Parking Information Research Articles

Online Information of Parking Area Using Ultrasonic Sensor through Wifi Data Acquisition

Nowadays, malls and other public places in the city are facing problem in providing proper and huge parking area for their visitors’ vehicles. Also, the lack of human resource for the parkers makes the visitors difficult to find the available space to park their cars due to the less information they get during finding the parking space. Moreover, those who are seeking the parking space have to drive around the parking area for more than once, which is wasting their time a lot. Therefore, the malls and other public places need the best solution to this problem. The online parking information system is really needed to make the parking system better. This system uses a network sensor consisting of HC-SR04 ultrasonic module to detect the parking slot availability, HC-SR04 which is accessed by Arduino Nano, and the data that is sent to the server uses esp8266 wifi module. Further, the server processes the data and display the information on webpage application as well as desktop applications in the form of the parking area map. This system will show the available space that can be accessed on website and PC with a few second delays and simple wiring system.

Quantifying the Effect of On-Street Parking Information on Congestion Mitigation using a Driving Simulator

This study investigates travelers’ reactions to different types of information, in deciding their parking choice behavior and its effect on circulation time, through a driving simulator and a stated preference (SP) survey. In the simulator-based driving experiments, we develop a 3.47 mile2 network in the Chinatown area of Washington, D.C., with different scenarios of traffic, driving conditions, and information provision. The parking information is provided using a variable message sign (VMS) and mobile application. In all scenarios, participants can choose from three parking options with different prices and different walking distances to the destination (Verizon Garage, 11th St. Garage, and on-street parking). A sample of 76 participants with diverse socio-economic backgrounds who in total conducted 636 experiments is used. We applied a multinomial logistic regression model, linear regression, and t-test to analyze the collected data. We conclude that types of information and age are important determinants of drivers’ parking choice and compliance behaviors. In addition, the results show that the existence of information decreases the circulation time. In addition, the parking choice behavior revealed through the driving simulator is shown to be significantly different from that stated in the survey questionnaire.

Potential pitfalls of smart city development: A study on parking mobile applications (apps) in Hong Kong

Smart cities are built upon information and communication technologies (ICTs) to enable a broad range of advanced services. Through a comprehensive literature review, this study identified four pitfalls brought by the pervasive application of ICT, including information insecurity, privacy leakage, information islands, and digital divide. Therefore, a questionnaire survey together with 27 interviews was conducted in Hong Kong to investigate how the public perceived these pitfalls within the context of mobile apps providing real-time parking information which form a major part of smart mobility. System insecurity and privacy leakage were found to arouse worries among the app-users while their awareness of protecting personal data was found to have room for improvement. Islands of real-time parking information occur as a result of the lack of collaboration among private carpark operators. Digital divide existed widely among the disadvantaged groups and the problem cannot be solved by mere provision of ICT facilities. Overall, technologies alone cannot make a city smart or smarter. It is the suitable way in which ICTs are used to serve all citizens that matters.

Privacy-preserving Smart Parking Navigation Supporting Efficient Driving Guidance Retrieval

It is frustrating and time consuming for drivers to find an available parking spot in a congested area, such as downtown and shopping malls, especially in peak hours. Thus, it is very helpful for drivers to have real-time parking information to assist them in finding vacant parking spots timely. Unfortunately, to acquire needed parking information, the drivers have to submit personal queries for the availability of parking spaces in their destinations, and this could result in privacy violation if the queries are not protected. To reduce drivers’ hassle and preserve drivers’ privacy, we propose a privacy-preserving smart parking navigation system (P-SPAN) with efficient navigation result retrieval for drivers using Bloom filters. P-SPAN enables a cloud to guide vehicles to vacant parking spaces in the destinations based on real-time parking information without disclosing any personal information about drivers. Specifically, an efficient data retrieval mechanism is developed based on Bloom filters to support navigation result retrieval for querying vehicles. The drivers can anonymously query accessible parking spots to the cloud, and efficiently retrieve the encrypted navigation results from the passing-by roadside units. Therefore, it is unnecessary for a vehicle to keep connected with the queried roadside unit for acquiring the navigation result. Performance evaluation demonstrates that P-SPAN can provide effective parking navigation with high navigation result retrieving probability and low computational and communication overhead.

Centralized Connectivity for Multiwireless Edge Computing and Cellular Platform: A Smart Vehicle Parking System

This study takes an intuitive step to develop the user‐convenient smart vehicle parking system (SVPS), a smart system able to manage the massive crowd of vehicles during parking searching and do the better jobs of parking reservation and management, with the shorter‐path processing tactics. For that, this study inclusively employed the mapping strategy, where the system parking points are prevalent, to assist the users to get the parking information fast and conveniently. This study is comprised of the several parking points systematically spread over the several locations and traceable over the available graphical map, and the overall information is easily accessible using smart devices. For parking information, a smart web application which is another important module of this study is designed, with which the SVPS system’s registered users are able to access all the services provided for smart vehicle parking searching and reservation in efficient and reliable ways. An integrated network approach, RFID (radio frequency identification) and wireless sensors network (WSN), called RF‐WSN, is employed to retrieve the real‐time information from the installed and configured sensor devices in RFID‐WSN network.

Unlocking the smartphone’s sensors for smart city parking

Studies have shown that drivers often spend over 20 min cruising for parking in city centers, accounting for as much as 30% of the traffic congestion. In response, cities like San Francisco have deployed systems capable of providing drivers real-time parking availability information. However, such systems rely on specialized infrastructure whose installation and maintenance costs in the tens of millions of dollars, unaffordable for many cities.We present SmartPark, a system for real-time parking information that relaxes the requirement for specialized infrastructure, relying instead on the smartphone’s sensors and the ubiquitous Wi-Fi and cellular infrastructure. To accomplish this, SmartPark addresses two major challenges, under the constraint of minimum impact on battery life: transportation mode detection and location matching. To minimize initial deployment cost and risk, SmartPark introduces an analytical approach for estimating parking availability even when only a small fraction of users adopt the application. We evaluate SmartPark using simulations and in the wild. Simulation results show that SmartPark, benefiting from as little as 20% adoption rate, can estimate parking availability with accuracy above 90%. Experimental results with the help of 12 volunteers show that SmartPark detects unparking events 97% of the time while triggering zero false positives.

Cruising for parking: New empirical evidence and influential factors on cruising time

The goal of this study is to explore the perceptions and behaviors of drivers who cruise for parking. We conducted surveys with drivers in Brisbane, Australia, to understand potential factors that influence drivers’ cruising behavior. This study reveals that errors in drivers’ perception of parking cost are one of the leading factors encouraging drivers to cruise for on-street parking. Drivers are not necessarily well informed about parking costs, even when they claim to be familiar with these costs. The survey also reveals that the more informed drivers are about the local traffic and parking conditions, the less likely they are to cruise for extended periods of time. This finding demonstrates the value of traffic and parking information to effectively mitigate cruising for parking. The interview results also demonstrate that the on-street parking premium (i.e., accessibility or convenience factor) could be much larger than our common assumptions and a significant contributor to increased cruising time. Finally, this study introduces the sunk cruising cost and its potential impact on cruising time. Our hypothesis is that the effect of the sunk cost may manifest in a greater tendency for drivers to continue cruising because the time spent cruising is simply unrecoverable past expenditure. The survey data supports our hypothesis, and with findings on the drivers’ misperception about parking cost and the familiarity factor, this result highlights the value of accurate and timely parking cost and availability of information to drivers to tackle the cruising-for-parking issue.

PIaaS: Cloud-oriented secure and privacy-conscious parking information as a service using VANETs

In this paper, we present a VANET-oriented cloud framework more explicitly as VANET commissioning clouds and propose a novel security and privacy-conscious service termed as Parking Information as a Service (PIaaS) employing VANET-oriented clouds. PIaaS offers more elegant parking information from cloud infrastructure to vehicular nodes in a security and privacy-conscious manner. The authentic vehicular nodes (verified by the Traffic Management Bureau (TMB)) along with Parking Side Units (PSUs) communicate their frequent parking information termed as Parking Mobility Vectors (PMVs) with the cloud infrastructure through the Road Side Units (RSUs) named as Communication Terminals (CTs). The CTs forward the inelegant parking information (PMVs) from vehicular nodes to the cloud system, while after processed by the cloud infrastructure in coordination with PSUs construct and transmit more elegant parking information towards the respective physical location of the vehicular nodes. All the communication and exchange of parking information between cloud infrastructure and vehicular nodes is handled in a privacy-conscious anonymous way. It is hard to linkage PMVs to certain vehicular nodes for some kind of information leakage or exploitation. The proposed PIaaS scheme using identity-less PMVs that protects movement profiles of the vehicular nodes from the exploitation of both insider and outsider attacks. Moreover, we proposed a novel geo-location-based parking lock encryption mechanism for location privacy and non-frameability. The cooperation among vehicular nodes, PSUs, and the cloud infrastructure is not only limited to the parking information dissemination but it also provides various kind of useful services such as route-based traffic congestion reports, vehicle theft control, and malicious vehicle detection. The cloud-oriented centralized information storage of the PMVs is very much helpful for analysis and forensics by TMB. In a nutshell, cloud infrastructure process the Big Parking Data (BPD) and yields the most significant parking information in a dynamic, pertinent, privacy and confidentiality preserved manner.

The Impact of Bottom-Up Parking Information Provision in a Real-Life Context: The Case of Antwerp

A number of studies have analyzed the possible impacts of bottom-up parking information or parking reservation systems on parking dynamics in abstract simulation environments. In this paper, we take these efforts one step further by investigating the impacts of these systems in a real-life context: the center of the city of Antwerp, Belgium. In our simulation, we assume that all on-street and off-street parking places are equipped with technology able to transmit their occupancy status to so-called smart cars, which can receive information and reserve a parking place. We employ PARKAGENT, an agent-based simulation model, to simulate the behavior of smart and regular cars. We obtain detailed data on parking demand from FEATHERS, an activity-based transport model. The simulation results show that parking information and reservation hardly impact search time but do reduce walking distance for smart cars, leading to a reduction in total parking time, that is, the sum of search time and walking time. Reductions in search time occur only in zones with high occupancy rates, while a drop in walking distance is especially observed in low occupancy areas. Societal benefits of parking information and reservation are limited, because of the low impact on search time and the possible negative health effects of reduced walking distance.

Adapting the A* algorithm for park spot routing

Abstract Major cities encounter traffic problems every day, whereby the studies of IBM (2011) showed that drivers looking for a parking spot have a large impact on urban traffic. This paper presents an approach for a park spot route (PSR) in a city using on-street parking information. The result is a route through streets with high parking probabilities close to the destination, where the drivers decide where to park their car. The proposed method is based on the A* algorithm, first presented by Hart et al. (1968), a shortest path algorithm developed from the Dijkstra algorithm. The A* algorithm inherits the easy implementation and possibility for adaption from Dijkstra, but has a shorter computational time. For the park spot route the cost function of the A* is adapted that it does not only take the travel time on a road segment, but also the parking probability on this segment into account. The main purpose of the paper is to present a suitable cost function that limits these two variables into one common interval so that they have the same impact on the route choice. The development of the presented park spot routing algorithm is based on a street network with road segments and road crossings, with conventional road attributes, such as speed limits on the road segments, lengths of the segments and parking probabilities per road link. Simulation results for the city of Munich showed that adapting the A* algorithm leads to routes with higher parking probabilities. Finally, a short outlook on possible scenarios will be given, since the algorithm should be applied to different cities.

A Prototype for IoT based Car Parking Management system for Smart cities

Background: Present day's car parking has become a major issue in urban areas with lack of parking facilities and increased amount of vehicles, due to this drivers who are searching for parking space they were roaming around the city in peak hours. This causes traffic, waste of time and money. Methods: To solve those problems, this prototype is developed using sensor circuit, RFID and IoT. RFID used here to detect the car details, IR sensor is used to find the presence of the car and all details are accessed from remotely through IoT. Findings: This system helps user to find parking space availability with the help of Internet of Things (IoT) technology by providing parking free space information. The IoT maintains the database of the parked vehicles through a shared server. So drivers can book the slots in advance and the parking information updated in server. In addition to the parking, theft management will be done i.e. a theft vehicle came for parking then the number plate is checked with theft list in the database, if it is in theft list then a message is sent to the police. Applications/ Improvements: This prototype developed for the parking system with less human interaction, increases flexibility and security. This system is employable in airports and multiplexes parking.

A Discriminated Release Strategy for Parking Variable Message Sign Display Problem Using Agent-Based Simulation

With the development and application of intelligent transportation systems (ITS), parking guidance and information system (PGIS) has become a hot topic for research and applications. Parking variable message sign (parking VMS) is the most common form of PGIS currently in use, particularly in providing the space availability information to en-route drivers. The aim of this study is to model drivers' responses to the parking VMSs under various parking information in a dynamical way. To ensure the guiding efficiency and assist drivers to identify parking lots with vacant spaces, the display strategies of parking VMS were studied. A discriminated release strategy with a space occupancy indicator (SOI) was then proposed to determine the display content on the parking VMS, in which an agent-based simulation was introduced to incorporate both parking choice model and traffic assignment algorithm dynamically. Guiding reliability and display strategies were further analyzed to attain a discriminated release strategy with SOI effectively. The results indicate that the guiding reliability was improved by reducing the SOI value of the corresponding parking lot, and the relatively uniform guiding reliabilities of all parking lots were attained by modifying SOI values iteratively. Additionally, the performance by incorporating the waiting time into the parking choice model was investigated and recommended. The discriminated release strategy presented in this study will assist in designing and operating urban PGIS.

The Empirical Research on Information Behavior Characteristics and Satisfaction of Drivers Based on Smart Phone

Drivers can optimize their travel decision effectively and reduce the uncertainty of travel under the influence of travel information. Smart phone is widely used due to its diversity, flexibility and convenience, playing a significant role in improving ATIS (Advanced Travel Information System) service with huge market potential. With the development of information technology, plenty of travel information has been released via smart phone. It can be a considerable challenge for travel information service provider to choose which service to provide.On the basis of systematically analysis of characteristics of travel information released by smart phone, questionnaires are designed and collected in Kunming and smart-phone-based information behavior characteristics of drivers are gained. Drivers’ satisfaction model of travel information released on smart phone is constructed based on Binary Logistic Model.The analytic results show that traffic application installed on smart phone is popular for new drivers and Baidu Map has higher market share than other traffic applications. What drivers do hope to get is the path navigation information via smart phone. Drivers are willing to pay for personalized parking information. Searching frequency, trusting degree and length of using time are positively correlated with satisfaction, and the regressive coefficient is 1.248, 2.042 and 1.990 respectively. However, the demand for parking information is negatively correlated with satisfaction, and the regression coefficient is 0.981. The research results can provide the theoretical basis for cognitive model and response mechanism of ATIS.

Parking Sensing and Information System: Sensors, Deployment, and Evaluation

This paper describes a smart parking sensing and information system that disseminates parking availability information to public users in a cost-effective and efficient manner. The hardware framework of the system is built on advanced wireless sensor networks and cloud service over the Internet, and the system is highly scalable. The parking information provided to the users is set in the form of occupancy rates and expected cruising time. Both are obtained from an analytical algorithm that processes historical and real-time data and are then visualized in a color theme. The entire parking system is deployed and extensively evaluated at Stanford University, California, Parking Structure 1.

The Research of Intelligent Parking System based on Internet of Things Technology

With the improvement of people's living standards, Large and medium-sized cities and some small and medium cities in the demand for private cars is becoming more and more big. This comes with increasing demand for parking spaces. Traditional fixed parking spaces and surface parking spaces have been unable to meet the growing demand for parking spaces, on the other hand, the bustling city commercial district, government agencies and offices and other places will inevitably appear parking difficult problem. At the same time, the growth of parking fees in some areas has brought a lot of economic burden to the office workers. Parking is difficult, the impact is not limited to the parking itself, which brings a series of urban management issues. Through the investigation and interview path discovery, staggered time sharing spaces is an effective means to solve the problem of parking. For the current parking is difficult, parking is not convenient to find parking spaces. To ease traffic congestion, save fuel to reduce exhaust emissions for the purpose, this paper proposes an efficient smart car system, including mobile terminal service system, data acquisition system, data transmission system and dynamic guidance system. System through a realtime network released vacant parking information and are equipped with GPS dynamic map navigation, when a vehicle enters the strange parking lot, system will enable indoor RFID tag localization, intelligent vehicle guidance function, also have the lock network control and carpooling bit line trading function. General Terms Realtime Parking

An improved incremental assignment model for parking variable message sign location problem

SummaryOperators and planners of parking guidance and information system (PGIS) often encounter the difficulty when and how to provide parking information to drivers in peak hours. The aim of this study was to assign the parking demands onto the urban network, find the positions suitable to locate the parking variable message sign (parking VMS), and try to solve the problem when to provide parking information to drivers. Parking VMS, as the most common forms of the information display terminal of PGIS, becomes critical in designing PGIS. This paper started from analyzing the relationship between the location and the performances of parking VMS. If a parking VMS is placed right along the link approaching to the divarication intersection of the subsequent “shortest path” and the previous one, the travel time declines abruptly, and the guiding compliance ratio becomes superior. Then, the network‐based parking choice model for the parking VMS was proposed. Network modification and incremental assignment were used to find the divarication intersections caused by the changes of space availability. In addition, MATLAB software package (MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) was adopted to calculate the entire process mentioned. The proposed model and the algorithm were applied to a numerical example, where the location of parking VMS was obtained. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Parking Information Monitoring and Management System Based on Internet of Things Technology

Collecting the parking information accurately and making good use of the existing parking spaces are keys to solve the problem of parking difficulty. Thus, the parking system based on internet of things technology was proposed. It used a geomagnetic sensor to collect the information of parking space and transmitted the information to the management center by using zigbee wireless communication technology. The center would release the information on the Internet. Via the website, vehicle owners could find a suitable parking space for their vehicle and know the shortest path to this parking. People can conveniently and accurately know the various information of each parking lot with the help of the system. Therefore, this system can effectively solve the problem of parking by monitoring and managing the parking information. It provides access to make good use of each parking space and improve urban transportation.

MARKET ANALYSIS OF PARKING INFORMATION

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on an analysis of parking and public transport information and how it is used in various cities. The focus lies on the feasibility of an implementation of such an information system in Vienna. As a first step, this paper concerns the analysis of open data and which benefits could be generated with these open government data. To extend these findings, the next topic is to analyze what is already used in especially Vienna and what could possibly be developed. There is a lot of existing information but most of it is not used in an appropriate way to fulfill the needs of such parking information systems. It has to be investigated which information sources are offered and if they are sufficient for such an implementation. The focus for these achievements will be on data sources which are offered free and accessible via the web. To complete the findings it will be analyzed which applications are on the market and in which areas, more precisely in which cities are such implementations are already successfully used. Another important point is how the raw information is processed and further how it is delivered to the user and their devices. The last part of this paper will focus on commercial complete systems provided by companies like Siemens or Kapsch. Furthermore, systems which are provided by garage operators will be analyzed and examined. Keywords Public Management. Parking Information, Public Transport Information

Understanding Smart and Automated Parking Technology

The rapidly growing urban population of India is creating many problems for the cities, vehicle parking being one of the major problems faced almost every day. The number of vehicles is also increasing daily adding to the parking vows at public places. India has more than 40 million vehicles as of 2014. The traffic on roads and parking space has been an area of concern in majority of Indian cities. To avoid these problems, recently many new technologies have been developed that help in solving the parking problems to a great extent. Multi-level car parking system (MLCPS) is one such technology which is implemented in India. It is used for optimum utilization of parking space by utilizing vertical space rather than horizontal space. Some of the benefits of MLCPS are optimum utilization of space, low construction cost, low working and maintenance cost to name a few. Although automated parking(Mathijssen & Pretorius, 2005) [1] like multilevel parking has made the condition a little better than the earlier situation, there is still scope for improvement. This is because people still face problems of space availability, searching time and waiting time in public places like malls, multiplexes, railway stations, shopping streets etc. With the new technology of smart parking, majority of these issues will be solved. Smart parking uses sensors, wireless communication technology, data analytics(Aggarwal, 2011) [2] etc. to solve parking issues. Smart parking solutions can be used to locate available parking space with the help of sensors. This saves customer’s time as well as minimizes wastage of fuel. Various technologies are being used to ease parking problems in public places. For example using RFID technology, the check in and checkout time for the vehicle can be reduced and also the payment system can be automated. Similarly using wireless sensors information like parking duration, available slot, billing details, directional details etc. can be obtained which will help the drivers and will thus ease out parking vows. Using GSM, Short message service can also be used to provide drivers with relevant parking information. In another technology which uses QR code, the user can pre book the desired parking space which saves his searching time and also saves fuel. In automated multilevel car parking, the car is lifted and placed at the available slot. This is done with the help of robotics and a lot of software programming.

Database Design of Roadside Parking Toll Collection System

Database design methodology as the core of system design is brought forward combining the application environment and business processes of parking toll collection. Then the four stages of the parking toll collection system design are analyzed. They are the requirement analysis, conception framework design, logic framework design and physical framework design respectively. Through scheming out an optimum database mode applied to all kinds of parking toll collection system, the proposed system is able to collect parking fees based on PDA and manage the real-time information of parking lots.