Influential Scholars Research Articles

Scholars’ Identity Transition and Its Impact on Spin-Offs’ R&D Input

This paper explores the academic entrepreneur’s identity transition and its impact on spin-off’s innovative input. Central to this study is the factors that influence scholars’ position-holding behavior and their impact on spin-offs. Based on the data of the 2005–2010 SME Innovation Fund and 14 interviews, we investigate the influence of scholars’ role embeddedness on their entrepreneurial role-taking behavior from the perspective of identity theory. Empirical results show that scholars with higher embeddedness in academia are less likely to hold a spin-offs’ CEO position. Besides, follow-up research found that scholars holding CEO positions can increase a spin-off’s R&D input, which reveals the influence of scholars’ career imprinting and its scientific logic on role-taking behaviors and spin-offs’ innovation input. We also empirically test the effect of scientific logic and business logic on a spin-off’s innovation input, concluding that conflicts between these two logics are detrimental to a firm’s innovation input. This paper contributes to existing literature by providing a new perspective for identity theory and has implications for scholars’ entrepreneurial practice. Additionally, it provides a theoretical basis for technology transfer and open innovation policy.

Advancing the Human Right to Health: Eleanor Kinney's Seminal Contributions to the Development and Implementation of Human Rights for Public Health

Professor Eleanor Kinney long served as a foundational scholar at the intersection of law and public health, pushing scholarship forward across the fields explored in this special issue. Yet, while this special issue is largely confined to the domestic legal space, Professor Kinney also served as an early and influential scholar on the international human right to health, and this contribution has proven central to the field of health and human rights over the past two decades. Having worked alongside Professor Kinney throughout these years, drawing on her research in framing our own scholarship, it is an honor to reflect on her seminal works that have defined the field and influenced rights-based health policy – developing the right to health under international law and implementing that right in U.S. health policy.

The Growing Influence of Female Athletic Training Scholars.

The Growing Influence of Female Athletic Training Scholars.

‘No One Here … Understands the Problem of Aboriginal Art’: The Fulbright Program, Aboriginal Studies and Aboriginal Art, 1950–65

From 1950, the Fulbright Program of academic exchange brought a stream of visiting American scholars to Australia and Australians to the USA. The first wave of these scholars to study Aboriginal society and culture, principally through the discipline of anthropology, played a significant role in developing the field of Aboriginal studies, and in bringing Aboriginal art, music and dance into greater public prominence in the 1950s and early 1960s. We reconstruct these exchanges, track the influence of notable scholars and identify the contribution they made to researching, teaching and collecting Aboriginal art. In featuring the role of women who contributed expertise to the field, as postgraduates, senior researchers or as wives accompanying academic husbands, we reveal their importance and expose a little-known feature of the Program. Scholar Ed Ruhe is recognised for bringing his pioneering collection of Aboriginal art to the USA; this article shows he was not alone.

Recommending scientific paper via heterogeneous knowledge embedding based attentive recurrent neural networks

Tremendous academic information causes serious information overload problems while supporting scientific research. Scientific paper and citation recommendation systems have been developed to relieve this problem and work as a filter to furnish only relevant papers to researchers. Although previous studies have made comparative progress, this problem is still challenging because current paper recommendation systems rely on heterogeneous and multi-sourced features, thereby requiring a unified learning representation to cover different types and modalities of information. Additionally, the implicit influence of scholars’ previous preferences of writing and citing on his/her new manuscript has not been well considered in the previous studies. Facing the issue from these two aspects, in this paper, a heterogeneous knowledge embedding-based attentive RNN model is proposed to recommend scientific paper citations. First, the preparation of features consists of two parts: (1) building a unified learning representation of structural entities and relations for recommending paper citations; and (2) defining and constructing a bibliographic network comprising five types of entities and five relations. The bibliographic network enables learning a unified representation so that all graphical entities and relations can be vectorized using TransD. To establish textual representations, the PV-DM model is utilized to generate numeric features for the title of each paper. Second, by combining structural and textual representations focusing on the “author-text query” scenario, an attentive bidirectional RNN is constructed to recommend paper and citation based on an user’s identity with a length-limited inquiry to capture the scholars’ previous writing and citing preferences, thereby reducing recommendation error. Through the DBLP dataset, our experiment results show the feasibility and effectiveness of our method, both in terms of the number as well as the quality of the first few recommended items. In specific, compared with existing models, our model has improved MRR and NDCG by approximately 4.8% and 2.4%, respectively.

Islamic Traditionalism in the Syrian Provinces of the Ottoman Empire during the Age of Abdulhamid II (1876—1909)

The article examines the reasons and main manifestations of Islamic traditionalism as a stable system of views that dominated the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the last quarter of the 19th — early 20th centuries. Consideration of the main theses of the ideological heritage of Abu l-Huda al-Sayyadi, Salih al-Munayir, Yusuf al-Nabhani and their ideological supporters, as well as the socio-political ties between them, allows us to comprehend the strategies of Sultan Abdulhamid II to justify the sacred and lawful, from an Islamic point of view, the nature of the Sultan's power. The study makes it possible to assess the influence of Muslim traditionalist scholars of the late Ottoman period as the conductors of the government policy aimed at consolidating Muslims around the figure of the Ottoman Sultan-Caliph.

Chardak Between Heaven and Earth: Tracing Vernacular Space in Balkan Architecture by Judith Bing

Reviewed by: Chardak Between Heaven and Earth: Tracing Vernacular Space in Balkan Architecture by Judith Bing Serena Acciai Judith Bing Chardak Between Heaven and Earth: Tracing Vernacular Space in Balkan Architecture Maine, USA: Procyon Lotor Press, 2018. 303 Pp. ISBN 978-1-73321994-1-5 The research carried out by Professor Judith Bing, together with Professor J. Brooke Harrington, has evolved over thirty years. In its opening passages, it recalls Nicolas Bouvier’s discovery of the Balkan world, which stretched from Belgrade to the idyllic Šumadija farmland. There, Bing first encountered the subject she would delve into for the following decades. In one sense, it is a travel book, much like Le Corbusier’s experience recorded in Le Voyage d’Orient in 1911. Bing unearths the poetic meaning of the vernacular element chardak, a wooden veranda, and “an element that could expose and join together a region of rich cultural complexity”. The book has a poetic levity as it describes how the same architectural element found its way into different cultures over a vast geographical area. It also bridges the controversial, and, at times tragic, history of the last 30 years in the Balkans. The author highlights the ancient iconographic sources of this kind of space and also explores the etymological origin of the word chardak. Her research is ample and even takes into consideration the military chardak type constructed along the “wooden line” on the Sava River as a frontier between the warring Hapsburgs and Ottomans. Particularly fruitful was Bing’s reading of the Romanian chardak tradition, which influenced greatly Le Corbusier’s building and theoretical expertise, and was described in the famous juvenile trip recorded in his book. Herein lies the link between Le Corbusier’s five points for architecture and his early encounter with the Ottoman-Balkan housing tradition. The Swiss master was one [End Page 197] of the first XX century architects to recognize the similarities between this historic house type and the modern house: a similarity which lies in the up-to-date relationship between the ground plan and the elevation, in the independence of the inner disposition of a room from the wall structure, in the built-in furniture, in the architecture of the outer rooms, in the plastic modeling of the house above its supporting walls, in the harmony of architecture with nature, and in the desire for a view. She deals with the multicultural complexity of the region by showing some shared aspects of Balkan cultures. Literature, material culture, history, many good sketches, and architectural surveys are the tools that Bing employs for her fascinating tale. These same documents are also the corpus of the marvelous Balkan Vernacular Architecture portal edited by Bing and Harrington (available at http://www.balkanarchitecture.org/). The site is well worth visiting as their life-long research is an extraordinary tool for any scholars wanting to explore the rich vernacular housing heritage in these lands. The book is a thesaurus of the terminology used to indicate this type of space prevalent in the Balkan lands, from Croatia in the west West to Anatolia in the East. It gathers many case-studies based on literature by the most influential scholars of the region. She particularly regards Dusan Gabrijian’s studies on Bosnian and Macedonian chardak because they are, after Le Corbusier, a fundamental step for the work in this field and one of the best typological analyses carried out in (the former) Yugoslavia by a modern architect. Any formal and functional variant of this vernacular wooden veranda is contemplated and explained by Bing in relationship to the domestic culture of the land under study. The reader travels with her on this journey from West to East and throughout time, until reaching Istanbul, where the chardak is usually called kiosk and is a variant of the main gathering space called sofa. The section dedicated to the use of the chardak in monasteries starts from the same consideration made by the Balkan architect Aleksandar Deroko about the persistence of some characteristic vernacular elements in monastic complexes. Over time, monasteries’ housing complexes have often been rebuilt, but always in the same manner, and have permitted the conservation of this building type...

Re-Transcendentalizing the Transcendentalists

Re-Transcendentalizing the Transcendentalists Daniel S. Malachuk (bio) Readers outside our field of study may be surprised to learn that for the last forty years many of the most influential scholars of the American Transcendentalists have aimed to de-transcendentalize them. What Emerson and the rest meant by Transcendentalism has been, and likely always will be, debated, but what these scholars mean by detranscendentalizing the Transcendentalists is not so hard to explain. That’s the first of this introduction’s three aims, the others being to note how some scholars have lately challenged this venerable project, and finally to preview this special issue: six essays originating at an international conference on Transcendentalism in July 2018 that together comprise—we believe—the most intentional, multifarious expression of this challenge to the de-transcendentalizing status quo thus far.1 Altogether we aim with this issue to show how our small proposed prefix shift—we call our project “re-transcendentalizing the Transcendentalists”—could have big implications not just for Transcendentalism studies but for the study of nineteenth-century American literature as a whole. Sharing this project in ESQ is especially appropriate, for it was here, back in 1984, that Lawrence Buell first identified [End Page 519] a new trend in Transcendentalist studies. “The Emerson Industry in the 1980’s: A Survey of Trends and Achievements” was a characteristically sophisticated assessment of new directions in Emerson scholarship, many of which pointed, he contended, toward a paradigm shift: “a break,” Buell wrote, from the “cozy” consensus that Transcendentalist studies properly orbits what Jonathan Bishop (1964) called Emerson’s “master term,” “the Soul.”2 Considering new scholarly editions, biographical studies, and an array of novel interpretations from the 1970s and early 1980s, Buell discerned a common effort “to de-transcendentalize Emerson” (Buell, 120). With remarkable prescience, as I’ll now review, Buell not only accurately characterized the two major styles of “de-” scholarship then just coalescing but anticipated its two primary points of resistance, an incipient “re-” scholarship that we seek to build upon here. The first major style of de-transcendentalizing scholarship Buell identified was a “resurgence of American consensus historiography exemplified by [Sacvan] Bercovitch” (1975) along with others like Quentin Anderson (1971) and Michael Gilmore (1982) (Buell, 127, 123–24). Yes, these scholars shared their postwar predecessors’ views about “Emersonianism as an avatar of mainstream American civil religion” (Buell, 127), but they interpreted that civil religion—in Emerson’s own soul talk and in Reagan’s morning in America rhetoric—quite differently. For these younger scholars, to de-transcendentalize Emerson meant wresting away the metaphysical cloaking to expose the American empire’s most useful idiot.3 As Johannes Völz (2010) has more recently characterized them, these New Americanists pursued this exposé of Transcendentalism’s imperialist sympathies for decades, and inspired others to pursue related charges, such as white supremacy (Nell Irvin Painter, 2010) and settler colonialism (Adam Dahl, 2018).4 With the help of Rita Felski (2015) we can now characterize this first style [End Page 520] of “de”- scholarship as critique, its main affective stance being unrelenting suspicion.5 But for Buell and many others in literary studies, the 1980s meant not just the neoconservative revival of American imperialism (and the resulting academic prosecution of any canonical apologists for it) but also, on another front, “the rise of the poststructuralist grammatological challenge” (Buell, 127). Buell’s second great insight in 1984, then, was that an entirely different set of Emerson scholars, also launched in the 1970s, were de-transcendentalizing the Transcendentalists to show that, somehow, these antebellum Neoplatonists had in fact been skeptics, best located on a line running from Montaigne right through to Derrida and Foucault. Like the New Americanists, these scholars set themselves in opposition to their postwar predecessors (genuflecting before Emerson the seer), but their affectual orientation was entirely different. Far from suspecting Emerson to be a reactionary imperialist, they hailed him as a prototypical postmodernist. Who originated such a breathtakingly counterintuitive reading, “ransack[ing]” “Emerson’s Transcendental side” “for intimations of self-skepticism” (Buell, 127)? There was, Buell noted, Harold Bloom (a 1971 collection reprinted a 1966 essay on Emerson’s commitment to self-fashioning), and we would...

Scholars of Tort Law: Professor Sir Percy Winfield (1878-1953)

This chapter is concerned with Sir Percy Winfield, arguably the most influential scholar of the English law of tort in the relatively short history of the subject. The chapter is divided into three main parts. The first part (‘The Life’) consists of a short biography of Winfield. In the second part (‘The Work’), I discuss Winfield’s principal writings on tort law, their reception and their influence. And in the final part (‘The Scholar’), I seek to identify Winfield’s key characteristics as a scholar. I conclude that a number of reasons can be identified for the impact and endurance of Winfield’s writings on tort: his technical brilliance; his intellectual openness; his clear and attractive style; his prescience and forward-thinking approach; his thoroughgoing pragmatism; and a measure of good fortune. Underlying all of this, however, lay an even more basic foundation for his scholarly achievements, namely a profound and very broad knowledge of the common law and its history.

A Study on Vietnamese Scholars' Cognition about Sino-Vietnamese Relations from the Journal “International Studies”

Economic globalization has an important impact on the diplomatic relations of countries in the world, and the "track II diplomacy" is playing an increasingly important role. Based on the important influence of Vietnamese scholars on the decision-making of the Vietnamese government, this paper uses the China-related papers included in the journal "International Studies" sponsored by Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam in 2013-2018 as research samples, and analyzes the Vietnamese scholars’ cognition about Sino-Vietnamese relations from the perspectives of politics, economy, national defense, and strategy etc., thereby revealing the true mentality of Vietnam towards the development of Sino-Vietnamese relations.

Pencegahan dadah golongan berisiko menurut pendekatan psikospiritual al-Ghazālī (W. 505 H.)

The issue of drug abuse nowadays is very worrying despite various research and approaches taken to address this issue. New and recurring drug addiction numbers every year indicate a crucial need for improvements in existing prevention efforts. Prevention is the best approach in combating drug abuse because of the effectiveness and cost-friendly. In addition, risk groups should be a priority in prevention approach so that drug addiction can be avoided before it occurs. Islamic psychospiritual therapy is a spiritual treatment method based on Islamic practices and divine reference. This treatment focuses on the purification of the soul, the formation of self-actualization, and spiritual enhancement which ultimate objective is seeking the pleasure of Allah Almighty. Spiritual therapy implemented in Islamic psychospiritual can form a stronghold to prevent drug use and addiction among risk groups. Al-Ghazālī was one of the most prominent and influential Islamic scholars and has produced numerous works that have been made references in the world of Islamic studies throughout the world. Thus, using qualitative methods, this article outlines Al-Ghazālī's Islamic psychospiritual module. Risk group prevention is managing the risk factors by equipping the group with protective factors. The findings of this article indicate that Islamic psychospiritual approaches discussed by al-Ghazālī contain protective factors of religious belief, endurance, self-esteem, appreciation, hope, gratitude, self-reliance, the purpose of life, and love. Therefore, addressing the issue of drug addiction based on the Islamic psychospiritual approach is a viable alternative.

Wat is ‘een vrouw’?

Abstract For some time, feminist philosophers have been debating how to understand the concept ‘woman’. On the one hand, any substantive definition inevitably comes with a normative claim of what it means to be ‘a real woman’. Since the women’s movement tries to show how women come in all kinds of shapes, it goes without saying that feminists should steer clear from imposing new gender norms themselves. On the other hand, a refusal to define the concept leads to the inability to talk about women as a social category, and hence complicates a feminist plea for women’s rights. If feminists are incapable of clarifying what a ‘woman’ is, can they still describe their own mission and target group? First, I will give a rough overview of the history of the philosophical debate by critically examining the works of two influential scholars: Elizabeth Spelman and Sally Haslanger. Then, I will turn to Mari Mikkola’s recent book, where she declares that the debate is theoretically bankrupt and needs to be reoriented. I will argue that there is value in Mikkola’s suggestion, but that it nonetheless remains vital to engage in critical debate concerning gender concepts.

Transition from building information modeling (BIM) to integrated digital delivery (IDD) in sustainable building management: A knowledge discovery approach based review

Over the past decade, building information modeling (BIM) and sustainability have attracted increased interest, with a concomitant rise in the number of related publications. However, research efforts made in BIM for sustainable building management, especially using in all four Integrated Digital Delivery (IDD) phases are minimal. Therefore, this study features a combined scientometric analysis and IDD thematic discussion examining 471 scholarly bibliographies accessed from the Web of Science (WoS) database. The purpose of this study is to statistically classify BIM-sustainability publications from 2007 to 2019 in order to understand the research status, key themes, trends, and future challenges to be addressed in the field of sustainable BIM. The most influential scholars, institutes, regions/countries, articles, and journals have been identified. Moreover, clustering analyses identified topics that sustainable BIM research tended to gravitate toward, such as cloud approaches, data sharing, life cycle energy efficiency, and informetric analysis. The top 100 most cited documents from WoS were also manually classified into four quadrants of IDD, namely design, fabrication, construction, and asset delivery and management. Ten BIM-sustainability phenomena were observed throughout the life cycle of IDD. Finally, key research gaps and important areas for future research in this field were identified. The clearly delineated clusters and themes provide a practical overview and a deeper understanding of the current research progress of IDD for building sustainability, highlighting the challenges and research gaps for future research.

A scientometric review on literature of macroprudential policy

Macroprudential policy is closely related to financial stability, systemic risk and the procyclicality of the financial sector, and has attracted considerable attention of scholars after the 2008 global financial crisis. Based on the 467 documents together with 14,597 references collected from the Web of Science core collection for the period of 2005–2018, this article conducts a scientometric analysis of macroprudential policy. The article applies basic analysis, co-citation analysis, cluster analysis, citation burstness detection, scientific research cooperation analysis and co-occurrence analysis of keywords. Through the document co-citation analysis, the article shows the key themes of macroprudential policy research which include: the effectiveness of macroprudential policies, financial market intermediaries, containment of systemic risks, monetary policy and liquidity. The article identifies influential scholars, documents, research institutions, journals and research hotspots in the field of research on macroprudential policy. The scientometric analysis in the article presents an objective perspective of the inheritance and evolution of scientific knowledge at different levels in the field of macroprudential policy.

Shimizu Ikutarō as a Global Ultranationalist Thinker: On Tenkō and Giambattista Vico

ABSTRACT Today, Shimizu Ikutarō is mostly remembered as a leading leftwing intellectual and political activist that turned conservative and advocated for Japan to become a nuclear power. Especially outside of Japan, this has made Shimizu persona non grata. Nevertheless, despite the very questionable nature of his later thought, Shimizu remains one of the most influential scholars in postwar Japanese history. More in depth scholarship on his later theory can cast light on his whole career and on its relation not only to the Japanese cultural and political dynamics after the 1960s, but also to the international intellectual environment of that period. The present article takes Shimizu’s claim to a theoretically justified turn (tenkō) at face value: it reconstructs and criticises the Japanese sociologist’s work with the tools of global intellectual history, focusing on his evocative but distortive use of eighteenth century philosopher Giambattista Vico. Through this analysis, it suggests how Shimizu used Vichian themes, such as the meaning of common sense and the opposition between ars topica and ars critica, to conceptualise his problematic political stances concerning aspects of public life such as education and the role of the intellectual elite in society.

Kitan szavak listája Ligeti Lajos MTA-ra hagyott jegyzeteiben

The late Professor Louis Ligeti was one of the most influential scholars of the 20th century in the fields of Altaic historical linguistics and many others. Ligeti’s personal scholarly notes, according to the provisions of his will, were deposited in the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS) and were not released for 40 years. In 2018 a special research team of the HAS of Linguistics and Literary Scholarship Section was established to process the contents of the more than 70 large cardboard boxes. This study introduces a segment of his notes on deciphering the Khitan language, dealing with numerals, and offers insights into the current opinion of scholars whenever it varies from Ligeti’s. Minor corrections to the readings of Khitan ‘one’ as well as to the name of the ‘Old(er) Khitan State’ are also suggested.

Pemikiran Syekh Muhammad Nawawi al-Bantani al-Jawi tentang Pendidikan karakter dalam kitab Maraqi al-‘Ubudiyah ‘ala Matn Bidayah al-Hidayah

Character education in Indonesia has now become the concern of every group, this is due to the many deteriorating characters that occur in Indonesian society, such as corruption, law, theft and so on. Indonesia is not a country that lacks character education figures. In the 19th century, many Indonesians became big and influential scholars in the cities of Mecca and Medina, one of which was Sheikh Muhammad Nawawi al-Bantani al-Jawi. He has hundreds of students, and wrote 155 works in the form of bald Arabic (yellow book) which until now are scattered throughout Indonesia. This study aims to determine the concept, type and relevance of character education according to Sheikh Muhammad Nawawi al-Bantani in the Maraqi al-‘Ubudiyah book. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach with discourse analysis and data analysis in steps: first determining the theme, second arranging the problem, third formulating the problem according to the theme, fourth collecting data, and fifth concluding. The concept of religious character education according to Sheikh Nawawi has two concepts, the first is to worship both morals and behavior. The religious characters contained in the book Maraqi al-‘Ubudiyah are: adab associating with God, the behavior of righteous people, santri behavior to teachers, adab children to parents, adab to friends, emotion, gratitude, humility, glorifying God's creatures, Character education according to Syekh Nawawi is still relevant if applied to education in Indonesia.

Factors influencing the importance of criteria for judging answer quality on academic social Q&A platforms

PurposeWith the growth in popularity of academic social networking sites, evaluating the quality of the academic information they contain has become increasingly important. Users' evaluations of this are based on predefined criteria, with external factors affecting how important these are seen to be. As few studies on these influences exist, this research explores the factors affecting the importance of criteria used for judging high-quality answers on academic social Q&A sites.Design/methodology/approachScholars who had recommended answers on ResearchGate Q&A were asked to complete a questionnaire survey to rate the importance of various criteria for evaluating the quality of these answers. Statistical analysis methods were used to analyze the data from 215 questionnaires to establish the influence of scholars' demographic characteristics, the question types, the discipline and the combination of these factors on the importance of each evaluation criterion.FindingsParticular disciplines and academic positions had a significant impact on the importance ratings of the criteria of relevance, completeness and credibility. Also, some combinations of factors had a significant impact: for example, older scholars tended to view verifiability as more important to the quality of answers to information-seeking questions than to discussion-seeking questions within the LIS and Art disciplines.Originality/valueThis research can help academic social Q&A platforms recommend high-quality answers based on different influencing factors, in order to meet the needs of scholars more effectively.

Changes in Scholarly Influence in Major American Criminology and Criminal Justice Journals between 1986 and 2015

To investigate changes in scholarly influence in criminology and criminal justice over a 30-year time period, the most-cited scholars in six major American journals were determined for 2011–2015, with results compared to those obtained for 2006–2010, 2001–2005, 1996–2000, 1991–1995, and 1986–1990. The most-cited scholars in 2011–2015 were Robert J. Sampson in American criminology journals and Alex R. Piquero in American criminal justice journals. The most-cited scholars in criminology journals focused on longitudinal/criminal career research and/or criminological theories. The most-cited scholars in criminal justice journals focused on these topics or on criminal justice issues such as rehabilitation and sentencing. Some highly-cited authors were specialized; others were versatile. During this 30-year period, older and deceased scholars became cited less often, while younger scholars became more highly cited. An intergenerational transmission of influence from older to younger scholars occurred through mentoring. This research documents the waxing and waning of careers of criminological influence.

الترهیب و الترغیب صورتان من صور الحرب النفسیة، وأثرهما فی سقوط المدن الإسلامیة بغداد (656هـ/1258م) وغرناطة (897هـ/1492م) ( دراسة مقارنة)

يميط هذا البحث اللثام برصد أوجه الشبه الکبيرة بين طريقة إسقاط المدينتين بغداد، وغرناطة ، وما لعبته الحرب النفسية بشکل واضح وملموس ، من الترهيب تارة عن طريق الرسائل، أو باستخدام القوة المفرطة فى التعامل بقصد التخويف ، واتباع سياسة الترغيب تارة أخرى، إما عن طريق الرسائل أيضا، أو باتباع سياسة الاستقطاب لشخصيات مؤثرة فى سياسة الدولة، وعادة ما تتمثل فى حاکم الدولة نفسه، أو شخصيات من البيت الحاکم، أو من الوزراء وکبار رجال الدولة، أو حتى من العلماء المؤثرين فى المجتمع. وقد اقتضت طبيعة البحث تقسيمه إلى ثلاثة عناصر رئيسة: أولا: القوة المهاجمة (المغول، قشتالة الموحدة): ثانيا : الترهيب (باستخدام الرسائل- استخدام القوة المفرطة): ثالثا: الترغيب (باستخدام الرسائل – باستقطاب الشخصيات). الکلمات المفتاحية: الحرب النفسية – سقوط بغداد – سقوط غرناطة – المغول – قشتالة. Intimidation and incitement are two forms of psychological warfare, and their impact on the fall of the Islamic cities of Baghdad (656 AH / 1258 CE) and Granada (897 AH / 1492 CE) (a comparative study) Hossam Mahmoud El Mahlawy Teacher of Islamic History, Faculty of Arts, Damietta University, Egypt. Email: hossamelmahallawy@du.edu.eg Abstract: This research reveals the: disclosure of the great similarities between the way the two cities were overthrown, Baghdad and Granada, and what the psychological war played, clearly and tangibly, from intimidation sometimes by means of messages, or by using excessive force in dealing with the intent to intimidate, and following the carrot-policy at other times, either through letters Also, or by pursuing a policy of polarization of influential figures in state policy, usually represented by the ruler of the state himself, or figures from the ruling house, or from ministers and senior statesmen, or even from influential scholars in society. The nature of the research necessitated dividing it into three main components: First: the attacking force (the Mongols, united Castile) - Second: intimidation (using messages - using excessive force) : Third: the carrot (using messages - attracting characters). Key words: psychological warfare - fall of Baghdad - fall of Granada - the Mongols - Castile.