVD. The watermark is embedded in both low and high frequency Contourlet coefficients to increase the robustness against various attacks. Moreover, the proposed scheme intrinsically exploits the characteristics of human visual system and thus can ensure the invisibility of the watermark. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms other related methods in terms of both robustness and execution time.

A new video watermarking using redundant discrete wavelet in singular value decomposition domain with multi‐objective optimization

AbstractDay by day, the transmission or sharing of digital information online is increasing due to the fact that Internet usage has become somewhat of an addiction for the majority of people. This results in larger copyright violation problems. Nowadays, most of the data or information is being transmitted in the form of digital images or videos, which are rather simple for the violators of copyright to forge or fake and then share for profit. Thus, digital watermarking came into existence as a possible solution to address these violations of copyright. This article proposes a new blind video watermarking (BVW) using redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) in singular value decomposition (SVD) domain, which utilizes the advantages of both RDWT and SVD to embed and extract the watermark information into the cover video without degrading the quality of the watermark. In addition, an efficient meta‐heuristic optimization with multi‐objective optimization (MOO) is employed to further optimize the proposed RDWT‐SVD approach. Further, various attacks were applied to the watermarked frame to disclose the robustness of proposed BVW using RDWT‐SVD with MOO approach. Extensive simulations on several test videos with comparison to the conventional BVW methodologies exhibit the transcendency of the proposed BVW using RDWT‐SVD with MOO approach in terms of watermarking quality evaluation metrics such as peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index, normalized correlation, and even that of root mean square error as well.

New watermarking algorithm utilizing quaternion Fourier transform with advanced scrambling and secure encryption

Digital watermarking technology, as a powerful tool for copyright protection and content authentication of multimedia works, has received increasing attention, and the current image watermarking technology has developed significantly. Generally, embedding a watermark is done in grayscale images, mainly due to the fact that grayscale images are easier to process than color images, and grayscale images only contain brightness information and color-free information, in which an embedded watermark will not produce new color components. In real life, however, color images are more common than grayscale image information. To improve the security of the watermark information and the ability to embed the location and improve the security of the algorithm against a variety of attacks, this paper proposes an algorithm based on quaternion Fourier transform (QFT) with chaotic encryption and Arnold scrambling. Geometric Algebra (GA) can process color images in the form of vectors, and each component of Red,Green and Blue (RGB) should be processed separately. We utilized quaternion (which is a subalgebra of GA) and effectively completed color image processing by utilizing Fourier transform. After utilizing QFT, each component was made more secure by scrambling the pixels of the watermark and performing encryption utilizing chaotic sequencing. Different types of results utilizing Mean Square Error (MSE),Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR),Structure Similiarity Index Metric (SSIM), etc. were computed to verify the performance of our proposed algorithm and show that the robustness and security are high by utilizing our method.

A secure and robust color image watermarking using nature-inspired intelligence

The security of multimedia information is a prime concern in the present digital world. As a remedy, a robust color image watermarking in the transform domain using artificial intelligence is reported in this article. A color host image is secured by embedding a color watermark by utilizing the singular value decomposition and discrete wavelet transform. The color watermark information is scrambled with a chaotic map to give an additional stage of protection to overcome the problem of illegal copying and alteration of digital data by unauthorized users. All three RGB color channels of host singular values are modified with principal components of respective RGB information of scrambled watermark image. Ownership of data is provided by extracting the watermark in the presence of a secret key used while embedding process. To overcome the trade-off between the imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed algorithm artificial bee colony is used to optimize the scaling factor. The implementation of the proposed algorithm is performed on the MATLAB tool to compute the performance against the intentional and non-intentional image processing attacks. Comparative analysis with other related watermarking algorithms proves the robust, secure, and invisible nature of the proposed watermarking scheme.

Text Analysis-Based Watermarking Approach for Tampering Detection of English Text

Due to the rapid increase in the exchange of text information via internet networks, the security and the reliability of digital content have become a major research issue. The main challenges faced by researchers are authentication, integrity verification, and tampering detection of the digital contents. In this paper, text zero-watermarking and text feature-based approach is proposed to improve the tampering detection accuracy of English text contents. The proposed approach embeds and detects the watermark logically without altering the original English text document. Based on hidden Markov model (HMM), the fourth level order of the word mechanism is used to analyze the contents of the given English text to find the interrelationship between the contexts. The extracted features are used as watermark information and integrated with digital zero-watermarking techniques. To detect eventual tampering, the proposed approach has been implemented and validated with attacked English text. Experiments were performed using four standard datasets of varying lengths under multiple random locations of insertion, reorder, and deletion attacks. The experimental and simulation results prove the tampering detection accuracy of our method against all kinds of tampering attacks. Comparison results show that our proposed approach outperforms all the other baseline approaches in terms of tampering detection accuracy.

A Reliable NLP Scheme for English Text Watermarking Based on Contents Interrelationship

In this paper, a combined approach CAZWNLP (a combined approach of zero-watermarking and natural language processing) has been developed for the tampering detection of English text exchanged through the Internet. The third gram of alphanumeric of the Markov model has been used with text-watermarking technologies to improve the performance and accuracy of tampering detection issues which are limited by the existing works reviewed in the literature of this study. The third-grade level of the Markov model has been used in this method as natural language processing technology to analyze an English text and extract the textual characteristics of the given contexts. Moreover, the extracted features have been utilized as watermark information and then validated with the attacked English text to detect any suspected tampering occurred on it. The embedding mechanism of CAZWNLP method will be achieved logically without effects or modifying the original text document to embed a watermark key. CAZWNLP has been implemented using VS code IDE with PHP. The experimental and simulation results using standard datasets of varying lengths show that the proposed approach can obtain high robustness and better detection accuracy of tampering common random insertion, reorder, and deletion attacks, e.g., Comparison results with baseline approaches also show the advantages of the proposed approach.

The Color Image Digital Watermarking Algorithm Based on Coordinate Transformation and Quaternion Fourier Transform

With the rapid development of information technology and Internet technology, people can easily exchange and transmit digital information, which not only brings convenience to people's work and life, but also brings rampant piracy of digital media. In the face of the temptation that pirated digital media can obtain huge benefits, some people are desperate to steal digital media works without copyright and sell and spread them at will. In this case, digital media copyright protection and anti-theft version authentication are very important measures to solve the current problems, and digital watermarking(DW) technology is an important method of digital media copyright protection and authentication, so it is more and more concerned and studied by researchers. This paper mainly studies the color image DW algorithm based on coordinate transformation and quaternion Fourier transform, including quaternion representation of color image, Fourier transform analysis, log polar transformation, watermark embedding and watermark extraction. Experimental results show that in the noise range, the smaller the compression ratio is, the more complete the watermark information can be extracted. When the image compression ratio reaches 80%, the watermark information can be completely extracted.

An Optimized English Text Watermarking Method Based on Natural Language Processing Techniques

In this paper, the text analysis-based approach RTADZWA (Reliable Text Analysis and Digital Zero-Watermarking Approach) has been proposed for transferring and receiving authentic English text via the internet. Second level order of alphanumeric mechanism of hidden Markov model has been used in RTADZWA approach as a natural language processing to analyze the English text and extracts the features of the interrelationship between contexts of the text and utilizes the extracted features as watermark information and then validates it later with attacked English text to detect any tampering occurred on it. Text analysis and text zero-watermarking techniques have been integrated by RTADZWA approach to improving the performance, accuracy, capacity, and robustness issues of the previous literature proposed by the researchers. The RTADZWA approach embeds and detects the watermark logically without altering the original text document to embed a watermark. RTADZWA has been implemented using PHP with VS code IDE. The experimental and simulation results using standard datasets of varying lengths show that the proposed approach can obtain high robustness and better detection accuracy of tampering common random insertion, reorder, and deletion attacks, e.g., Comparison results with baseline approaches also show the advantages of the proposed approach.

A robust watermarking hybrid algorithm for color image

In order to improve the anti-attack performance of the watermark to meet the requirements of copyright protection and content forensics. This paper proposes a digital watermarking hybrid algorithm based on color images. The specific process is to adopt the idea of multi-algorithm layered embedding, choose the algorithm based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm, discrete wavelet transform_singular value decomposition (DWT_SVD) algorithm, and hologram algorithm, these three algorithms with robust complementary functions, then embed the same watermark image into the color image R, G and B layers to complete the watermark embedding. Compared with the single-algorithm embedded watermark, the hybrid algorithm can achieve blind extraction, at the same time, the algorithm has better robustness and can resist more types and higher intensity attacks. In the process of digital image transmission, the integrity of the watermark information of the carried picture can be guaranteed to achieve copyright protection, content forensics and other purposes.

Desynchronization Attacks Resilient Watermarking Method Based on Frequency Singular Value Coefficient Modification

Desynchronization is a very challenging type of attack in audio watermarking. The traditional singular value decomposition (SVD) based audio watermarking methods embed the watermark information by modifying the singular value of individual segment, which have little resistance against desynchronization attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel frequency singular value coefficient (FSVC) feature, which reflects the ratio between the singular values of two consecutive segments and is insensitive to desynchronization attacks, to carry the watermark bits. To our best knowledge, it is the first time that the ratio between singular values is employed for audio watermarking. In the proposed method, the discrete cosine transform (DCT) is performed on two consecutive segments of the host audio signal and SVD is applied to the DCT coefficients of the mid frequency band of each segment to extract the FSVC. Then the watermark bits are embedded by adjusting the values of the FSVC. The watermark embedding procedure is optimized to minimize the perceptual quality degradation and an error buffer is created to enhance the robustness. As a result, the proposed method can achieve a much higher embedding capacity than the existing methods tackling desynchronization attacks. The impact of desynchronization and common signal processing attacks on the proposed watermarking method is mathematically modeled, and the effectiveness of the proposed method against these attacks is theoretically and experimentally validated.

Large-capacity reversible image watermarking based on improved DE.

Aiming at solving the problems of bad imperceptibility and low embedding rate of existing algorithms, a novel large-capacity reversible image watermarking based on improved difference expansion (DE) is proposed. Firstly, the smoothness calculation algorithm is used to calculate and sort the smoothness values of the divided image sub-blocks; then, the scrambled watermark is embedded into the sub-blocks with less smoothness after removing the abrupt point by using the generalized difference expansion (GDE); finally, the absolute difference operation is applied to the generated overflow pixels to make their pixel values within a reasonable range for embedding watermark information. Under the premise of ensuring a certain visual quality, multiple watermark embedding can effectively improve the embedding rate. The simulation results show that this algorithm not only realizes blind extraction, but also recovers the original images without loss. At the same time, this algorithm achieves a high embedding rate (the average embedding rate is as high as 77.91 dB) without decreasing the visual quality.

Digital Holographic Watermarking Algorithm Based on DWT-DCT

In order to improve the robustness and invisibility of watermarking, a digital holographic watermarking algorithm based on DWT-DCT is proposed. First, the watermark image is generated into a digital hologram to improve the security and non-tearability of the watermark, and the I1 image is selected as the watermark image to be embedded. Perform discrete wavelet transform on the original carrier image to extract its low-frequency coefficients; secondly, the low-frequency coefficients are subjected to DCT transformation, and finally the watermark information is embedded in the high-frequency coefficient matrix after DCT, thereby completing the watermark information embedding. This algorithm combines the transformation characteristics of DWT and DCT, makes up for each other’s shortcomings, and makes digital watermarking more robust and invisible. In order to verify the anti-attack ability of this algorithm, different attack tests were performed on the watermark image. The results show that this algorithm is robust against simple linear attacks and noise attacks.

A Study of the Development of a Fuzzy Inference System Using Image Watermarking

The primary purpose of this research is to develop a non-blind image watermarking system that is both robust and unnoticeable using wavelet transforms and fuzzy inference. The emphasis is on developing discrete wavelet transform, human visual system, and fuzzy inference system-based picture watermarking that makes optimal use of human vision constraints. The purpose of this research is to develop a novel technique for embedding perfect measure watermark data into the host image without creating perceptual damage. The methodology is to combine discrete wavelet transforms, the human visual system, and fuzzy inference to enable the utilisation of human vision limits in a viable manner. Additionally, the idea is to insert a significant logo as a watermark rather than the more traditional pseudorandom paired grouping for robust image watermarking. The purpose of this project is to develop image watermarking using the discrete wavelet transform. The objective is to investigate wavelet basis functions that are ideal for picture watermarking and to empirically estimate the strength of the watermark in order to inject the maximum amount of watermark information into the host image without degrading its perceptual quality. To model and execute various assaults on watermarked photos in order to degrade their quality in order to assess performance for resilience. Additionally, performance is evaluated in the presence of the maximum potential degradation of the watermarked image in order to define effective robustness requirements. To evaluate the performance of suggested approaches based on DWT, DWT-HVS, and DWT-HVS-FIS image watermarking, as well as to compare the proposed approach's performance to that of existing approaches utilising performance parameters.

Information hiding algorithm based on edge detection and holographic watermarking

In order to improve the robustness of the image watermarking and reduce the influence of the overall image quality of the carrier when watermark is embedded on the carrier, an edge detection method combined with holographic watermarking was proposed to realize the hiding of watermark information. The carrier image is processed by edge detection, the watermark embedding area is segmented in the carrier image, and the suitable embedding area is filtered according to the size of the watermark; the original watermark is processed by a four-step phase shift algorithm to generate a holographic watermark, and the holographic watermark is embedded in the selection The embedding area is completed to embed the watermark, and the carrier image which the watermark is embedded in is carrier image with watermark. The watermark extraction method is to perform the same edge detection segmentation and region screening on the watermark carrier image, find the embedded area of the watermark, extract the holographic watermark, perform holographic inverse transformation to obtain the original watermark image, and complete the watermark recovery. The algorithm which is based on edge detection and holographic watermarking reduces the influence of embedded watermark on the carrier image, increases the flexibility and concealment of embedded position, and improves the robustness of the image when it is under geometric attacks.

Adaptive Feature Calculation and Diagonal Mapping for Successive Recovery of Tampered Regions

This article proposes an adaptive scheme for image tampered region localization and content recovery. To generate the watermark information comprised of the authentication data and recovery data, we firstly propose the Adaptive Authentication Feature Calculation algorithm to obtain the authentication data, which includes the information of block location and block feature. The DWT-based Block Feature Calculation method is then proposed to calculate the block feature, and the quantization method is employed to calculate the block location. The recovery data is composed of self-recovery bits and mapped-recovery bits. The self-recovery bits are obtained by the Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees encoding algorithm. For retrieving the damaged codes caused by tampering, we propose the Diagonal Mapping algorithm and apply it to the self-recovery bits, thus generating the mapped-recovery bits, to provide a guarantee of recovery data. Experimental results show the superior performance of the proposed scheme in terms of tamper detection and image recovery, by comparing with the state-of-the-art works. The results demonstrate that the proposed method shows efficiency in the adaptiveness, well localization, strong capability for image recovery, and the effectiveness of attack resistance.

Gauss–Jordan elimination-based image tampering detection and self-recovery

This paper proposes a novel Gauss–Jordan elimination-based image tampering detection and self-recovery scheme, aiming at dealing with the problem of malicious tampering on digital images. To deal with the copy–move tampering which is challenging because the tampered region may contain the watermark information, we propose the Improved Check Bits Generation algorithm during watermark generation, to generate the check bits for tampering detection. Meanwhile, the recovery bits are reconstructed according to the fundamental of Gauss–Jordan Elimination, for purpose of image contents self-recovery. To improve the accuracy of detection and the quality of recovered images, we propose the Morphological Processing-Based Enhancement method and the Edge Extension preprocessing respectively during and after the tampering detection Finally, the Gauss–JordanElimination-Based Self-Recovery method is proposed to recover the damaged content mathematically on basis of the detected results. By employing the unchanged recovery bits which are embedded in the non-tampered region, the failure in recovery caused by the damaged recovery bits can be completely avoided. A large number of experiments have been conducted to show the very good performance of the proposed scheme. The precision, recall, and F1 score are calculated for evaluation of tampering detection, while the PSNR values are calculated for evaluation of image recovery. The comparisons with the state-of-the-art methods show that the proposed scheme shows the superiorities in terms of imperceptibility, security and recovery capability. The experimental result indicates the average PSNR of recovered image is 44.415dB.

Natural speckle-based watermarking with random-like illuminated decoding.

We propose an optical watermarking method based on a natural speckle pattern. In the watermarking process, the watermark information is embedded into the natural speckle pattern. Then the random-like watermarked image is generated with the proposed grayscale reordering algorithm. During the extraction procedure, the watermarked image is projected to the natural speckle pattern as illumination. Subsequently, they are incoherently superimposed to extract the watermark information directly by human vision. Optical experiments and a hypothesis test are conducted to demonstrate the proposed method with high reliability, imperceptibility and robustness. The proposed method is the first watermarking method utilizing the natural diffuser as the core element in encoding and decoding.