Formal Strategic Planning Research Articles

Leak detection in water distribution networks based on deep learning and kriging interpolation method

ABSTRACT The burgeoning growth of urban areas has escalated the necessity for efficient and precise leak detection in water distribution networks. Automatic detection methods based on deep learning are a state-of-the-art research topic. In this paper, a methodology that combines deep learning and data imaging is proposed. The framework employs pressure monitoring data and is anchored on the following three pillars: (1) the generation of a comprehensive dataset, encompassing one year of leak-free demand data derived from Fourier Series analysis and monitoring pressure under normal and leak conditions, (2) the transformation of pressure time series into images using kriging interpolation, (3) establishing convolution neural network (CNN) and evaluating its performance of abnormal identification. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is assessed in different image sets under various leak conditions. The findings reveal that this method meets dependable and effective outputs for leak detection, with the deep learning model achieving a high true positive rate (TPR) of 98% and an area under the curve (AUC) of 94%. This study provides invaluable information for strategic action planning and the enhancement of water loss management protocols, especially in situations where water utilities and regulatory authorities grappling with limited budgets and diminishing revenues.

Step by step: Utilizing Kotter's model to design and implement a strategic plan for institutionalizing interprofessional education and practice

Health professional schools are complex environments. Academic leaders of interprofessional education and practice (IPEP) have the unique challenge of navigating these intricacies on the individual and collective level to create a common vision that supports the sustainable implementation and assessment of quality interprofessional education (IPE). In order to move beyond a common approach to IPE that has been described as a “series of isolated events” that insufficiently address the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) core competencies in their entirety, a strategic planning process can help institutions design and develop robust IPE experiences with intentionality.This article describes the steps taken in a formal strategic planning process to create and sustain a pan-university IPEP office to strengthen IPE and collaboration among emerging health professionals/schools-departments at a public flagship university in the southeastern U.S. Additionally, Kotter's model for institutional change highlights strategies to gain buy-in, and lessons learned. This paper provides a guide to help grow, sustain, and invest in formal IPEP programs for other academic institutions.

Corporate Social Responsibility in the Formal Strategic Planning of South African Listed Companies

Manuscript type: Research paper Research aims: This study investigates the relationship between formal strategic planning and corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the South African context, considering JSE-listed companies. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study employed multiple-scale items with a five-point Likert scale to measure CSR and formal strategic planning. A chi-square test was performed to test the significance of the relationship between the variables. Research findings: The analysis of all South African listed companies (i.e., JSE-listed companies) revealed that formal strategic planning is significantly associated with CSR, suggesting that CSR concerns are addressed during the formal strategic planning process. Theoretical contribution/Originality: The respondents are only limited to JSE-listed companies and the findings are related to the links only between formal strategic planning and CSR. Practitioner/Policy implication: The JSE is the largest stock exchange in Africa. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important for them to maintain their corporate reputation with stakeholders. Accordingly, addressing stakeholders’ demand for CSR through the formal strategic planning process would benefit the organisation is vital. Originality/Value: This study contributes a deep intuitive knowledge of companies’ perceptions of CSR demonstrations by considering formal strategic planning in the South African context.

Strategy Formulation Process and Interorganizational Collaboration

The study examines how two major strategy formulation approaches influence city governments’ decision to collaborate. Collaboration with governmental and nongovernmental actors gives rise to varying levels of risks, which can be managed by using the appropriate strategy formulation approach. Using data from a national survey of cities, we find that formal strategic planning catalyzes cross-sectoral collaboration but is not associated with government-to-government collaboration. Logical incrementalism has a consistently negative relationship with collaboration regardless of sector. The findings indicate that collaboration can be limited by city governments’ capacity to undertake formal strategic planning and their propensity to engage in incrementalist decision-making.

Огляд і бібліометричне дослідження надкритичних енергетичних циклів CO2. Поточний стан досліджень і розробок

Recent decades have been characterized by growing interest in research into improving the efficiency of these cycles. The purpose of this work is a bibliometric analysis based on Scopus data (2001-2024) and an overview of the main trends associated with supercritical cycles operating in the region of the carbon dioxide critical point. The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of research productivity, impact, and trends in supercritical carbon dioxide cycling research over the past two decades, providing useful information for strategic research planning. The methods used were from the Scopus database due to its extensive collection of documents. The review of work lasted from 2001 to 2024, covering a significant time in this area. The literature search was conducted for the following specific keywords: “Supercritical”, “Cycle”, “Carbon dioxide”, “Equation of State”, “Energy Cycle”. The results show growing research interest in this area, which is mainly led by the United States, China, the United Kingdom, Canada, Italy, and Germany. Covering a variety of industries such as engineering, energy, and the environment, this research delves into technical areas such as supercritical carbon dioxide cycles and the real gas equation of state, which allow modeling of the flow of a working fluid in a compression loop. Conclusions. The bibliometric analysis presented in this work offers information on the evolution of research on supercritical carbon dioxide cycles and the equations of state of real gas in the metastable region of carbon dioxide from both academic and industrial viewpoints. By exploring the industry context and the relationships between the findings and the scope of key journals, this analysis illuminates the significance of the findings and their practical implications. New topics identified through keyword analysis can stimulate research planning in the scientific sector. Thus, this comprehensive bibliometric study serves as an independent reference for technology forecasting and monitoring.

Pentingnya Badan Intelijen Pertahanan dalam Non-Combat Military Mission: Instrumen Perhatian Khusus untuk Peningkatan Kapasitas dan Kapabilitas Pertahanan

This research will focus on the importance of Defense Intelligence Agencies in Non-Combat Military Missions. This research method will use a qualitative approach with case studies to explore the importance of the Defense Intelligence Agency in Non-Combat Military Missions. The data will be collected through in-depth interviews with defense experts, intelligence analysts, and military personnel involved in non-combat missions, as well as through analysis of related documents and official reports. As a result, Military Intelligence has a vital role to play in defense policymaking by providing information to anticipate and confront potential threats, enabling comprehensive threat assessment, and supporting defense diplomacy with accurate intelligence. The establishment of the Defense Intelligence Agency under the Secretary of Defense was proposed because it could coordinate intelligence with military operations, speed up decision-making, and support non-combat missions with strategic intelligence. The agency also strengthens Indonesia's defense diplomacy by providing information for strategic planning and supporting collaboration with the local defense industry, which contributes to enhanced national defense capabilities and economic growth. To be effective, the intelligence function of the Defense Intelligence Agency must synergize with the existing intelligence community, to support Indonesia's mission to become an Asian Tiger.

Performance Measurement System Design as Link Between Strategy Formulation and Performance Information Use in Public Sector Organizations

There has long been calls for improving the link between strategic planning and performance management. Despite such calls, there are few empirical studies of how performance management system design is related to performance information use in public sector organizations, which can be important for implementing and evaluating strategies to improve public sectors organizations’ performance. Utilizing data from 135 public sector organizations consisting of municipalities, counties, central government owned higher education institutions, and agencies in Norway, this paper analyzes how strategy formulation and performance measurement system design relate to purposeful performance information use. Multivariate analysis with partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) found a positive relationship between formal strategic planning and logical incrementalism with performance measurement system design as well as a positive relationship between performance measurement system design and performance information use. There were no significant direct relationships between formal strategic planning or logical incrementalism and performance information use, or between organizational size or government sector and performance information use. Therefore, performance measurement system design seems to be an important link between strategy formulation and performance information use.

Strategic information planning and performance of SMEs: A structural equation modelling approach

BACKGROUND: The business environment is getting unstable due to which execution of decision support systems has become significant to maintain competitive advantage. Small and medium enterprises in particular confront issues, such as insufficiency of devising strategic planning, strategic decision-making, and information exchange, as well as difficulty increasing performance. Because functional strategic management and decision-making are required, strategic information systems planning is employed to accumulate information and assist decision-makers in developing and implementing the best strategy for gaining superior performance. Executives in information systems focus on technical difficulties while ignoring decisions to support strategic plans. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to investigate how strategic information systems planning contributes to increased performance in SMEs. METHODS: Data was gathered through questionnaires distributed to information system executives in SMEs, primarily in Jordan. The data was collected with the help of questionnaires adopted from prior studies. For Analysis after applying the diagnostic tests, structural equation modelling has been applied to test the framework developed based on the literature. RESULTS: A structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted, the individual loadings of the SEM items are investigated, reliability and discriminant validity is tested, and path coefficients of hypothesized relationships of the developed model are tested. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggested that managers should prioritize implementing strategic information systems planning so that they can gain superior performance with better agility in the future. This research not only enhances the current understanding of the significance of strategic information systems planning but also assists supervisors to improve the procedure.

Analysis of the social indicators of companies in the brazilian electric power sector: a panel data approach

The present research delves into the realm of Internal Social Indicators (ISI), aiming to scrutinize and ascertain the influence of independent variables on ISI behavior within the Brazilian electric sector. The study period spans from 2013 to 2016. To achieve the research objective, an in-depth analysis of secondary data sourced from the websites of selected companies was conducted. Specifically, sustainability reports, with a focus on social reports (BS), were examined. The findings of the proposed model reveal that companies exhibiting higher investment in ISI tend to enjoy better asset profitability and maintain lower levels of indebtedness. The practical applicability of this research lies in its relevance to human resource management. It aids in identifying companies that allocate significant resources to ISI, thereby facilitating the assessment of their relationship with economic-financial indicators—whether positive or negative. Such insights pinpoint companies that excel in this aspect, offering a distinctive factor for evaluation by actuaries, employees, and stakeholders. By shedding light on the correlation between investment in ISI and financial performance, this research equips decision-makers with valuable information for strategic planning and resource allocation. Moreover, it underscores the importance of social responsibility within the corporate landscape, emphasizing the role of companies in contributing positively to society while achieving financial success. In essence, this study serves as a bridge between social impact and financial outcomes, advocating for a holistic approach to corporate management that prioritizes both profitability and social welfare. Its implications extend beyond the Brazilian electric sector, resonating with businesses worldwide that seek to balance economic goals with ethical and social considerations.

Nutritional Analysis and Economic Viability of Fried Ube Noodles: A Comprehensive Study

Purpose of the Study: Ube has a significant production volume in Quirino Province, but it faces challenges in generating high profits due to limited post-harvest activities and low awareness of its nutritional composition. To address these issues, this comprehensive evaluation aims to examine the nutritional value, financial viability, and profitability of fried ube noodles. Methodology: Ube-based products' nutritional value is analyzed using the IPO model and various methods such as the Biuret Method and Moisture Analyzer. The study also evaluates manufacturing costs and profitability using gross profit margin (GPM), net profit margin (NPM); and return on investment (RoI). Main Findings: The analysis demonstrates that the product is profitable, with a GPM of 54.35%, NPM of 19.43%, and ROI of 24.11%. The 6 Ps study suggests various strategies, including awareness campaigns, involvement of health professionals, product diversification, collaborations with local farmers, research publication, patent opportunities, and lobbying for industry policies. Implications: These strategies leverage the nutritional value of fried ube noodles to increase market visibility and support sustainable growth across People, Services, Products, Places & Partnerships, Publication, Patents, and Policy. The study provides fried ube noodle operators with comprehensive information for decision-making and strategic planning.

Spatiotemporal Siltation Patterns in Moroccan Dam Reservoirs: A Geographic Information System Approach

Siltation of dams appears as an urgent global concern, especially in arid and semi-arid regions concerned by the challenges of managing their limited water resources. These challenges worsen by the increase in water demand driven by population growth, aggravated by the adverse effects of climate change, in particular the siltation of dam reservoirs. This article focuses on the spatiotemporal analysis of the accumulation of sediments in Moroccan dam reservoirs. The methodology involves the collection, verification, correction, and interpolation of bathymetric data, which are organized and visualized in temporal and spatial dimensions using a dedicated Geographic Information System (GIS). The spatial distribution maps generated facilitate the identification of the area most severely impacted by the siltation of dams. The analysis emphasizes that siltation affects all Moroccan watersheds, with a particular emphasis on the Moulouya watershed due to the characteristics of its soil and its arid climate, further aggravated by heavy rainfall and deforestation. This integrated approach, combining bathymetric data with GIS technologies, improves our understanding of dam siltation in Morocco. The results provide valuable information for decision-makers and water resource managers, providing essential information for strategic planning and the implementation of measures to mitigate the impact of siltation.

Unveiling Capital Structure Determinants, Business Characteristics and High-Growth Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Evidence from Nigeria

Recent interest among both SME operators and academics/professionals in determining what factors influence the capital structure and performance of SMEs has increased. Possible cause includes increased focus on the role that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play in driving economic growth. This research evaluated the factors that influence small and medium-sized enterprises' capital structures, as well as their performance predictors, financial accessibility factors, firm characteristics that predict their capital structures, and the impact of capital structure on SMEs' profitability. It was decided to conduct a survey study, with the help of a properly designed questionnaire. The population included both small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners and operators in the study area (South-West, Nigeria). Four hundred small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) purposefully chosen using purposive and proportionate procedure from each state in the region and asked to fill out an online questionnaire (Google Form) to collect the data. This study found a significant relationship between capital structure and the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria's Southwest region. Formal strategic plans, consistent operational procedures, positive work relationships, and the presence of formal business plans were found to have a significant impact on the financial decisions of SMEs, thereby improving overall business performance. Furthermore, the factors influencing SMEs' capital structure decisions include both strategic and organisational components, emphasising the importance of formal strategic planning, consistent operational procedures, positive work relationships, and formal business plans.

Moving upstream: healthcare partnerships addressing social determinants of health through community wealth building

BackgroundHealthcare-based interventions addressing social needs such as food and housing generally fail to impact the upstream wealth and power inequities underlying those needs. However, a small number of US healthcare organizations have begun addressing these upstream inequities by partnering with community wealth building initiatives. These initiatives include community land trusts, resident-owned communities, and worker cooperatives, which provide local residents ownership and control over their housing and workplaces. While these partnerships represent a novel, upstream approach to the social determinants of health, no research has yet evaluated them.MethodsTo assess the current state and key aspects of healthcare-community wealth building partnerships, we conducted a multiple case study analysis using semi-structured interviews with thirty-eight key informants across ten partnerships identified through the Healthcare Anchor Network. To analyze the interviews, we used a two-stage coding process. First, we coded responses based on the phase of the intervention to which they corresponded: motivation, initiation, implementation, or evaluation. Then we assessed responses within each aspect for common themes and variation on salient topics.ResultsPartnerships were generally motivated by a combination of community needs, such as affordable housing and living wage jobs, and health system interests, such as workforce housing and supply chain resilience. Initiating projects required identifying external partners, educating leadership, and utilizing risk mitigation strategies to obtain health system buy-in. Implementation took various forms, with healthcare organizations providing financial capital in the form of grants and loans, social capital in the form of convening funders and other stakeholders, and/or capacity building support in the form of strategic planning or technical assistance resources. To evaluate projects, healthcare organizations used more process and community-level metrics rather than metrics based on individual health outcomes or returns on investment. Based on best practices from each partnership phase, we provide a roadmap for healthcare organizations to develop effective community wealth building partnerships.ConclusionsAssessing healthcare partnerships with community wealth building organizations yields key strategies healthcare organizations can use to develop more effective partnerships to address the upstream causes of poor health.

Identifying patterns in smart initiatives' planning in smart cities. An empirical analysis in Spanish smart cities

The smart city (SCs) movement has emerged to face urban challenges. Nonetheless, the complexity and dynamic nature of cities makes them context-dependent in their strategic planning processes concerning smart initiatives, which can lead to different solutions and outcomes of cities' development. With the growing number of smart initiatives implemented in SCs, it becomes important both to consider how such initiatives are planned and organised, and to address the complexity and context-dependent dynamic in which such initiatives are implemented. Therefore, this study is a comprehensive analysis of number of initiatives in 12 Spanish SCs (1635 smart initiatives) to identify the relations between key characteristics of the cities (cities and citizens' profiles) and the planning of SC strategies. Findings suggest that formal strategic planning is mainly performed in SCs with higher qualification of inhabitants, mature-aged population, and top-down strategic planning approach.

Maternal mortality, stillbirths, and neonatal mortality: a transition model based on analyses of 151 countries

Maternal mortality, stillbirths, and neonatal mortality account for almost 5 million deaths a year and are often analysed separately, despite having overlapping causes and interventions. We propose a comprehensive five-phase mortality transition model to improve analyses of progress and inform strategic planning. In this empirical data-driven study to develop a model transition, we used UN estimates for 151 countries to assess changes in maternal mortality, stillbirths, and neonatal deaths. On the basis of ratios of maternal to stillbirth and neonatal mortality, we identified five phases of transition, in which phase 1 has the highest mortality and phase 5 has the lowest. We used global databases to examine phase-specific characteristics during 2000-20 for causes of death, fertility rates, abortion policies, health workforce and financing, and socioeconomic indicators. We analysed 326 national surveys to assess service coverage and inequalities by transition phase. Among 116 countries in phases 1 to 4 in 2000, 73 (63%) progressed at least one phase by 2020, six advanced two phases, and three regressed. The ratio of stillbirth and neonatal deaths to maternal deaths increased from less than 10 in phase 1 to well over 50 in phase 4 and phase 5. Progression was associated with a declining proportion of deaths caused by infectious diseases and peripartum complications, declining total and adolescent fertility rates, changes in health-workforce densities and skills mix (ie, ratio of nurses or midwives to physicians) from phase 3 onwards, increasing per-capita health spending, and reducing shares of out-of-pocket health expenditures. From phase 1 to 5, the median coverage of first antenatal care visits increased from 66% to 98%, four or more antenatal care visits from 44% to 94%, institutional births from 36% to 99%, and caesarean section rates from 2% to 25%. The transition out of high-mortality phases involved a major increase in institutional births, primarily in lower-level health facilities, whereas subsequent progress was characterised by rapid increases in hospital births. Wealth-related inequalities reduced strongly for institutional birth coverage from phase 3 onwards. The five-phase maternal mortality, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality transition model can be used to benchmark the current indicators in comparison to typical patterns in the transition at national or sub-national level, identify outliers to better assess drivers of progress, and inform strategic planning and investments towards Sustainable Development Goal targets. It can also facilitate programming for integrated strategies to end preventable maternal mortality and neonatal mortality and stillbirths. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Can the Brain Strategically Go on Automatic Pilot? The Effect of If-Then Planning on Behavioral Flexibility.

People often have good intentions but fail to adhere to them. Implementation intentions, a form of strategic planning, can help people to close this intention-behavior gap. Their effectiveness has been proposed to depend on the mental formation of a stimulus-response association between a trigger and target behavior, thereby creating an "instant habit." If implementation intentions do indeed lead to reliance on habitual control, then this may come at the cost of reduced behavioral flexibility. Furthermore, we would expect a shift from recruitment of corticostriatal brain regions implicated in goal-directed control toward habit regions. To test these ideas, we performed a fMRI study in which participants received instrumental training supported by either implementation or goal intentions, followed by an outcome revaluation to test reliance on habitual versus goal-directed control. We found that implementation intentions led to increased efficiency early in training, as reflected by higher accuracy, faster RTs, and decreased anterior caudate engagement. However, implementation intentions did not reduce behavioral flexibility when goals changed during the test phase, nor did it affect the underlying corticostriatal pathways. In addition, this study showed that "slips of action" toward devalued outcomes are associated with reduced activity in brain regions implicated in goal-directed control (ventromedial prefrontal cortex and lateral orbitofrontal cortex) and increased activity of the fronto-parietal salience network (including the insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and SMA). In conclusion, our behavioral and neuroimaging findings suggest that strategic if-then planning does not lead to a shift from goal-directed toward habitual control.

The microbiota in feces of domestic pigeons in Seoul, Korea

In Korea, feral pigeons pose significant public health risks because they carry various zoonotic pathogens. Human population density is a significant factor in zoonotic disease events. Seoul is one of the largest cities by population density among developed countries and where most of the homeless population in Korea exists. We designed this study to compare the microbiota of pigeon feces by regional characteristics and the presence of homeless individuals. Therefore, this study used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to detect possible pathogenic microbes and assess the current risk of zoonosis in Seoul, South Korea. Pigeon fecal samples (n = 144) obtained from 19 public sites (86 and 58 fecal samples from regions in and outside Seoul, respectively) were examined. Potentially pathogenic bacteria were also detected in the fecal samples; Campylobacter spp. was found in 19 samples from 13 regions, Listeriaceae was found in seven samples, and Chlamydia spp. was found in three samples from two regions. Principal coordinates analysis and permutational multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant difference in bacterial composition between the regions in Seoul (n = 86) and outside Seoul (n = 58) and between the regions with (n = 81) and without (n = 63) homeless individuals. Overall, this study identified various potentially pathogenic microorganisms in pigeon feces at public sites in South Korea. Moreover, this study demonstrates that the microbial composition was influenced by regional characteristics and homelessness. Taken together, this study provides important information for public health strategic planning and disease control.

A PLS-SEM Approach: Examining Factors that Influence the Growth of Low Cost Carriers for Post-Pandemic Travel

Despite the Covid-19 outbreak in late 2019 that caused fears of traveling on a global scale, the airline's business outlook in the South East Asia region seems to be badly affected. A bigger challenge that remains in the industry is the uncertainty of the market growth for post-pandemic travel in this highly competitive airline industry. Therefore, this study aims at investigating the factors that influence the market growth of Low Cost Carriers such as Air Asia for post-pandemic travel. A sample of 500 respondents was collected through simple random sampling from those who had travelled at least once with LCCs in the past 5 years. The results indicate that brand image has the strongest prediction towards the growth of LCCs in this region. This study provides useful information for strategic planning in the LCCs industry and to better understand the travellers’ needs in the region.

Can the sustainable development goals for cancer be met in Brazil? A population-based study.

A one-third reduction in premature mortality (30-69 years) from chronic noncommunicable diseases is goal 3.4 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDG). The burden of NCDs is expected to continue to increase in low- and middle-income countries, including Brazil. The aim of this study was to assess geographical and temporal patterns in premature cancer mortality in Brazil between 2001 and 2015 and to predict this to 2030 in order to benchmark against the 3.4 SDG target. We used data on deaths from cancer in those aged 30-69, by age group, sex and cancer site, between 2001 and 2015 from the National Mortality Information System of Brazil (SIM). After correcting for ill-defined causes, crude and world age-standardised mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated nationally and for the 5 regions. Predictions were calculated using NordPred, up to 2030. The difference in observed (2011-2015) and predicted (2026-2030) mortality was compared against the SDG 3.4 target. Between 2011-2015 and 2026-2030a 12.0% reduction in premature cancer age-standardised mortality rate among males and 4.6% reduction among females is predicted nationally. Across regions this varied from 2.8% among females in North region to 14.7% among males in South region. Lung cancer mortality rates are predicted to decrease among males but not among females nationally (men 28%, females 1.1% increase) and in all regions. Cervical cancer mortality rates are projected to remain very high in the North. Colorectal cancer mortality rates will increase for both sexes in all regions except the Southeast. Cancer premature mortality is expected to decrease in Brazil, but the extent of the decrease will be far from the SDG 3.4 target. Nationally, only male lung cancer will be close to reaching the SDG 3.4 target, reflecting the government's long-term efforts to reduce tobacco consumption. Projected colorectal cancer mortality increases likely reflect the epidemiological transition. This and, cervical cancer control will continue to be major challenges. These results will help inform strategic planning for cancer primary prevention, early detection and treatment programs; such initiatives should take cognizance of the regional differences highlighted here.

Perencanaan Strategis SI/TI Menggunakan Metode Ward And Peppard di SMKN 1 Tanjung Selor

Ward and Peppard is a computer-based application portfolio identification process that will support the organization in implementing its business plan and realizing its business goals. SMK Negeri 1 Tanjung Selor is an educational institution located in North Kalimantan. SMK Negeri 1 Tanjung Selor has become an educational institution that is developing rapidly, but has not implemented information systems and information technology properly so that existing operational services are less than optimal, and it is necessary to make strategic planning that can support school business plans and development, The form of strategic planning that will be discussed in this study uses the Ward and Peppard method with pest analysis method tools, SWOT, Value Chain, and Mcfarlan Strategic Grid analysis methods. The results of the analysis of this study solve the existing problems with several proposed information systems that can help the school's work for the better