Information In France Research Articles

ДОСВІД ДЕЯКИХ ЗАРУБІЖНИХ КРАЇН ЩОДО КРИМІНАЛЬНО-ПРАВОВОЇ ОХОРОНИ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ТАЄМНИЦІ

У статті наведено детальний аналіз систем охорони державної таємниці у Франції, Естонії й Узбекистані, які були порівняні із системою охорони державної таємниці України. У процесі вищезазначеного аналізу було досліджено закордонне законодавство щодо систем захисту державної таємниці та положення місцевих кримінальних кодексів щодо охорони державної таємниці як механізм захисту державної таємниці. Порівнювались вид і розмір покарання за вчинення злочинів, пов’язаних із розголошенням інформації, що становить державну таємницю, у Франції, Естонії, Узбекистані й Україні. У результаті було з’ясовано, що найсуворіше покарання за розголошення державної таємниці передбачене Кримінальним кодексом Франції та становить до тридцяти років позбавлення волі, тоді як Кримінальний кодекс Узбекистану передбачає позбавлення волі до п’яти років. Найбільш детальна класифікація інформації, що становить державну таємницю, існує в Естонії, де вся інформація розподілена на класи та підкласи, для кожного такого класу і під-класу визначаються тип секретності та термін охорони її державою. На основі всієї дослідженої інформації та документів ми пропонуємо внести зміни до відповідних положень Кримінального кодексу України та Закону України «Про державну таємницю», щоб запозичити найкращий європейський досвід, зокрема ми пропонуємо встановити кримінальну відповідальність для юридичних осіб за розголошення державної таємниці та посилити покарання за злочини у сфері охорони державної таємниці. Більше інформації та цікавих фактів ви можете знайти, прочитавши повну версію статті.
 У зв’язку з необхідністю розвитку України в галузі оборони ми запропонували систематизувати перелік секретної інформації в галузі оборони, розділивши її на три рівні: конфіденційна оборонна, секретна оборонна, надзвичайно секретна оборонна.На основі закордонного досвіду кримінально-правової охорони державної таємниці зроблено висновки щодо необхідності вдосконалення українського законодавства у сфері охорони відомостей, що становлять державну таємницю.

Freedom of Information in France - Law and Practice

Freedom of Information in France - Law and Practice

Qu’en est-il de l’annonce du diagnostic de schizophrénie aujourd’hui en France ?

Resume Le bien-fonde de l’annonce du diagnostic de schizophrenie a longtemps fait debat. Cependant, depuis l’aube des annees 2000, differentes evolutions du contexte social et legislatif, doublees de changements majeurs dans les pratiques d’acces a l’information – notamment grâce au developpement d’Internet – ont semble devoir militer pour une annonce quasi-systematique. Notre recherche tente d’evaluer ou en sont les pratiques en la matiere, a travers une revue de litterature nationale et internationale. Nos resultats montrent qu’il existe de nombreuses informations sur l’annonce du diagnostic au plan international, revelant sur ce point une specificite de la pathologie schizophrenique, qui reste moins souvent annoncee que d’autres maladies, et avec plus de difficulte. La complexite de cette annonce a conduit certaines equipes a s’inspirer de travaux effectues dans le cadre d’autres maladies graves pour etablir des recommandations, des protocoles et meme des programmes de formation, qui sont en cours d’experimentation. Sur le plan national, nous avons note une absence d’informations recentes, les dernieres donnees disponibles ayant etabli une plus grande reticence a informer les patients de leur diagnostic que dans le monde anglo-saxon, malgre des benefices prouves de l’annonce diagnostique, notamment sur le plan de l’observance et de l’alliance therapeutique. Dans ce contexte, il nous semblerait utile de mettre en place une enquete actualisee sur les pratiques d’annonce aupres d’un echantillon representatif, ainsi qu’une conference de consensus a ce sujet pour degager des recommandations et harmoniser les pratiques.

The legibility of food package information in France: an equal challenge for young and elderly consumers?

The present study investigated whether food package information is legible in a real purchase context; more specifically, it examined the level of legibility of non-mandatory, mandatory and nutritional information as well as the influence of age on legibility. This is an important issue, especially for older consumers who are usually advised to pay attention to their diet. An in-store study was conducted in a French hypermarket. Descriptive statistics were used to measure the overall level of legibility and then ANOVA tests were carried out to examine the influence of age on the legibility of information. Complementary results included the influence of level of education. Participants were asked to read information on four food packages when they were food shopping. The sample included 196 consumers aged 18-82 years. An asymmetry was observed between the extremely high level of legibility of non-mandatory information and the low level of legibility of mandatory and nutritional information provided on food packages. Elderly respondents performed significantly worse than their younger counterparts. An interaction effect was found between age and level of education on the legibility of mandatory information. Legibility of mandatory information is clearly unsatisfactory. There appears to be a hierarchy between significant, but non-mandatory, company information and important mandatory and nutritional information. The first type of information is promoted on food packages whereas the last two are all but concealed to older and less educated consumers.

FRI0371 Characteristics of gout patients in france: The “cactus” study

BackgroundThere was little recent information in France concerning gout patients despite data from other countries supporting increasing disease prevalence due to dietary and lifestyle changes, and increased longevity of populations.ObjectivesThe...

Why read the regional press today?

A pesar de un declive continuo en sus ventas, la prensa diaria y semanal regional permanece en Francia como el tipo de prensa de información más leída, muy por delante de los diarios nacionales y las revistas de información. Este artículo busca comprender por qué se lee hoy en día la prensa local. Extraído de mi tesis, los resultados surgieron de entrevistas con los lectores así como de un análisis de contenido de la prensa regional bretona. Las motivaciones para leer periódicos regionales permanecen estables en el tiempo. Para empezar, uno no elije su «periódico preferido»: frecuentemente, se hereda la lectura de los padres, o bien, se lee lo que está disponible en el lugar donde se come. Existen, a continuación, dos maneras de leer un regional. Una lectura geográfica que reenvía a las diferentes escalas del territorio y una lectura temática, que descansa sobre los centros de interés (información-servicios, resultados deportivos, obituarios…). Tanto en un caso como en el otro, la prensa regional aparece lejos de la misión de animadora del espacio público local que reivindica. No participa menos en el mantenimiento de un entramado social elemental que pasa por la transmisión de informaciones prácticas y noticias detalladas. La prensa regional no puede considerarse como la única representante del espacio público, pero constituye un elemento de la misma. Desde el punto de vista del lector, es un complemento de otros medios de comunicación, notablemente los digitales y las conversaciones cotidianas. Esta constatación es una invitación a redefinir el espacio público de una manera más abierta, fragmentada y dinámica. Esto puede alcanzarse abriendo la concepción del espacio público a nuevas dimensiones, tales como los intercambios orales diarios (Arendt), la articulación entre las escalas de territorio (Lacoste) y los procesos de socialización (Elias, Percherón), donde lo local es el lugar privilegiado.

EBay's liability for counterfeits: a transatlantic comparison

The problem of counterfeits on the internet has been a major issue for trade mark owners, many of whom have now claimed that online marketplace operators, such as eBay, are liable for the infringing acts of their users. Over the past 12 months, eBay has been named as a defendant in proceedings in North American and European jurisdictions in relation to counterfeits sold on its website. This article attempts to analyse the relevant legal standards in these jurisdictions, which have approached eBay's liability in different ways. These include the common law on contributory trade mark infringement and joint tortfeasorship, as well as general tort and unfair competition law. The article shows that eBay has experienced varying levels of success in different jurisdictions. While North American, German, and English courts have set a relatively high legal standard for finding eBay liable, French courts in contrast have a far lower threshold and instead focus on whether eBay has a defence. This suggests that eBay faces different challenges in the markets it operates that compel it to adopt unique legal approaches in each, from proving its lack of specific knowledge of infringing activity in the USA to its status as a host of infringing information in France.

Brest sea level record: a time series construction back to the early eighteenth century

The completeness and the accuracy of the Brest sea level time series dating from 1807 make it suitable for long-term sea level trend studies. New data sets were recently discovered in the form of handwritten tabulations, including several decades of the eighteenth century. Sea level observations have been made in Brest since 1679. This paper presents the historical data sets which have been assembled so far. These data sets span approximately 300 years and together constitute the longest, near-continuous set of sea level information in France. However, an important question arises: Can we relate the past and the present-day records? We partially provide an answer to this question by analysing the documents of several historical libraries with the tidal data using a ‘data archaeology’ approach advocated by Woodworth (Geophys Res Lett 26:1589–1592, 1999b). A second question arises concerning the accuracy of such records. Careful editing was undertaken by examining the residuals between tidal predictions and observations. It proved useful to remove the worst effects of timing errors, in particular the sundial correction to be applied prior to August 1, 1714. A refined correction based on sundial literature [Savoie, La gnomique, Editions Les Belles Lettres, Paris, 2001] is proposed, which eliminates the systematic offsets seen in the discrepancies in timing of the sea level measurements. The tidal analysis has also shown that shallow-water tidal harmonics at Brest causes a systematic difference of 0.023 m between mean sea level (MSL) and mean tide level (MTL). Thus, MTL should not be mixed with the time series of MSL because of this systematic offset. The study of the trends in MTL and MSL however indicates that MTL can be used as a proxy for MSL. Three linear trend periods are distinguished in the Brest MTL time series over the period 1807–2004. Our results support the recent findings of Holgate and Woodworth (Geophys Res Lett) of an enhanced coastal sea level rise during the last decade compared to the global estimations of about 1.8 mm/year over longer periods (Douglas, J Geophys Res 96:6981–6992, 1991). The onset of the relatively large global sea level trends observed in the twentieth century is an important question in the science of climate change. Our findings point out to an ‘inflexion point’ at around 1890, which is remarkably close to that in 1880 found in the Liverpool record by Woodworth (Geophys Res Lett 26:1589–1592, 1999b).

Transitions – news on the access to digital information in France

The author describes the present document delivery situation in France with particular reference to copyright and the EU Directive, consortia, portals, funding and some suggestions for the future.

Assessment of river contamination by estrogenic compounds in Paris area (France)

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) receive a large spectrum of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) that are partially eliminated during treatment processes and discharged into rivers. Given the lack of information in France about river contamination by EDCs, we chose to examine estrogenic potential of WWTP influents, effluents and receiving waters in Paris and its suburbs. Water samples were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for quantifying natural and synthetic estrogens combined with an in vitro estrogenicity bioassay associated to a high pressure liquid chromatography fractionation. The four estrogens investigated, Estrone (E1), 17β-Estradiol (E2), Estriol (E3) and 17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) were found in all WWTP and river samples at concentrations ranging from 2.7 to 17.6 ng/l and 1.0 to 3.2 ng/l, respectively. The synthetic estrogen EE2 seems more resistant to biodegradation in WWTPs and thus accounted for 35–50% of the estimated estrogenic activity in rivers. However, fractionation of samples and differences between concentrations of E1, E2, E3 and EE2 and the estrogenic activity measured by the in vitro bioassay suggested a complexity of mechanisms underlying the biological response that could not be attributed only to the investigated molecules.

Communication and information in France's underground laboratory siting process: clarity of procedure, ambivalence of effects

France is engaged in an innovative research programme for the management of high level radioactive wastes. The programme is framed by a national law (Waste Act of 30 December 1991) that seeks to guarantee 'permanent democratic control' of an open process. At least two underground laboratories are required by this Act in order to test the feasibility of a permanent deep repository. This study, performed in 1996–97, centres on the candidate evaluation phase of laboratory site search. Public information and communication practices by the national radioactive waste management agency, Andra, are examined. Agency information efforts appear to fit well with a strategy of insertion into the local context, including methods to rally potential allies inlocal officials. The study also examines the activities of local information commissions (LICs) created by law on each of three candidate sites, and reviews arguments by opponents to the RhÔne Valley site proposal. The LICs are judged highly institutionalized, thereby missing an opportunity to foster a true public forum and solution-seeking debate. Opponents' discourse is seen to centre on the danger of regional stigmatization, with concern for mid-term economic losses. The communication process overall is characterized by institutional attempts to channel and contain controversy. Counter plays by other stakeholders illustrate the broad spectrum of risk definitions associated today with radioactive waste.

Alternances politiques et transformations du champ de l'information en France après 1981

Political alternation and changes in the field of information in France after 1981 Philippe Juhem This article wants to assess the effects of the changes in the left parties' political offer as soon as 1981 and chiefly from 1983 onwards and the « first stringency measures », upon the tranformation of the then considerd « of the left » newspapers' editorial line (Liberation, Le Matin de Paris, Le Monde). By modifying the indissociable political and commercial strategies the « left » papers were able to adopt and by initiating the process of the privatization of television, the arrival of a socialist government contributed to weakening the hold of political concepts over the journalistic comments, thus favoring a rather commercial policy. The evolution, however, of the « left » parties' political offer and the process of relative neutralization of the newspapers also contributed to modifying the opinion one might have about political struggles. The phenomenon known under the term of « decline of ideologies » whose effects can be seen both in the increasing scarcity of actors supporting the « left » parties' traditional views and the weakening of the actors' propensity to give them credit, is far from constituting an autonomous historical process, stemming from nobody knows which collective « new awareness » and -appears to be, on the contrary, the resuit of the ordinary working of the political game. Thus in 1981 the alternative government not only caused a reorganization of the public powers but also brought about the lasting modification of the agents' political beliefs and points of view.

The pattern of provision of European Union information in France and the United Kingdom: a comparative study of services

Compares the selective European information services in France and the UK, stating that whereas France gathers information from official documentation and its representations in the EC in Paris and Marseille, the UK got its European information from three surveys, including two degree surveys. Maintains that French academic librarians are Civil Servants employed by central government and have limited access to European Documentation Centres (EDC), unlike their British counterparts whose libraries, over hundreds of years, have evolved into a self‐governing institution, much better funded and able to provide information at local authority level where European responsibility has been significantly added to since the signing of the Single European Act in 1986.

Role of satellite remote sensing in the geographic information economics in France

In national and international economics, geographic information plays a role which is generally acknowledged to be important but which is however, difficult to assess quantitatively, its applications being rather miscellaneous and indirect. Computer graphics and telecommunications increae that importance still more and justify many investments and research into new cartographic forms. As part of its responsibility for participating in the promotion of those developments, by taking into account needs expressed by public or private users, the National Council for Geographic Information (C.N.I.G.) has undertaken a general evaluation of the economic and social utility of geographic information in France. The study involves an estimation of the cost of production and research activities, which are probably about 0.1% of the Cross National Product—similar to many other countries. It also devised a method of estimating “cost/advantage” ratios applicable to these “intangible” benefits. Within that framework, remote sensing emphasizes particular aspects related both to the increase of economic performances in cartographic production and to the advent of new products and new ways of utilization. A review of some significant sectors shows effective earnings of about 10–20%, or even 50% or 100% of the costs, and these are doubtless much greater for the efficacy in the exploitation of products. Finally, many applications, entirely new result from extensions in various fields which would have been impossible without remote sensing: here the “cost advantage” ratio cannot even be compared with previous processes. Studies were undertaken in parallel for defining different types of products derived from satellite imagery, as well as those domains where development effort is required in order to make new advances.

Appendix. Does France have an information policy? A summary in English

The lack of any policy on information in France can best be explained by first describing the infrastructure of the documentation sector in that country.

Business information in France

It is no light matter to speak about the main sources of business information in France, but in the context of this meeting, that is what I am supposed to do.

The Military Press and Information in France

The Military Press and Information in France

Earth Currents 1

ONE of the most interesting subjects dealt with at the recent Electrical Congress in Paris was earth currents. The absence of published information in France on the behaviour of these erratic disturbers of telegraphic peace has led to an elaborate and careful study of the whole question by M. Blavier, the well-known and distinguished director of the High School of Telegraphy of the Post and Telegraph Administration in France. This has been printed, published, and circulated by the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs (M. Cochery) for the use of the members of the recent Congress.