Information Materials Research Articles

Development of small businesses producing cereals, legumes, and sunflower seeds in wartime conditions

Small businesses producing cereals, legumes, and sunflower seeds contribute to the country’s food security and environmental protection potential. The purpose of this study was to substantiate the social, economic, and conceptual foundations of small business entities’ activities in the production of cereals, legumes, and sunflower seeds in modern conditions. The methodological framework of the study included the provisions of institutional economic theory and functional analysis. To generalise the results, the study employed analysis, graphic, and abstract-logical methods, and approaches of generalisation of results. The motivational orientation of the functioning of small businesses engaged in the production of cereals, legumes, and sunflower seeds and their place in production and consumption were determined. The study found that in 2023, the company achieved a record grain yield of 51.8 100 kg/ha, which was driven by favourable weather conditions. It was substantiated that the cost of crop production has increased due to lower prices for agricultural products (maize by -41%; sunflower by -35%; wheat by -37%) and an almost twofold increase in the cost of plant protection products and fuel. It was proved that in 2017-2022, 91.79% of the variation in net profit is explained by the variation in the level of grain, legumes, and sunflower seeds sold by small businesses. It was found that the disruption of the sales system of small businesses producing cereals, legumes, and sunflower seeds, the low level of purchase prices and the considerable increase in prices for material and technical sources of survival and fertilisers due to the hostilities make production inefficient. The development of small businesses and family farming stays one of the priority areas of regional policy. The information and analytical material can be considered when creating regional programmes for the development of agrarian entrepreneurship.

МОДЕЛЬ ОЦЕНКИ ПОТЕРЬ ПРИ УБОРКЕ СОИ

Soybean losses during combine harvesting, depending on conditions, can reach more than 30%. This has a significant impact on the profitability of soybean production as a whole. The article is devoted to modeling possible losses when harvesting soybeans in an agricultural enterprise. The results of monitoring the quality of soybean harvesting and information materials published in periodicals were used in the research process. Total losses were considered as the sum of self-shedding losses due to harvesting delays and losses directly behind the combines. Three options for soybean harvesting are considered: within the agricultural period, partially within the agricultural period and completely beyond the agricultural period. Modeling of losses by self-shedding is performed depending on the harvesting option and the duration of work over the agricultural period. Modeling of soybean losses for a separate combine is carried out on the basis of dependencies that take into account changes in losses from the duration of work over the agricultural period, operating speed, cutting height and lodging. A distinctive feature of the model is the prediction of the reliability of combines, depending on the operating time since the start of operation. The initial data of the model is formed by the following indicators: cleaning conditions; consumer properties of combines; technological operating modes of combines when harvesting soybeans. The model provides for each combine harvester to determine performance indicators based on operating time. Based on this, the following are determined: the total operational productivity of combines and the duration of soybean harvesting without taking into account and taking into account delays due to weather conditions. Next, the technological losses behind each combine, the total losses of soybeans behind the combines, and the losses of soybeans by shedding during the period of operation after the agricultural period are modeled. As a result, the total soybean losses in the agricultural enterprise during the harvesting period are estimated. The simulation results make it possible to select the most favorable scenario for using combines in an enterprise from the point of view of minimizing losses.

Формирование новой языковой личности при обучении иностранному языку в неязыковом вузе в условиях цифровизации: смена мотивационных триггеров

The research aim of this study is to justify the possibility of using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the process of forming a new language personality when teaching a foreign language in a non-linguistic university when changing motivational triggers. The article examines how changed motivational triggers affect the formation of a new language personality during foreign language instruction in a university under conditions of education digitalization. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, based on the material of such information and communication technologies as YouTube, ChatGPT, Web 2.0, options for organizing a foreign-language educational process with students of a non-linguistic university in conditions of changing motivational triggers are shown. The study establishes that educational digitalization leads to shifts in motivational triggers, necessitating the use of ICT in foreign language classes in a non-linguistic university. Due to the fact that knowledge is becoming publicly available on the Internet, the role of the teacher is changing. He turns into an assistant, developing students' independence and motivation. The main purpose of such a process will be to form students' clear ideas about how the foreign language being studied can be used to solve everyday tasks, which gives reason to talk about the formation of a new linguistic personality.

Readability of cerebrovascular diseases online educational material from major cerebrovascular organizations

IntroductionThe internet is an essential resource for patients and their loved ones to understand their medical conditions, and professional medical organizations have taken great strides to develop educational material targeting...

Accuracy and Readability of Kidney Stone Patient Information Materials Generated by a Large Language Model Compared to Official Urologic Organizations

ObjectiveTo compare the readability and accuracy of large language model generated patient information materials (PIMs) to those supplied by the American Urological Association (AUA), Canadian Urological Association (CUA), and European Association of Urology (EAU) for kidney stones. MethodsPIMs from AUA, CUA, and EAU related to nephrolithiasis were obtained and categorized. The most frequent patient questions related to kidney stones were identified from an internet query and input into GPT-3.5 and GPT-4. PIMs and ChatGPT outputs were assessed for accuracy and readability using previously published indexes. We also assessed changes in ChatGPT outputs when a reading level was specified (grade 6). ResultsReadability scores were better for PIMs from the CUA (Grade level 10 – 12), AUA (8 – 10), or EAU (9 -11) compared to the chatbot. GPT-3.5 had the worst readability scores at Grade 13-14 and GPT-4 was likewise less readable than urologic organization PIMs with scores of 11-13. While organizational PIMs were deemed to be accurate, the chatbot had high accuracy with minor details omitted. GPT-4 was more accurate in general stone information, dietary and medical management of kidney stones topics in comparison to GPT-3.5, while both models had the same accuracy in the surgical management of nephrolithiasis topics. ConclusionsCurrent PIMs from major urologic organizations for kidney stones remain more readable than publicly available GPT outputs, but they are still higher than the reading ability of the general population. Of the available PIMs for kidney stones, those from the AUA are the most readable. Although Chatbot outputs for common kidney stone patient queries have a high degree of accuracy with minor omitted details, it is important for clinicians to understand their strengths and limitations.

Customization options in consumer health information materials on type-2 diabetes mellitus-an analysis of modifiable features in different types of media.

The understanding of health-related information is essential for making informed decisions. However, providing health information in an understandable format for everyone is challenging due to differences in consumers' health status, disease knowledge, skills, and preferences. Tailoring health information to individual needs can improve comprehension and increase health literacy. The aim of our research was to analyze the extent to which consumers can customize consumer health information materials (CHIMs) for type-2 diabetes mellitus through various media types. We conducted a comprehensive search for various CHIMs across various media types, such as websites, apps, videos, and printed or printable forms. A representative sample of CHIMs was obtained for analysis through blocked randomization across the various media types. We conducted a quantitative content analysis to determine the frequency of user-centered customization options. Cross-comparisons were made to identify trends and variations in modifiable features among the media. In our representative sample of 114 CHIMs, we identified a total of 24 modifiable features, which we grouped into five main categories: (i) language, (ii) text, (iii) audiovisual, (iv) presentation, and (v) medical content. Videos offered the most customization opportunities (95%), while 47% of websites and 26% of apps did not allow users to tailor health information. None of the printed or printable materials provided the option to customize the information. Overall, 65% of analyzed CHIMs did not allow users to tailor health information according to their needs. Our results show that CHIMs for type-2 diabetes mellitus could be significantly improved by providing more customization options for users. Further research is needed to investigate the effectiveness and usability of these options to enhance the development and appropriate provision of modifiable features in health information.

Assessment of corporate social responsibility practices in selected public libraries in South-West and North-Central, Nigeria

This study explored corporate social responsibility practices in selected public libraries in south-west and north-central Nigeria. The study adopts multiple case-study design, and qualitative research approach. Interview was used to collect data from a total of fifteen (15) participants. The study found that the public libraries do not have written CSR policy. Results showed that the public libraries engaged in social support, social change, socio-cultural activities, and COVID-19 social support. Findings showed that public libraries provide charity through book donations/gifts and provision of information to library users. It was revealed that public libraries advocate for, and participate in, periodic environmental sanitation. Results showed that the libraries remove what the librarians consider as morally decrepit information materials from the shelves, which means they aid censorship. The study showed that public libraries adhered to the ethics and guidelines of Librarians' Registration Council of Nigeria (LRCN) to a minimum extent since the Council has partially failed in their supervisory role. The study concludes that public libraries have their in-house ethics and policies that guide the library staff, users, attendants, and visitors. The study recognized that public libraries provide economic viable information to users, which enable them get improve their career, secure employment, and learn vocation. This study contribute that public libraries are essential in ensuring and meeting sustainable development goals via responsible CSR practices.

A164 OPTIMIZING A PROVINCIAL SCREENING PROGRAM FOR DETECTION OF LYNCH SYNDROME

Abstract Background Up to 30% of those with colorectal cancer (CRC) have an affected family member. Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common inherited condition predisposing patients to CRC. LS is an autosomal dominant condition associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) and mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, and screening CRC cases ≤ age 70 can identify LS in a cost-effective manner. Manitoba launched Canada's first provincial reflex screening program for all CRC cases diagnosed ≤ age 70 using MMR immunohistochemistry (MMR-IHC) in 2017. Our prior 2022 study evaluating the program showed compliance rates of 89.4% for MMR-IHC reflex testing and a 75.8% overall referral rate of screen-positive cases to genetics. However, only 50% were referred directly by pathologists. Several modifications have since been implemented to enhance the program. These included providing feedback to pathologists, creating an “additional testing comment section” on synoptic pathology reports, and regular review of the pathology reports by a pathology assistant. Information materials were developed to encourage genetic testing among relatives. Aims Assess whether modifications to Manitoba’s universal screening protocol improved LS patient outcomes and determine any remaining factors to optimize. We specifically aimed to identify current compliance rates for MMR-IHC testing, the overall referral rate of screen-positive cases to genetics, uptake of genetic referrals and genetic testing as well as rate of cascade testing among relatives. Methods Data has been obtained by searching the provincial pathology database for “adenocarcinoma” in the colorectal specimen pathology reports. All specimens from 2022 and Q1/Q2 of 2023 were reviewed, meeting the criteria of: a) specimen from colon biopsy/excision containing the term “adenocarcinoma”, b) patient age ≤70 years, and c) missing MMR centralized by the IT/Pathology department. Additionally, a random sample of cases categorized as “MMR performed” will be audited. We are in the process of reviewing genetic referrals, genetic uptake and the frequency of reminders triggered to each pathologist. Results Currently, a total of 1,308 colonic adenocarcinoma specimens (811 from 2022, 497 for 2023) have been reviewed. Appropriate MMR testing was missed in only 1.5% of cases (13/811 =1.6% missed in 2022, 7/497= 1.4% missed in 2023). Conclusions Current MMR testing rates for colonic adenocarcinoma specimens within the Manitoba LS screening program have reached a current compliance rate of 98.5%, a substantial improvement from the prior audit (89.4% previously). Further data collection and analysis is ongoing and will also be presented. The reported rates of compliance are the highest that have been reported from any jurisdiction. This study highlights the sustained efforts required to improve detection of LS. Funding Agencies None

Methodology of teaching future computer science teachers to create and use open educational resources

Relevance. At the moment, getting an education is not limited to attending higher educational institutions, the development of the Internet and the emergence of an increasing number of open and accessible online educational courses opens up new learning opportunities.Purpose. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the need to format the education system of future computer science teachers based on the creation and use of open educational resources in their learning process.Methodology. The methodological basis of the study is based on the use of such research methods as analysis, synthesis, and actualisation applied in the framework of a pedagogical experiment.Results. The result of the study is the assessment of the degree of development of Internet technologies and educational resources aimed at ensuring the accessibility of education. The world experience of forming an optimal model of education, which is aimed at training future computer science teachers to create and use OER, has been considered. The results demonstrate that for the effective use of open educational resources, it is necessary to ensure their safety. It is also determined that not all open educational resources meet the required level of quality of the information and educational materials provided by them. It is indicated that modern society is at the stage that demonstrates a high level of trust and loyalty to various educational Internet materials and resources, which necessitates their comprehensive study.Conclusions. A clear understanding of the requirements of modern society for the process of obtaining education indicates the ways to adapt the educational environment. The significance of the results is expressed in the development of the methodology of the teaching process of modern computer science teachers based on the creation, implementation, and use of open educational resources.

Web-Based Car Rental Information System At Cv. Mandarental Cirebon

The increasingly rapid development of information technology and science currently demands the existence of information systems that can support existing science and technology—currently CV. Mandarental Cirebon is growing and wants to increase car bookings for all renters in this city. The rental system used is web-based, but the features on the website still need to be completed to make it easy for customers to rent a car at CV. Problems that occur include inaccurate data, slow data processing, and waste of time. So, the information system within the company is very important to help and facilitate the business process to improve service to consumers. With this information system, it is hoped that it will provide more accurate information so that problems that occur in optimizing service to customers can be resolved at CV. Mandarental Cirebon. The methodology used in building this website includes several systematic steps. Data collection is carried out by observing to collect information, images, and other materials needed for website design.

Modern trends and innovative development areas of biological science in Belarus (To the 95th anniversary of the foundation of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus)

An analysis of scientific publications and information materials on the main areas of academic biological scientific school activity is presented (for the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus). The principles, structure and system of fundamental and applied research design in the field of biology is shown. The obtained results, their implementation and significance for various economy sectors are discussed. Promising areas for innovative development of biological science based on interdisciplinary interaction have been identified.

Industrial design of 3D printing technology combined with assisted medical service robots

AbstractWith the continuous development and maturation of the era of intelligent manufacturing, there is a perpetual emergence of new information technology, control technology, and material technology, which are constantly accelerating 3D printing technology to advance to an unprecedented level. To achieve the safety perception interaction ability of auxiliary medical service robots, this study develops a direct write hybrid 3D printing auxiliary medical service robot system, enabling it to achieve temperature sensing function. Moreover, combined with linear interpolation algorithms, 3D printing technology has been improved to achieve improvement of system control accuracy. The results indicate that the apparent viscosity of the printing material Ag‐TPU is still greater than 2000 Pa s at a rate of 87 s−1. The change in resistance during 20% stretching is within 1.2 Ω, and the change is around 3 Ω during 30% stretching. When the preset temperature is 39.2°C, the absolute deviation is the smallest, about 0.03. When the preset temperature is 41.7°C, the maximum value is approximately 0.17. The absolute error of real‐time temperature collection for auxiliary medical service robots is less than 0.2°C at temperatures ranging from 38 to 42°C. Over the past 30 days of overall operation, the system has had 970 users, 3270 interactions, and 99.4% availability. This system improves the perception and interaction ability of auxiliary medical service robots, which has certain practical potential in the field of medical services.

Tele-Monitoring Applications in Respiratory Allergy

Respiratory allergic diseases affect over 500 million people globally and pose a substantial burden in terms of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Restrictive factors such as geographical disparities, infectious pandemics, limitations in resources, and shortages of allergy specialists in underserved areas impede effective management. Telemedicine encompasses real-time visits, store-and-forward option triage, and computer-based technologies for establishing efficient doctor-patient communication. Recent advances in digital technology, including designated applications, informative materials, digital examination devices, wearables, digital inhalers, and integrated platforms, facilitate personalized and evidence-based care delivery. The integration of telemonitoring in respiratory allergy care has shown beneficial effects on disease control, adherence, and quality of life. While the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of telemedicine, certain concerns regarding technical requirements, platform quality, safety, reimbursement, and regulatory considerations remain unresolved. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in telemonitoring applications holds promise for data analysis, pattern recognition, and personalized treatment plans. Striking the balance between AI-enabled insights and human expertise is crucial for optimizing the benefits of telemonitoring. While telemonitoring exhibits potential for enhancing patient care and healthcare delivery, critical considerations have to be addressed in order to ensure the successful integration of telemonitoring into the healthcare landscape.

ВНЕДРЕНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЮЩИХ ИСКУССТВЕННЫЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ, В ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ МВД РОССИИ: ОПЫТ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the problems associated with artificial intelligence and the development of digital technologies are extremely important for the modern world. In the process of re-search, the author notes that in the conditions of the mid-20s. In the 21st century, modern information technologies in the legal environment contribute to the adoption of new technical solutions, which are based on developments in the field of artificial intelligence, and are capable of solving complex legal problems, including those that have a positive impact on the fight against crime. In the process of research, taking into account the close attention of the country's leadership to the problem of introducing the technologies under consideration into various spheres of life of Russian society, the author examined possible aspects of the use of this technology in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. At the same time, he made attempts to identify both the positive aspects of using these technologies and the possibility of negative consequences with their widespread implementation. As a result, the author focuses on the fact that the advantages of using the technologies under consideration in the law enforcement sphere, first of all, create real opportunities for police officers to gradually get rid of monotonous, monotonous activities, and use the released forces and means in more serious activities, for which robotics is not suitable for. In the process of research, the author convincingly proved that the use of these technologies beyond any doubt has a positive impact on the effectiveness of the professional activities of employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. From the standpoint of countering criminal manifestations, technologies based on artificial intelligence have enormous potential. The intelligence in question is already in high demand for working with large amounts of data, in particular statistical information, preparing reports, certificates, and information materials. In addition, these technologies can and should be used in operational search activities, criminal investigations, and the fight against various types of criminal manifestations. At the same time, the author specifically emphasizes that in order to maintain the effectiveness of the activities of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, it is very important that the accumulated positive experience in the use of new technologies and coherence of actions are not only placed at the forefront, but also receive further development.

Analisis Instrumen Model Mitigasi Banjir di Indonesia

One of measures to reduce the flood impact in Indonesia has been done by flood emergency response action plan. The action plan is generated from decision making process assisted by instrument such computer models which have capability in producing scenarios and decision to be taken. This research is conducted to identify how the written procedures (delivered by international and national agencies) related to flood emergency response, being accommodated by those (computer) models. By using qualitative analysis, the element procedures of an effective flood emergency response model have been reviewed. The result shows that the detailed information such human and material resources, facilities information, and warning time-lag, have not been properly and entirely accommodated by the (computer) model. Highlights are also given to propose more effective instrument to improve the management of flood crisis.

Interdepartmental Commission on Countering Extremism in the Russian Federation: scientific and practical aspects of its activities and issues of its optimization

The object of the study is public relations related to counteraction to extremist activities. The subject of the study is the organizational and legal basis for its provision, both in modern Russia and in foreign countries. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comprehensive theoretical study of the fight against extremism and its prevention by the Interdepartmental Commission on Countering Extremism, to study the mechanisms of countering extremism, to analyze the available scientific literature, to develop a theoretical design of the support system. Theoretical and other sources considered together are a common information base that contributes to the achievement of scientific validity and reliability of the formulated provisions. The empirical basis of the study is formed by documents and materials of federal government bodies, public authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, information and analytical materials that allow assessing the state and level of protection of the state and society from extremist threats. The methodological basis of the research consists in the use of a set of existing methods of cognition, the basis of which is the dialectical method. General scientific techniques (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) are used in the study of individual issues of the topic. Special legal methods of scientific cognition are also widely used: formal legal, historical legal, comparative legal, structural and functional. The use of a set of methods allowed us to explore the theoretical aspects of countering extremism. The scientific novelty of the study is that it is one of the first scientific papers addressing the issues of the Interdepartmental Commission on Countering Extremism in the Russian Federation by analyzing various aspects of its activities and legal regulation. The article proposes the author's own approaches to the systematic study of problems related to legal regulation and the mechanism for exercising the powers of the Interdepartmental Commission on Countering Extremism in the context of analyzing the essence and issues of implementing specific areas of activity, building interaction with public authorities and public organizations, examines the problems of anti-extremist work, their content and relationship with the operational situation, suggests specific directions for improving legislation and directions for new scientific research in this area.

Knowledge and management of traumatic dental injuries among schoolteachers in Hungary: a cross-sectional study with educational intervention

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of Hungarian schoolteachers in the management of dental trauma injuries (TDI) of children between the ages of 3 and 18 and to illustrate a brief educational intervention on TDI management.MethodsA 15-item questionnaire on dental injuries was distributed in our observational cross-sectional study to 2720 Hungarian educational institutions to explore and evaluate teachers’ knowledge in January 2019. Two years later, targeted information material was made accessible regarding TDI management. In the second post-intervention phase of the study, educator knowledge was re-evaluated using the same questionnaire. Statistical analysis (Mann–Whitney and Chi-square tests) was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28.ResultsA total of 1426 answers were collected in the initial survey. Although more than half (51.9%) of the respondents previously witnessed TDIs, 86.5% still did not perceive themselves as adequately informed regarding TDI management. Most teachers submitted appropriate responses to the indicator questions relating to the urgency of referral to dental professionals (71.8%), immediate contact with parents (79.0%) or dentists (13.0%), and the solution for avulsed teeth (81.3%). However, only every second (56.2%) educator responded correctly regarding the proper cleaning method. Following accessibility to our educational material, 622 respondents completed the post-intervention questionnaire in the second phase of the study. The percentage of appropriate responses to the five indicator questions significantly increased by 5–20.6%.ConclusionTeachers’ knowledge of TDI was inadequate yet can improve with online education. Efforts among dental professionals, the media, and targeted interventions will ensure adequate knowledge while also improving children’s dental health.

Purchase Intention: Social Media Promotion and Content Marketing Strategies to Increase Interest in Buying Cosmetic and Skincare Products

Based on the total number of Indonesian citizens that exceeds 275 million, of whom 136 million are women who were primarily employed in the 20–29 age group, this market is very significant for the cosmetics and skincare industry. Numerous cosmetic and skincare brands have emerged both domestically and internationally, with the aim of bolstering the cosmetic and skincare industry in Indonesia. Promoting strategies on digital media, such as social media, may be very effective and efficient provided they are carried out using the right techniques and concepts. The business owner can utilize the feature bar and appropriate content management for customers. The results of this research will highlight the promotion strategy and provide recommendations for promotions that may be carried out using social media. Results of the study indicate that social media promotions with easily understood content received an average score of 84%. Based on survey results, it can also be seen that informative product material received a high score of 79%. For the first variable, the indicator of social media and content promotion shows that 84% of consumers have a high need for skincare products. One of the functions of promotions is to alert customers to problems and needs that they are aware of. Informational and interesting content should also accurately reflect consumer needs and issues.

Preventive education on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in junior high school students at Surakarta

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural disorder of the vertebrae characterized by vertebral curvature exceeding 10°, commonly identified in children aged 10-18 years. Several contributing factors for AIS include genetic factors, abnormalities in connective tissue and skeletal muscles, biomechanical factors, and the use of school bags with associated weight. The primary issue identified from the preliminary study is the relatively high AIS rate, reaching 10.2%, with no previous preventive education programs implemented for students. The targeted participants for this program are students from Muhammadiyah Middle School 5 and Muhammadiyah Middle School 7 in Surakarta. The team conducted AIS prevention health education sessions in April-May 2023 for students aged 12-15 years. The educational activities involved the use of informative materials such as pocket books and videos, covering topics like the definition of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis, physical examination methods for AIS, and preventive measures through posture correction exercises and the proper use of school bags.Results from the influence test, employing the Paired Sample T-Test, indicate a Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.023. This implies a significant difference in the average knowledge level before and after receiving education on AIS prevention.

Контент-анализ публикаций по экологической проблематике интернет-СМИ Абхазии

The article deals with the results of content analysis of environmental publications of Abkhazian Internet media. The relevance of this analysis lies in the importance of media participation in covering environmental issues in order to raise public awareness and form an environmental culture. Consideration of the main theoretical ap-proaches to the stated topic allowed us to justify the chosen method that facilitates the interpretation of the main regularities of environmental issues in the media, as well as to form the main categories of published infor-mation material. The result of the content analysis was the identification of the main environmental topics raised in the Internet media of Abkhazia, and the number of publications on these topics was calculated. Their structural and content peculiarities and methods of presentation were identified. Recommendations on how to improve the effectiveness of the communication of environmental information for its better absorption by a wide audience were proposed.